黄土丘陵区雨养梨枣树生长对初始土壤含水率的响应

以6年生矮化密植梨枣树(Ziziphus jujuba Mill.)为试材,在雨养条件下,设置4种不同初始土壤体积含水率水平(1区,15.17%;2区,14.33%;3区,11.34%;4区,8.61%),测定并分析土壤水分变化、枣树生长、枣树耗水及其产量。结果表明:在雨养条件下,随着时间的推进,4个小区的土壤体积含水率不断接近,由最初的有显著差异变为没有显著差异;梨枣林地在低土壤水分情况下,可以通过自然降雨修复干层;4个小区的生物量和产量都是随着初始土壤含水率的减小在减小,且小区之间产量差异显著;4种初始土壤水分条件下,4个小区获得的产量分别为21 744.9、18 648.0、12 354.3 kg·hm~(-2)和6 660.0 kg·hm~(-2),说明即使在初始土壤水分亏缺情况下,在平水年也可以得到一定的产量;高度为0.9~1.2 m,冠幅为0.5~0.9 m的梨枣树,产量却达到最高21 744.9 kg·hm~(-2),说明梨枣获得高产不需要高大的树体,所以矮化密植具有很大潜力。     

沙质草地植物群落及土壤质地对补播和翻耕措施的响应

选取3个翻耕模式(深翻、浅翻及免耕),以未补播的原生沙质草地为对照(CK),分析不同模式下禾-豆混播草地土壤颗粒组成、植物群落结构特征及数量特征,研究退化沙质草地土壤质地及植物群落对翻耕和补播措施的响应。结果表明:深翻、浅翻、免耕及CK对应的草地群落物种丰富度分别为9、9、5种和8种,机械扰动和补播牧草降低了游击型克隆植物的繁殖与扩展能力,提高了补播牧草在群落中的优势度,深翻处理下多年生禾本科及豆科牧草优势度最为明显,翻耕及补播后草地植物群落物种多样性和均匀度明显增大,生态优势度与物种多样性变化趋势正好相反,其中浅翻处理下补播草地群落物种多样性和均匀度最高,游击型克隆植物提高了原生草地生态优势度;补播草地群落地上生物量大小表现为:深翻(348.39 g·m~(-2))浅翻(285.77 g·m~(-2))免耕(242.08 g·m~(-2))CK(141.83 g·m~(-2)),且与原生草地存在极显著性差异(P0.01);补播草地土壤颗粒组成主要以50~250μm的细沙粒为主,深翻、浅翻及补播牧草显著提高了0~20 cm土层土壤黏粉粒含量和土壤颗粒体积分形维数(P0.01),土壤质地改善效果明显,土壤整体稳定性明显提高。     

干旱区春玉米生长对持续干旱的响应机制

干旱限制作物生长发育和产量形成,要科学解除干旱,需明确作物受旱开始时间和对干旱的响应机制。本文以春玉米"科河28号"为材料,设置正常灌溉和持续干旱两种处理,探求干旱区大旱年干旱发生发展过程中春玉米生长受限和干旱胁迫的早信号、显著影响期及土壤水分阈值。结果表明:(1)捕捉大旱年干旱对田间指标影响的早信号,试验处理21 d叶片含水率开始减小,试验处理28 d影响株高和叶面积增长,试验处理32 d影响叶片干物质积累。(2)解除持续干旱产生不可逆影响的时间,株高、叶面积、各器官干物质积累和含水率分别在试验处理49、56、63 d和70 d;最小土壤贮水量为74.6、69.0、58.0 mm和56.5 mm,最大土壤水分亏缺量为30.4、37.8、47.2 mm和43.6 mm。(3)持续干旱对春玉米干物质积累和含水率的影响,叶片>叶鞘>茎>穗,且持续干旱造成经济产出小。(4)持续干旱对田间指标的影响效果为:拔节期显著,抽雄期最大,乳熟期出现负增长。(5)持续干旱对产量构成的影响:与正常灌溉相比,果穗长减小70%,果穗粗减小45%,秃尖长增大33%,百粒重减小73%,株子粒重减...     

