Spatio-temporal variation of hydrological drought under climate change during the period 1960–2013 in the Hexi Corridor,China

In recent years, climate change has been aggravated in many regions of the world. The Hexi Corridor is located in the semiarid climate zone of Northwest China, which is particularly affected by climate change. Climate change has led to the spatial and temporal variations of temperature and precipitation, which may result in hydrological drought and water shortage. Thus, it is necessary to explore and assess the drought characteristics of river systems in this area. The patterns of hydrological drought in the Hexi Corridor were identified using the streamflow drought index(SDI) and standardized precipitation index at 12-month timescale(SPI12) from 1960 to 2013. The evolution of drought was obtained by the Mann–Kendall test and wavelet transform method. The results showed that both the mean annual SDI and SPI12 series in the Hexi Corridor exhibited an increasing trend during the study period. According to the results of wavelet analysis, we divided the study period into two segments, i.e. before and after 1990. Before 1990, the occurrence of droughts showing decreased SDI and SPI12 was concentrated in the northern part of the corridor and shifted to the eastern part of the corridor after 1990. The probability of drought after 1990 in Shule River basin decreased while increased in Shiyang River basin. The wavelet analysis results showed that Shiyang River basin will be the first area to go through the next drought period. Additionally, the relationships between drought pattern and climate indices were analyzed. The enhanced westerly winds and increased precipitation and glacier runoff were the main reasons of wet trend in the Hexi Corridor. However, the uneven spatial variations of precipitation, temperature and glacier runoff led to the difference of hydrological drought variations between the Shule, Heihe and Shiyang River basins.     

近60 a来内蒙古极端降水时空变化及其影响

基于内蒙古地区41个气象站点1958-2017年的逐日降水数据,采用世界气象组织等推荐的9个极端降水指数,运用线性趋势分析、克里金插值法、Mann-Kendall检验、Morlet小波分析和主成分分析等方法研究了内蒙古地区近60a来极端降水时空变化、周期规律和气象灾害效应。结果表明:内蒙古地区近60a来出现了干燥化趋势,即伴随着降水量的减少,各极端降水指数出现不同程度的下降趋势,以20世纪60年代和21世纪初下降最为明显。各极端降水指数倾向率在空间上大体呈现出从东西部向中部递减的规律,大都以集宁、呼和浩特、通辽和新巴尔虎右旗为低值中心。各极端降水指数的最大概率突变年为1995年,此后出现了不显著下降的趋势。各极端降水指数均存在3~5 a、14~17 a、20 a左右的周期变化。除连续无雨日数外,各极端降水指数与年降水量之间均存在较好的相关性。内蒙古极端降水变化导致该区旱灾与风灾增多加重,草原沙漠化加强,洪灾与低温冻害减少减轻,应有针对性地采取措施加强旱灾与风灾预防。     

近45 a来中国西北汛期降水极值的变化分析

本文利用中国西北五省(区)1960-2004年125个台站汛期(5-9月)逐日降水资料,首先定义了不同台站的极端降水阈值,然后统计出了不同台站近45a来逐年汛期发生极端降水的频次、干日数、极端干期长度、湿日数及极端湿期长度,并对它们的长期变化趋势作了分析,结果表明:近45a来西北西部汛期极端降水发生频次、湿日数和极端湿期长度表现出增多和增长趋势,干日数和极端干期长度表现出减少和变短趋势;西北东部汛期极端降水发生频次、湿日数和极端湿期长度表现出减少和变短趋势,干日数和极端干期长度表现出增多和变长趋势;从整个西北来说,近45a来极端降水发生频次和湿日数表现出了增多趋势,极端干期长度表现为变短趋势,而干日数同极端湿期长度表现出周期波动状变化,另外干日数同极端湿期长度的变化趋势恰恰相反,而湿日数却与极端干期长度的变化趋势恰恰相反;自上世纪80年代以来降水极值变率较过去有所变大。     

太阳活动与ENSO事件对汉江谷地旱涝灾害影响分析

为探究汉江谷地旱涝灾害发生机理,根据18个代表站点1960-2010年气象资料,运用Z指数法界定出旱涝灾害等级和年份后,分析太阳黑子活动和ENSO事件对汉江谷地旱涝灾害的关系。结果表明:1)研究时段内汉江谷地呈暖干化趋势,气温以0.136℃/10a的速度上升,降水以15.7mm/10a的速度减少,旱涝灾害的发生呈增加趋势。2)20世纪70-80年代旱涝灾害指数与太阳黑子数呈负相关,80年代后二者呈正相关,太阳黑子的减少趋势与研究区域干旱化趋势相同。3)厄尔尼诺强度增大时研究区域的涝灾增多,拉尼娜发生强度增大时旱灾增多。     

