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1.
The freeze-thaw(FT) processes affect an area of 46.3% in China. It is essential for soil and water conservation and ecological construction to elucidate the mechanisms of the FT processes and its associated soil erosion processes. In this research, we designed the control simulation experiments to promote the understanding of FT-water combined erosion processes. The results showed that the runoff of freeze-thaw slope(FTS) decreased by 8% compared to the control slope(CS), and the total sediment yield of the FTS was 1.10 times that of the CS. The sediment yield rate from the FTS was significantly greater than that from the CS after 9 min of runoff(P0.01). Both in FTS and CS treatments, the relationships between cumulative runoff and sediment yield can be fitted well with power functions(R20.98, P0.01). Significant differences in the mean weight diameter(MWD) values of particles were observed for washed particles and splashed particles between the CS and the FTS treatments in the erosion process(P0.05). The mean MWD values under CS were smaller than those under FTS for both washed and splashed particles. The ratio of the absolute value of a regression coefficient between the CS and the FTS was 1.15, being roughly correspondent with the ratio of K between the two treatments. Therefore, the parameter a of the power function between cumulative runoff and sediment yield could be an acceptable indicator for expressing the soil erodibility. In conclusion, the FTS exhibited an increase in soil erosion compared to the CS. 相似文献
2.
基于WEPP模型进行坡度因子与侵蚀量关系研究 总被引:10,自引:1,他引:10
地面坡度是地形因素中对坡面土壤侵蚀的演变发展过程与侵蚀强度起重要作用的因子。本文以内蒙古准格尔旗皇甫川坡面径流小区的实测资料为基础,分析坡度因子与土壤侵蚀量的关系,并运用WEPP模型进行模拟,对其结果进行分析。结果表明在一定的坡度范围内,随着坡度的增加,土壤侵蚀量与坡度呈幂函数递增关系。用WEPP模型来模拟皇甫川流域坡面与侵蚀量的关系是可行的,根据试验观测及WEPP模型模拟得到结果,皇甫川地区的土壤侵蚀率在坡度是18~23o时最大,原因主要有坡度的陡缓决定了水力阻力的大小和坡面承雨面积的改变等。 相似文献
3.
本文基于修正的Green-Ampt方程,给出了改进的Green-Ampt模型在黄土坡面变雨强条件下入渗过程方程与数值求解的算法,结合黄土高原纸坊沟小流域实测土壤数据,借助计算教学和计算机编程,建立了变雨强降雨入渗过程软件系统,从软件系统运行结果中分析了坡耕地、草地和林地的入渗量和入渗率变化情况,以及土壤初始含水率和饱和导水率对草地和林地入渗的影响.结果表明:相同降雨情况下,林地入渗量是草地的2倍,是农地的3倍;不同土地利用下土壤入渗率变化与入渗量类同;草地入渗率对土壤初始含水率变化比较敏感,林地入渗率对土壤饱和导水率变化比较敏感. 相似文献
4.
Investigating the effect of geocells on the erosion and deposition distribution of ephemeral gullies in the black soil area of Northeast China can provide a scientific basis for the allocation of soil and water conservation measures in ephemeral gullies. In this study, an artificial simulated confluence test and stereoscopic photogrammetry were used to analyze the distribution characteristics of erosion and deposition in ephemeral gullies protected by geocells and the effect of different conflue... 相似文献
6.
Qianjin LIU 《干旱区科学》2020,12(4):676-689
Contour ridge systems may lead to seepage that could result in serious soil erosion. Modeling soil erosion under seepage conditions in a contour ridge system has been overlooked in most current soil erosion models. To address the importance of seepage in soil erosion modeling, a total of 23 treatments with 3 factors, row grade, field slope and ridge height, in 5 gradients were arranged in an orthogonal rotatable central composite design. The second-order polynomial regression model for predicting the sediment yield was improved by using the measured or predicted seepage discharge as an input factor, which increased the coefficient of determination (R2) from 0.743 to 0.915 or 0.893. The improved regression models combined with the measured seepage discharge had a lower P (0.007) compared to those combined with the predicted seepage discharge (P=0.016). With the measured seepage discharge incorporated, some significant (P<0.050) effects and interactions of influential factors on sediment yield were detected, including the row grade and its interactions with the field slope, ridge height and seepage discharge, the quadratic terms of the field slope and its interactions with the row grade and seepage discharge. In the regression model with the predicted seepage discharge as an influencing factor, only the interaction between row grade and seepage discharge significantly affected the sediment yield. The regression model incorporated with predicted seepage discharge may be expressed simply and can be used effectively when measured seepage discharge data are not available. 相似文献
7.