Effects of vegetation types on soil water dynamics during vegetation restoration in the Mu Us Sandy Land,northwestern China

The arid and semi-arid northwestern China has been undergoing ecological degradation and the efforts to reverse the ecological degradation have been undertaken for many years. Some shifting dunes have been fixed and the vegetation has been partially recovered in certain areas and the Mu Us Sandy Land in the Ordos Plateau is an example of the success. The present study attempts to reveal the relationships between the vegetation restoration and ecohydrology in the Mu Us Sandy Land. We continuously measured soil water content at 10-min intervals under three vegetation types(i.e., shifting dune, shrub-dominated community, and herb-dominated community) in the Mu Us Sandy Land from April 2012 to October 2013. The results show the infiltration coefficient increased with increased rainfall amount and eventually reached a stable value. Infiltration coefficients were 0.91, 0.64, and 0.74 in the shifting dune, in the shrub-dominated community, and in the herb-dominated community, respectively. Cumulative infiltration and soil texture are two vital factors affecting the depths of rainfall penetration. Only rainfall events larger than 35.0 mm could recharge soil water at the 60–80 cm layer in the herb-dominated community. Our results imply that the expected forward succession of restored vegetation may be destined to deterioration after reaching the climax simply because of following two facts:(1) soil water is mainly retained at shallower layer and(2) plant fine roots mainly distribute in deeper layer in the herb-dominated community.     

植被作用下的土壤干化及其发生机制探讨

通过分析黄土高原不同类型植被下的土壤水分状况,探讨了植被作用下土壤干化的特征和机制,以正确认识其实质,并提供可调控的依据。结果表明,植被作用下的土壤干化具有相对稳定性,其数量指标可采用田间稳定湿度值衡量。在黄土高原气候及地质条件下,土壤干化是植被作用下易于发生的现象,但它并不是植被建造的必然结果。人为营造大片耗水性强的植被类型,高密度以及追求高生产量,是其发生的关键因素。通过了解人工林草物种特点的二重性、合理配置群落结构的必要性以及人工与天然起源的植被在植物竞争效应方面的差异,可对其实施有效管理。植被下土壤干化的普遍发生,不应当妨碍黄土高原进一步开展林草植被建设。     

基于介电频谱特征参数的红壤干旱指标评价研究

为获取红壤含水量对电磁波介电频谱的响应特征，探讨介电频谱特征参数作为红壤干旱评价指标的可行性，以红壤为研究对象，开展不同体积含水量红壤的频域介电谱（FDS）试验，提取介电谱特征曲线积分值，分析介电频谱特征参数与体积含水量的相关性，结合国家《农业干旱等级》标准提出基于介电频谱特征参数的红壤干旱评价指标。结果表明：红壤介电常数实部和虚部均随着介电频谱频率的增大而逐渐减小，两者与体积含水量均呈正相关关系；介电损耗因数随频率变化具有波动性，且体积含水量越小波动性越强，总体呈现出先减小后增大的趋势；通过最小二乘法拟合得到介电频谱特征参数与体积含水量的量化关系，采用细菌觅食算法确定最优的模型系数，拟合精度均大于0.95；基于介电谱特征参数建立红壤干旱指标评价模型，预测值与标准值之间的误差均为±1%左右。该模型能有效地评价红壤干旱程度，可为红壤区域性农业干旱调查、评估及预警提供参考指标。     