近55 a内蒙古极端降水指数时空变化特征

基于内蒙古100个气象站点1960-2014年日降水数据,选取气候变化监测与指数专家组(ETCCDI)推荐的9个极端降水指数,采用Sen’s斜率法和Mann-Kendall非参数统计检验方法以及空间地统计方法,研究了极端降水指数时空演变特征。结果表明:研究区区域平均的全部极端降水指数均呈不同程度的下降趋势,且年际波动显著;分区的年际趋势有所差异,即东部地区潮湿日数(NW)呈增加趋势,其余极端降水指数均呈减少趋势,其中持续干燥指数(CDD)呈显著下降趋势(P<0.05);中部地区所有极端降水指数均呈减少趋势,其中年总降水量(PRCPTOT)减少趋势较明显;西部地区持续湿润指数(CWD)、强降水量(R95)、单日最大降水量(Rx1day)、5日最大降水量(Rx5day)呈减少趋势,其余指数均呈增加趋势。从极端降水指数变化趋势的空间分布特征来看,区域差异显著,总体上呈下降趋势的站点主要分布于内蒙古东部和中部地区,而呈上升趋势的站点主要分布于内蒙古东北部和西部地区。     

Spatial and temporal patterns of drought in Zambia

Drought acutely affects economic sectors, natural habitats and communities. Understanding the past spatial and temporal patterns of drought is crucial because it facilitates the forecasting of future drought occurrences and informs decision-making processes for possible adaptive measures. This is especially important in view of a changing climate. This study employed the World Meteorological Organization(WMO)-recommended standardized precipitation index(SPI) to investigate the spatial and temporal patterns of drought in Zambia from 1960 to 2016. The relationship between the occurrence of consecutive dry days(CDD; consecutive days with less than 1 mm of precipitation) and SPI was also investigated. Horizontal wind vectors at 850 hPa during the core of the rainy season(December–February)were examined to ascertain the patterns of flow during years of extreme and severe drought; and these were contrasted with the patterns of flow in 2007, which was a generally wet year. Pressure vertical velocity was also investigated. Based on the gamma distribution, SPI successfully categorized extremely dry(with a SPI value less than or equal to –2.0) years over Zambia as 1992 and 2015, a severely dry(–1.9 to –1.5) year as 1995, moderately dry(–1.4 to –1.0) years as 1972, 1980, 1987, 1999 and 2005, and 26 near normal years(–0.9 to 0.9). The occurrence of CDD was found to be strongly negatively correlated with SPI with a coefficient of –0.6. Further results suggest that, during wet years, Zambia is influenced by a clockwise circulating low-pressure zone over the south-eastern Angola, a second such zone over the northern and eastern parts, and a third over the Indian Ocean. In stark contrast, years of drought were characterized by an anti-clockwise circulating high-pressure zone over the south-western parts of Zambia,constraining precipitation activities over the country. Further, wet years were characterized by negative pressure vertical velocity anomalies, signifying ascending motion; while drought years were dominated by positive anomalies, signifying descending motion, which suppresses precipitation. These patterns can be used to forecast drought over Zambia and aid in strategic planning to limit the potential damage of drought.     

Precipitation changes in the mid-latitudes of the Chinese mainland during 1960–2014

Based on daily precipitation data from 163 meteorological stations, this study investigated precipitation changes in the mid-latitudes of the Chinese mainland(MCM) during 1960–2014 using the climatic trend coefficient, least-squared regression analysis, and a non-parametric Mann-Kendall test.According to the effects of the East Asian summer monsoon on the MCM and the climatic trend coefficient of annual precipitation during 1960–2014, we divided the MCM into the western MCM and eastern MCM. The western MCM was further divided into the western MCM1 and western MCM2 in terms of the effects of the East Asian summer monsoon. The main results were as follows:(1) During the last four decades of the 20~(th) century, the area-averaged annual precipitation presented a significant increasing trend in the western MCM, but there was a slight decreasing trend in the eastern MCM, where a seesaw pattern was apparent. However, in the 21~(st) century, the area-averaged annual precipitation displayed a significant increasing trend in both the western and eastern MCM.(2) The trend in area-averaged seasonal precipitation during 1960–2014 in the western MCM was consistent with that in the eastern MCM in winter and spring. However, the trend in area-averaged summer precipitation during1960–2014 displayed a seesaw pattern between the western and eastern MCM.(3) On an annual basis,both the trend in rainstorms and heavy rain displayed a seesaw pattern between the western and eastern MCM.(4) The precipitation intensity in rainstorms, heavy rain, and moderate rain made a greater contribution to changes in the total precipitation than precipitation frequency. The results of this study will improve our understanding of the trends and differences in precipitation changes in different areas of the MCM. This is not only useful for the management and mitigation of flood disasters, but is also beneficial to the protection of water resources across the MCM.     