干旱加剧及土壤退化严重,使新型保水剂γ-聚谷氨酸(γ-PGA)的应用在农田节水灌溉中开始暂露头角。基于室内垂直一维入渗试验,在分析了γ-PGA对土壤水分入渗能力的影响的同时还对Philip模型和Green-Ampt入渗模型进行对比分析。结果表明:与未施加聚谷氨酸的处理(对照组)相比,随着γ-PGA施量的增加,累积入渗量和入渗率均呈单调递减趋势;两个入渗模型的拟合结果显示:Philip公式中,吸渗率呈减小趋势,Green-Ampt公式中,饱和导水率、饱和导水率与土壤水吸力的乘积都呈减小趋势,但土壤水吸力无明显变化。Philip模型与Green-Ampt入渗模型的对比分析结果表明:利用模型参数互推关系计算的Philip模型计算参数与拟合参数的一致性较好,而Green-Ampt模型的计算参数与拟合参数的一致性较差;利用Philip模型计算参数计算的累积入渗量与实测累积入渗量之间的吻合程度高,均方根误差小于0.5,而利用Green-Ampt模型计算参数计算的累积入渗量与实测累积入渗量之间的吻合程度较差,均方根差均大于0.5。说明在添加保水剂的条件下采用Philip入渗模型确定入渗参数时较为精确。 相似文献
8.
坡长对径流及侵蚀的影响 总被引:15,自引:0,他引:15
张家口市水保试验站坡长小区五年观测资料表明,降雨强度影响径流量、侵蚀量随坡长的变化。降雨强度较小时,径流量不能用坡长与降雨强度的乘积代替,侵蚀量随坡长增加较慢。降雨强度较大时,径流量可用坡长与降雨强度的乘积代替,侵蚀量方程中坡长指数较大。 相似文献
9.
基于二维Gumbel分布的降雨径流频率分析模型及其应用 总被引:1,自引:1,他引:1
本文探讨了二维Gumbel分布模型,给出了其经验频率和理论频率的计算方法,并建立了其联合重现期和条件重现期的分布模型。它可以给出不同程度暴雨和径流遭遇组合的频率,也可以在一定的降雨量条件下给出不同径流量的发生频率,或一定的径流量条件下给出不同降雨量的发生频率。这对于解决与风险有关的多因素影响下的水文计算问题是非常有用的。并以滹沱河流域岗南水库的入库年径流和年降雨量为例,分析了该模型的实用性,结果表明采用二维Gumbel分布模型来描述水文随机变量的联合分布是有效的。 相似文献
10.
采用Trimble GX 3D激光扫描仪、Trimble 4700和集思宝E718CM差分GPS等测量手段,通过对龙羊峡库区威连滩冲沟南侧支沟的沟头连续4 a(2006-2010年)的地形监测,结合野外调查和气象资料分析,初步探讨了沟头溯源侵蚀量、侵蚀成因以及沟头的发育规律。结果表明:①2006年沟头边岸形状破碎,为后期的侵蚀提供了有利的地形条件。沟头经过3 a的侵蚀,侵蚀面积显著增加,主要表现在南岸一侧的张裂缝区。从2007-2010年中,2009年沟头侵蚀最严重。②反复的冻融和干湿交替形成的张裂缝不但加强了雨季的流水侵蚀,同时由张裂缝引起的土体坍塌也增强了沟头侵蚀。③研究区沟头严重的侵蚀并不是发生在侵蚀性降水多发的年内,强降雨引发的山洪是沟头发生强烈侵蚀的重要动力。 相似文献
11.