黄土高原退耕还林措施对深层土壤含水率的影响

深层土壤水分分布状况对于黄土高原植被恢复和农业可持续发展意义重大。对陕北黄土区不同退耕还林措施(1979年种植的侧柏林、油松林和苹果林)及农地(对照)20 m深土壤剖面的土壤水分、根系分布状况及土壤粘粒含量进行了取样分析。结果表明:退耕还林措施显著降低了土壤含水率,总体表现为农地(11.30%)苹果林(6.66%)≈油松林(6.48%)≈侧柏林(5.92%)。深层土壤含水率同时受植物根系和土壤质地的影响,植物根系是影响4~10 m土壤含水率的主要因素,根系通过吸水作用降低了土壤含水率,但随着深度的增加,根系对土壤含水率的影响逐渐减弱,土壤质地对土壤含水率的影响逐渐增强,土壤含水率与土壤粘粒含量之间呈正相关关系。侧柏人工林根系影响土壤水分深度可达18 m,油松林的影响深度为16 m,35 a树龄的苹果林耗水深度为19 m左右。     

陇东旱塬区冬小麦不同覆膜方式对土壤水热及产量的影响

以平凉43号冬小麦为试验材料,于2012—2014年在平凉市崆峒区草峰镇夏寨村进行全膜覆土穴播(A)、全膜平铺不覆土穴播(B)、膜侧沟播(C)和不覆膜露地条播(CK)4种栽培方式对土壤水热及小麦产量影响试验。结果表明:覆膜能够显著提高冬小麦出苗至拔节期土壤含水量和地温,并对表层土壤含水量和地温影响大于深层土壤,土壤含水量处理ABCCK,地温处理BACCK,A和B差异不明显,冬小麦抽穗期后各处理下土壤含水量和地温与对照相比提高不大,甚至小于对照;覆膜方式对水分利用效率和产量的影响结果为处理ABCCK,处理A、处理B和处理C的水分利用效率比CK分别提高83.75%,63.48%和41.31%;处理A、处理B和处理C的经济产量比CK分别增加了2 587.5、1 989.75 kg·hm~(-2)和1 617.0 kg·hm~(-2)。经方差分析,在1%水平下,处理A、处理B和处理C水分利用效率和经济产量与CK均有极显著的差异,且其各处理之间也有极显著的差异。综上所述,全膜覆土穴播是降雨资源高效利用和提高冬小麦产量的最佳覆膜方式,可在陇东旱塬区生产上推广应用。     

Hydrogen isotopic composition of plant leaf wax in response to soil moisture in an arid ecosystem of the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau,China

The hydrogen isotopic composition of plant leaf wax(δDwax) is used as an important tool for paleohydrologic reconstruction. However, the understanding of the relative importance of environmental and biological factors in determining δDwax values still remains incomplete. To identify the effects of soil moisture and plant physiology on δDwax values in an arid ecosystem, and to explore the implication of these values for paleoclimatic reconstruction, we measured δD values of soil water(δDwater) and δDwax values in surface soils along two distance transects extending from the lakeshore to wetland to dryland around Lake Qinghai and Lake Gahai on the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau. The results showed that the δDwater values were negatively correlated with soil water content(SWC)(R2=0.9166), and ranged from –67‰ to –46‰ with changes in SWC from 6.2% to 42.1% in the arid areas of the Gangcha(GCh) and Gahai(GH) transects. This indicated that evaporative D-enrichment in soil water was sensitive to soil moisture in an arid ecosystem. Although the shift from grasses to shrubs with increasing aridity occurred in the arid area of the GH transect, the δDwax values in surface soils from the arid areas of the two transects still showed a negative correlation with SWC(R2=0.6835), which may be due to the controls of primary evaporative D-enrichment in the soil water and additional transpirational D-enrichment in the leaf water on the δDwaxvalues. Our preliminary research suggested that δDwax values can potentially be applied as a paleo-humidity indicator on the northeast Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau.     