气候变暖背景下青海省春季干旱时空变化

基于1961-2018年35个气象台站观测资料,分析了青海省农牧区无雨日数、干旱次数时空演变特征,结果表明:①1961-2018年青海省春季平均气温呈升高趋势、降水呈增多趋势,无雨日数空间差异明显,其中,东部农业区、牧业区无雨日数总体无明显变化趋势。②近57 a,东部农业区轻旱、中旱、特旱发生次数均无明显趋势性变化,仅重旱略有增加,进入21世纪以来,东部农业区轻旱、重旱发生次数呈增加趋势,农业区各等级干旱次数呈南多北少的空间分布。③近57 a,青海省主要牧业区出现干旱总次数及不同等级干旱次数均呈减少趋势。其中,轻旱减少最为明显,而牧业区各等级干旱次数呈北多南少的分布。④青海省春季出现灾损的旱灾次数呈减少趋势,减少率为2.4次·(10a)^-1。其中,东部农业区出现灾损的旱灾次数最多。⑤近57 a青海省牧业区干旱发生次数在1981年前后存在明显的突变现象,而东部农业区无明显的突变现象。     

Drought analysis in Antakya-Kahramanmara? Graben,Turkey

The most parts of the Earth experience precipitation variability as a part of their normal climates over both short- and long-time periods. These variations of precipitation will have unpredictable and perhaps unexpectedly extreme consequences(such as drought and flood) with respect to frequency and intensity for many regions of the Earth. Because of high precipitation fluctuations, the Mediterranean region is also the areas of the world sensitive to precipitation changes which often involve frequent drought conditions in Turkey. In this study, drought conditions at annual, seasonal and monthly time scales over the period of 1975–2010 were examined for Antakya-Kahramanmara? Graben which is located in the eastern part of the Mediterranean region of Turkey. Application of appropriate measures to analyze and monitor droughts is recognized as a major challenge to scientists involved in atmospheric studies. Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI) and cumulative deviation curve techniques were used to determine drought conditions. Results indicated that the study area presented a cyclic pattern of variations with alternating drier and wetter years. From analyses of annual, seasonal and monthly drought series it can be seen that precipitation characteristic of the area is changing. By the results, apparent wet and dry periods can be distinguished. This study also indicated that precipitation totals of winter, spring and summer seasons were slightly decreased during the study period. Drought frequency was increased especially for the northern part of the area in the last ten years. Drought periods were divided into 1982–1985, 1999–2002 and 2004–2008, respectively. According to our analyses, the time scale of 1999–2002 was the driest period in the most of the graben area. The study area, which covers agriculturally important fertile alluvial plains, will experience increasing pressure on its water resources because of its growing population and industry, ever-larger demands for intensive agricultural activities, and frequent drought events.     

Response of hydrological drought to meteorological drought in the eastern Mediterranean Basin of Turkey

The hydrographic eastern Mediterranean Basin of Turkey is a drought sensitive area. The basin is an important agricultural area and it is necessary to determine the extent of extreme regional climatic changes as they occur in this basin. Pearson's correlation coefficient was used to show the correlation between standardized precipitation index(SPI) and standardized streamflow index(SSI) values on different time scales. Data from five meteorological stations and seven stream gauging stations in four sub-basins of the eastern Mediterranean Basin were analyzed over the period from 1967 to 2017. The correlation between SSI and SPI indicated that in response to meteorological drought, hydrological drought experiences a one-year delay then occurs in the following year. This is more evident at all stations from the mid-1990 s. The main factor causing hydrological drought is prolonged low precipitation or the presence of a particularly dry year. Results showed that over a long period(12 months), hydrological drought is longer and more severe in the upper part than the lower part of the sub-basins. According to SPI-12 values, an uninterrupted drought period is observed from 2002–2003 to 2008–2009. Results indicated that among the drought events, moderate drought is the most common on all timescales in all sub-basins during the past 51 years. Long-term dry periods with moderate and severe droughts are observed for up to 10 years or more since the late 1990 s, especially in the upper part of the sub-basins. As precipitation increases in late autumn and early winter, the stream flow also increases and thus the highest and most positive correlation values(0.26–0.54) are found in January. Correlation values(ranging between –0.11 and –0.01) are weaker and negative in summer and autumn due to low rainfall. This is more evident at all stations in September. The relation between hydrological and meteorological droughts is more evident, with the correlation values above 0.50 on longer timescales(12-and 24-months). The results presented in this study allow an understanding of the characteristics of drought events and are instructive for overcoming drought. This will facilitate the development of strategies for the appropriate management of water resources in the eastern Mediterranean Basin, which has a high agricultural potential.     