在分析国外风蚀模型资料的基础上,建立了适用于保护性耕作的风蚀模型。该模型以小时为步长,根据气象数据、地表土壤水分、秸秆残茬覆盖率及地表粗糙度,模拟不同耕作体系下农田土壤风蚀流失量情况;针对保护性耕作的特点,考虑到残茬覆盖对土壤含水量和地表粗糙度的影响;通过田间风蚀测定数据的验证,证明所建立的保护性耕作风蚀模型的模拟值与实测值比较吻合。 相似文献
12.
利用137 Cs断代技术进行沉积物的测年,结合1953—2010年的降雨资料,对黄土洼天然聚湫坝淤地沉积物粒度特征与降雨的关系进行了分析。结果表明,坝淤地4.1 m沉积物是在近百年内形成的,至少记录了42次较大的暴雨洪水事件;集中性降水形成的洪水,主要携带粗颗粒沉积物,对土壤的侵蚀力更强;在丰水年,沉积物粒度与年降水、7—9月降水、30日最大降水和24 h最大降水的相关性极显著,而在枯水年,沉积物粒度与降水因子的相关性较丰水年弱。本研究为反演陕北黄土高原土壤侵蚀产沙过程,推算侵蚀量提供理论依据。 相似文献
13.
通过2013—2014年黄土沟壑区坡面的造林试验,对新型造林整地技术——大鱼鳞坑双苗造林技术(简称大鱼鳞坑)的林地土壤体积含水量、土壤侵蚀量和植被状况等进行研究,并与该地区如水平沟/传统鱼鳞坑等传统整地方式进行对比。结果表明:大鱼鳞坑的月平均土壤体积含水量分别比传统鱼鳞坑和水平沟整地高3.34%和1.95%;大鱼鳞坑的土壤侵蚀总量分别比传统鱼鳞坑和水平沟少1.11%和18.15%,差异显著(P0.05);大鱼鳞坑整地乔灌木的平均株高比其他整地高(2014年末,乔木显著高于传统鱼鳞坑整地,灌木显著高于传统鱼鳞坑与水平沟整地)(P0.05),且树木存活率分别比传统鱼鳞坑和水平沟整地高10.84%和8.34%、树木保存率分别高10.00%和8.33%。综合对比可见,大鱼鳞坑整地的林地土壤含水量较高,土壤侵蚀量较少;造林成活率较高,林分郁闭快。因此,大鱼鳞坑双苗造林技术适宜在黄土沟壑区的造林过程中应用和推广。 相似文献
14.
黄土高原沟壑区小流域水土流失治理对径流的效应 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
本文用小流域平行对比观测法,分析了黄土高原沟壑区典型小流域水土保持对流域地表径流量及暴雨产流过程的影响,表明:(1)在黄土高原沟壑区,水土流失综合治理减少小流域产洪次数,降低了流域地表径流模数和径流系数,尤其以少雨年最显著;(2)使小流域地表径流模数的年际变率增大;(3)在洪水产理措施区土壤水分含量降低,根据生物气候、土壤及区域拦蓄水量特征,推测黄土高原沟壑区,以造林为主的水土保持措施拦蓄径流的作用难以使地表径流转化为地下径流或增加地下水。 相似文献
15.
土壤水分下渗机制及其在半干旱区产流模拟中的应用 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
尽管目前提出了许多流域水文模型,但多数模型更适用于湿润地区,将这些模型移植到半干旱半湿润地区,往往模拟结果并不理想。为了研究半干旱半湿润地区流域的产流机制,本文通过描述土壤水分的垂直运动过程,建立了湿润峰和饱和带上界面的移动方程,给出了土壤水的动态下渗过程,并据此将径流分为地表径流和壤中流,建立了流域产流模型。还以滦河水系的柳河流域作为研究对象,尝试性地进行了降雨径流的模拟。结果表明:模型的确定性系数达到77.2%以上,用于该流域的产流计算是可行的。 相似文献
16.
模拟降雨条件下苏南黄壤产流起始时间及影响因素研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
运用人工模拟降雨装置研究了暴雨条件下苏南典型丘陵土壤上纯草、纯灌、灌草3种经营模式下坡度、降雨强度、土壤前期含水量、植被覆盖度对开始产生径流时间的影响。研究表明:纯草模式下影响开始产流时间的最主要因子为土壤前期含水量,同时建立了3种植被组合下影响开始产流时间的多因子回归方程。通过方程,由植被覆盖度、坡度、土壤前期含水量和降雨强度四个易于获得的因子可预测不同植被组合下开始产生径流的时间。 相似文献
18.