宁夏半干旱偏旱区苜蓿引进品种在不同立地及干旱胁迫下抗旱性研究

连续3年对引进的14个紫花苜蓿品种在半干旱偏旱区的缓坡耕地、台地和川旱地三种不同立地类型区,分别布设旱地组和补充灌溉组进行田间试验,对同一苜蓿品种在不同立地类型和不同水分胁迫下的苗期抗旱性生理指标进行测定分析.结果表明,苜蓿品种叶片失水速率以补充灌溉最高,旱地次之,坡耕地最低;离体叶片失水速率(RWL)与保水力(HAW)、抗旱性指教(ID)之间呈负相关,HAW与ID呈显著正相关.对主要抗旱指标进行了多元回归预测和聚类分析.     

高海拔旱地油菜产量对土壤贮水量和热量的响应

为制定气候变化情景下农作物种植应对措施,采用分期播种法,研究高海拔旱作区春油菜产量对土壤有效贮水量和热量的响应。结果表明,高海拔旱地土壤有效贮水量在油菜生长前期较多,后期较少。出苗期和开花期土壤有效贮水量对油菜产量的影响较小,薹花期和角果发育期土壤贮水对产量影响较大,薹花期、角果发育期油菜产量与土壤贮水量正相关显著,薹花期土壤贮水每增加10 mm ,产量增加71．7 kg·hm-2;角果发育期土壤贮水每增加10 mm ,产量增加30．13 kg·hm-2。热量也是影响油菜产量的重要因素,油菜产量与日平均气温、积温负相关显著,日平均气温每升高1℃,产量减少163 kg·hm-2;积温每升高50℃·d ,产量减少251．15 kg·hm-2,根据不同气候条件和油菜生长特点,从品种、播期、技术与结构等方面提出了种植应对措施。     

Seasonal dynamics of soil water content in the typical vegetation and its response to precipitation in a semi-arid area of Chinese Loess Plateau

Soil water content is a key limiting factor for vegetation growth in the semi-arid area of Chinese Loess Plateau and precipitation is the main source of soil water content in this area. To further understand the impact of vegetation types and environmental factors such as precipitation on soil water content, we continuously monitored the seasonal dynamics in soil water content in four plots (natural grassland, Caragana korshinskii, Armeniaca sibirica and Pinus tabulaeformis) in Chinese Loess Plateau. The results show that the amplitude of soil water content fluctuation decreases with an increase in soil depth, showing obvious seasonal variations. Soil water content of artificial vegetation was found to be significantly lower than that of natural grassland, and most precipitation events have difficulty replenishing soil water content below a depth of 40 cm. Spring and autumn are the key seasons for replenishment of soil water by precipitation. Changes in soil water content are affected by precipitation, vegetation types, soil evaporation and other factors. The interception effect of vegetation on precipitation and the demand for water consumption by transpiration are the key factors affecting the efficiency of soil water replenishment by precipitation in this area. Due to artificial vegetation plantation in this area, soil will face a water deficit crisis in the future.     

不同盐渍化土壤N2O排放对生物炭添加和土壤水分的响应

为探讨不同盐渍化程度土壤N₂O排放对生物炭添加和土壤水分的响应,开展为期30 d的室内培养试验,设置5个土壤盐渍化水平(S0、S1、S2、S3、S4:盐分添加量分别为土壤质量的0%、0.25%、0.5%、0.75%、1%)、2个生物炭添加方式(B0:不添加;B1:添加量为土壤质量的5%)和2个水分条件(W0:60%田间持水量;W1:100%田间持水量)。结果表明：土壤盐分对N₂O累积排放量具有显著影响,盐分含量越高则降幅越大,与S0处理相比,S1、S2、S3、S4处理N₂O累积排放量分别降低43.9%、66.5%、91.9%、93.2%。土壤水分对N₂O累积排放量具有极显著影响,水分含量越高则累积排放量越大,与W0处理相比,W1条件下各盐分处理N₂O累积排放量分别增加3.0%、84.8%、187.4%、729.4%、306.7%。生物炭添加对N₂O累积排放量存在一定影响,与B0处理相比,低水含量下,B1处理累积排放量增幅为3.4%～20.6%,高水含量增幅...