东亚副热带急流经向位置对中国西北东部盛夏降水的影响

选取国家气象信息中心整编的中国179个气象站逐日降水资料,以及NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料,在分析1979-2017年西北地区东部的盛夏(7、8月)降水变化特征的基础上,利用东亚副热带西风急流经向位置指数,重点讨论东亚副热带西风急流经向位置变化与西北地区东部盛夏降水的关系,以期进一步提高对西北地区旱涝灾害的预测水平。结果表明:在东亚副热带西风急流中心经向位置异常偏北年,西北地区东部偏北区域盛夏降水较常年多,而西北地区东部偏南区域盛夏降水较常年少,反之亦然。表现出东亚副热带西风急流经向位置变化对西北地区东部盛夏降水影响的南北带状反向分布特征。     

Drought trend analysis in a semi-arid area of Iraq based on Normalized Difference Vegetation Index,Normalized Difference Water Index and Standardized Precipitation Index

Drought was a severe recurring phenomenon in Iraq over the past two decades due to climate change despite the fact that Iraq has been one of the most water-rich countries in the Middle East in the past.The Iraqi Kurdistan Region(IKR)is located in the north of Iraq,which has also suffered from extreme drought.In this study,the drought severity status in Sulaimaniyah Province,one of four provinces of the IKR,was investigated for the years from 1998 to 2017.Thus,Landsat time series dataset,including 40 images,were downloaded and used in this study.The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index(NDVI)and the Normalized Difference Water Index(NDWI)were utilized as spectral-based drought indices and the Standardized Precipitation Index(SPI)was employed as a meteorological-based drought index,to assess the drought severity and analyse the changes of vegetative cover and water bodies.The study area experienced precipitation deficiency and severe drought in 1999,2000,2008,2009,and 2012.Study findings also revealed a drop in the vegetative cover by 33.3%in the year 2000.Furthermore,the most significant shrinkage in water bodies was observed in the Lake Darbandikhan(LDK),which lost 40.5%of its total surface area in 2009.The statistical analyses revealed that precipitation was significantly positively correlated with the SPI and the surface area of the LDK(correlation coefficients of 0.92 and 0.72,respectively).The relationship between SPI and NDVI-based vegetation cover was positive but not significant.Low precipitation did not always correspond to vegetative drought;the delay of the effect of precipitation on NDVI was one year.     

气候暖干化背景下黄土高原旱涝时空演变特征

选取58个国家气象基准站1960-2010年逐年降水资料,采用Kriging插值、Mann-Kendall检测及Morlet小波分析等方法,对该区降水及旱涝时空特征进行分析。结果表明：黄土高原暖干化趋势明显,气温、降水突变年份分别在1995年、1990年左右。旱涝等级呈上升趋势,尤以半湿润区最为明显。干旱区发生旱、涝频率最高,涝情略微严重,但干旱更易发生,大旱频次高值中心分散分布,洪涝发生频率西部低、中部高。该区旱涝情势存在多尺度的周期变化,25~30 a的振荡最强,推测涝期即将结束,旱期将要开始。研究成果可为黄土高原旱涝灾害防御提供参考。     

1960—2019年黄河源区气候变化时空规律研究

黄河源区是气候变化敏感区及生态环境脆弱区,也是黄河的主要产流区,其气候变化问题备受关注.利用黄河源区均一化气温和降水观测数据,系统分析了近60 a黄河源区平均气候与极端气候事件的变化特征.结果表明:1960—2019年黄河源区年平均气温、平均最高及最低气温表现出增温趋势的一致性,且源区东部增温幅度高于西部;黄河源区年均...     