青海黄土丘陵区沟蚀侵蚀模数与其影响因子关系分析 总被引:2,自引:1,他引:2
以青海黄土丘陵区18条侵蚀沟为研究对象,用钢钎法测定了侵蚀模数,根据样地土壤砂粒、粉粒、粘粒质地分布和有机质的质量分数,分析计算其可蚀性K值。结合样地植被、坡度等调查信息,分析侵蚀模数与其影响因子的关系。结果表明:同一时期,侵蚀模数随植被覆盖度的增加而降低,当植物覆盖度达到70%时,侵蚀模数对植被因子的敏感度降低。侵蚀模数随土壤孔隙度的增大而降低。随K值的增大和坡度的升高,侵蚀模数有增大的趋势。不同时期,高植被覆盖的样地,侵蚀模数随年限的增加呈降低趋势;低植被覆盖的样地,侵蚀模数随年限的增加呈波动变化,但总体上呈下降趋势;无植被覆盖的侵蚀沟样地,年侵蚀模数没有降低趋势。植被覆盖度相当的样地,K值越小,侵蚀模数越小。 相似文献
19.
WEPP模型在砒砂岩地区土壤侵蚀模拟的适用性研究 总被引:4,自引:0,他引:4
以内蒙古自治区准格尔旗西黑岱沟小流域为研究区,基于研究区2004~2009年的气象和土壤侵蚀资料,选取林地、草地和休闲地三种不同土地利用方式的坡面,研究了WEPP模型在三种坡面土壤侵蚀过程模拟中的适用性。结果表明:WEPP模型对研究区三种管理方式下的土壤侵蚀模拟中总体结果较好,模拟值与实测值的相关系数均较高,分别为0.915、0.889和0.899;WEPP模型模拟林地和草地土壤侵蚀的纳什模型效率分别为0.661和0.775,说明WEPP模型适用性较强,而模拟休闲地侵蚀量时效率为负值,可能与休闲地受人为活动影响较大,导致模型不能很好地模拟实际情况有关。 相似文献
20.
Linhua WANG 《干旱区科学》2018,10(6):921-931
Soil erosion on farmland is a critical environmental issue and the main source of sediment in the Yellow River, China. Thus, great efforts have been made to reduce runoff and soil loss by restoring vegetation on abandoned farmland. However, few studies have investigated runoff and soil loss from sloping farmland during crop growth season. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of soil management on runoff and soil loss on sloping farmland during crop growth season. We tested different soybean growth stages (i.e., seedling stage (R1), initial blossoming stage (R2), full flowering stage (R3), pod bearing stage (R4), and initial filling stage (R5)) and soil management practice (one plot applied hoeing tillage (HT) before each rainfall event, whereas the other received no treatment (NH)) by applying simulated rainfall at an intensity of 80 mm/h. Results showed that runoff and soil loss both decreased and infiltration amount increased in successive soybean growth stages under both treatments. Compared with NH plot, there was less runoff and higher infiltration amount from HT plot. However, soil loss from HT plot was larger than that from NH plot in R1-R3, but lower in R4 and R5. In the early growth stages, hoeing tillage was effective for reducing runoff and enhancing rainfall infiltration. By contrast, hoeing tillage enhanced soil and water conservation during the late growth stages. The total soil loss from HT plot (509.0 g/m2) was 11.1% higher than that from NH plot (457.9 g/m2) in R1-R5. However, the infiltration amount from HT plot (313.9 mm) was 18.4% higher than that from NH plot (265.0 mm) and the total runoff volume from HT plot was 49.7% less than that from NH plot. These results indicated that crop vegetation can also act as a type of vegetation cover and play an important role on sloping farmland. Thus, adopting rational soil management in crop planting on sloping farmland can effectively reduce runoff and soil loss, as well as maximize rainwater infiltration during crop growth period. 相似文献