汾河流域降水及旱涝时空结构特征

利用汾河流域39个测站1956-2000年各月降水资料,采用经验正交函数(EOF)分解技术分析年降水的空间结构特征与变化.结果表明:汾河流域年降水主要有3种典型分布类型,即"全体一致型"、"南北反相型"、"上下游与中游反相型".其中,第1种分布型占主导作用,其相应的时间序列和年均降水序列形状基本相似,趋势皆减少.此外,采用Z指数旱涝指标划分了汛期旱涝状况和等级,结果显示,汛期异常旱涝主要发生在8月和6月.     

山西南部季节性干旱特征及综合防御技术

采用标准化降水指数(SPI)为干旱指标,计算了山西省运城市49年(1958—2007年)各月干旱指数,并在此基础上分析了山西南部地区季节性干旱特征。研究表明,干旱强度与干旱频率在不同年代际表现特征不同。与运城地区49年同期均值相比,进入20世纪90年代后,春旱发生频率、干旱强度分别提高了29.0%、5.1%;夏旱发生频率提高41.9%,干旱强度下降了7.4%;秋旱发生频率下降了23.8%,干旱强度提高了7.7%;冬旱发生频率下降了26.6%,干旱强度下降了37.5%。干旱的季节性特征为春旱和夏旱有加重趋势,秋旱和冬旱有减弱趋势。春旱(3—5月)和伏旱(7—8月)作为可预见性干旱,可采用土壤墒情监测、干旱预警、制定系统性抗旱措施等综合防御技术。对于不可预见类型干旱,可采用建立抗旱水源、储备抗旱机械等策略。     

渭河流域干旱指标空间分布研究

基于月降水数据,运用干旱指标研究渭河流域的干旱特征。以西安站为例,详细对比了Z指数与SPI计算结果的一致性和差异;分别采用1、3、6、9、12个月和24个月时间尺度SPI分析了该站历史旱涝状况及持续时间,并探讨了其季节旱涝特征。计算了渭河流域1995年11月不同时间尺度的SPI值,并绘制了相应的空间分布图。结果表明：多时间尺度SPI[WTBZ]能够反映出降水的分散情况,并给出降水量区间与干旱指标的对应关系,是进行旱涝监测和预报的一种有效手段;发生于1995年的渭河全流域干旱具有季节性和多年特征,干旱程度总体上由东南部向西北部递减。     

柴达木盆地干旱时空变化特征

利用柴达木盆地气象站收集的降水和气温数据,计算了SPI和SPEI两种干旱指数,并用于评价研究区不同时间尺度的干旱特征。然而,由于测站分布稀疏,两种指数在区域干旱评价方面存在不足。在此基础上基于全球范围内的scPDSIpm数据集,并用PDSI指数分析了干旱演变特征及时空分布规律,研究发现：①温度在年际尺度对研究区的干旱情况影响较大,而在月尺度和半年尺度上对研究区干旱情况影响不明显;②PDSI指数与SPEI和SPI干旱指数的相关系数较高（0.7以上）,与两者具有较好的一致性,PDSI更适宜于无资料地区的干旱评价;③研究区中部干旱状况最为严重,东部边缘和西北部干旱频次相对较少,但2000年以来这种趋势得到改善。本研究对评价不同干旱指数的适用性及资料缺乏地区的干旱评价具有重要的指导意义。     

从气候标准的改变分析西北地区的气候变化

利用中国西北地区122个气象站旬降水量和平均气温资料,比较了1960-1990年与1970-2000年气候标准的差异,并由此分析了西北地区气候变化的地域特征。说明西北地区在气温显著升高的同时,西部降水增加,由暖干向暖湿转型的事实,但是西北地区东部干旱的形势比前期更加严峻。西北地区30a气候标准的差异,主要是由于20世纪60年代与90年代气候状态的显著差异造成的。新气候标准的应用对于气候统计分析、评价和预报产生重要影响。     

历史时期关中平原水旱灾害与城市发展

通过对历史时期以来关中平原旱灾、水涝灾害发生频率的统计与分析,发现从370 BC-2000 AD的2 300多年里,关中平原有2个时期水旱灾害的发生最为频繁,即610-850 AD(隋后期至唐后期)和1580-2000 AD(明后期以来).而且,水旱灾害的发生相互联系,旱灾频繁的时期,也是水涝频繁发生的时期.深入分析发现,水旱灾害的发生一方面与关中平原气候变化、中心城市的建设发展与衰落有密切联系;另一方面也与人口数量的增长密切相关.其根本原因在于城市建设和人口增加,对自然资源的开发利用和消耗大幅度增长,对城市周边山地和丘陵地区环境的压力剧增,造成环境的迅速退化,导致平原地区水旱灾害频繁发生.