Study of the intensity and driving factors of land use/cover change in the Yarlung Zangbo River,Nyang Qu River,and Lhasa River region,Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China

Land use/land cover (LULC) is an important part of exploring the interaction between natural environment and human activities and achieving regional sustainable development. Based on the data of LULC types (cropland, forest land, grassland, built-up land, and unused land) from 1990 to 2015, we analysed the intensity and driving factors of land use/cover change (LUCC) in the Yarlung Zangbo River, Nyang Qu River, and Lhasa River (YNL) region, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau of China, using intensity analysis method, cross-linking table method, and spatial econometric model. The results showed that LUCC in the YNL region was nonstationary from 1990 to 2015, showing a change pattern with "fast-slow-fast" and "U-shaped". Built-up land showed a steady increase pattern, while cropland showed a steady decrease pattern. The gain of built-up land mainly came from the loss of cropland. The transition pattern of LUCC in the YNL region was relatively single and stable during 1990-2015. The transition pattern from cropland and forest land to built-up land was a systematic change process of tendency and the transition pattern from grassland and unused land to cropland was a systematic change process of avoidance. The transition process of LUCC was the result of the combined effect of natural environment and social economic development in the YNL region. This study reveals the impact of ecological environment problems caused by human activities on the land resource system and provides scientific support for the study of ecological environment change and sustainable development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau.     

南疆典型绿洲土地利用空间格局变化特征分析——以疏勒县为例

利用新疆疏勒县三期遥感影像解译得到的数据,对疏勒县土地利用空间格局变化进行深入分析。分析结果表明:(1)研究区内耕地、林地、草地和建设用地四者之和面积占该区总面积的52.97%,盐碱地和沙地等未利用地占44.35%。1990～2006年间,林地、草地、建设用地面积大幅度增加;盐碱地和沙地面积大幅度减少。其充分说明人类活动对土地利用/覆被类型变化影响越来越强烈。(2)研究区土地利用/覆被类型转移的主要方向是耕地转化为林地和草地,草地和沙地转化为耕地,耕地和草地转化为建设用地,草地转化为沙地。土地利用变化经历了"显著变化-缓慢变化-显著变化"的过程。(3)景观格局分析表明,在人类活动的影响下,研究区景观破碎度、多样性增大,优势度减小。驱动力分析表明,人口增长和经济发展因素是研究区土地利用/覆被变化的最直接驱动力,同时还受产业结构和政策因素及人类干扰强度的影响。     

Land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Land cover in the Chinese Loess Plateau has undergone dramatic changes since the late 1980s.Revealing the trend in land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units in this stage is a realistic requirement for promoting sustainable development of the Chinese Loess Plateau.Based on the data of geomorphic units and land cover in 1990,2000,2010 and 2018 of the Chinese Loess Plateau,we studied the trend of land cover change and eco-environmental quality response of different geomorphic units by using a significance index of land cover change,a proportion index of land cover change and an eco-environmental response model.The results indicated that from 1990 to 2018,the areas of forestland and construction land substantially increased,whereas those of cropland,grassland,wetland and unused land considerably decreased.Land cover change exhibited large geomorphic differences,and the main conversion of land cover was from cropland into other land types.Unstable trend of land cover change in the loess tablelands and sandy loess hills declined,whereas the unstable trends in the other geomorphic units enhanced.Eco-environmental quality varied among different geomorphic units.The expansion of construction land and degradation of forestland,grassland and wetland resulted in the deterioration of eco-environmental quality.The conversion of cropland and unused land into forestland and grassland,and the conversion of grassland into forestland were the main factors that drove the improvement of eco-environmental quality.The findings of this study may provide theoretical reference and support decision making for the optimization of land use structure and the improvement of eco-environmental quality on the Chinese Loess Plateau.     

Land use/land cover change responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of Tarim River,China

The Tarim River is the longest inland river in China and is considered as an important river to protect the oasis economy and environment of the Tarim Basin. However, excessive exploitation and over-utilization of natural resources, particularly water resources, have triggered a series of ecological and environmental problems, such as the reduction in the volume of water in the main river, deterioration of water quality, drying up of downstream rivers, degradation of vegetation, and land desertification. In this study, the land use/land cover change (LUCC) responses to ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River were investigated using ENVI (Environment for Visualizing Images) and GIS (Geographic Information System) data analysis software for the period of 1990-2018. Multi-temporal remote sensing images and ecological water conveyance data from 1990 to 2018 were used. The results indicate that LUCC covered an area of 2644.34 km² during this period, accounting for 15.79% of the total study area. From 1990 to 2018, wetland, farmland, forestland, and artificial surfaces increased by 533.42 km² (216.77%), 446.68 km² (123.66%), 284.55 km² (5.67%), and 57.51 km² (217.96%), respectively, whereas areas covered by grassland and other land use/land cover types, such as Gobi, bare soil, and deserts, decreased by 103.34 km² (14.31%) and 1218.83 km² (11.75%), respectively. Vegetation area decreased first and then increased, with the order of 2010<2000<1990<2018. LUCC in the overflow and stagnant areas in the lower reaches of the Tarim River was mainly characterized by fragmentation, irregularity, and complexity. By analyzing the LUCC responses to 19 rounds of ecological water conveyance in the lower reaches of the Tarim River from 2000 to the end of 2018, we proposed guidelines for the rational development and utilization of water and soil resources and formulation of strategies for the sustainable development of the lower reaches of the Tarim River. This study provides scientific guidance for optimal scheduling of water resources in the region.     

Impact of land use/land cover types on surface humidity in northern China in the early 21st century

In the context of global change, it is essential to promote the rational development and utilization of land resources, improve the quality of regional ecological environment, and promote the harmonious development of human and nature for the regional sustainability. We identified land use/land cover types in northern China from 2001 to 2018 with ENVI images and ArcGIS software. Meteorological data were selected from 292 stations in northern China, the potential evapotranspiration was calculated with the Penman-Monteith formula, and reanalysis humidity and observed humidity data were obtained. The reanalysis minus observation (RMO, i.e., the difference between reanalysis humidity and observed humidity) can effectively characterize the impact of different land use/land cover types (forestland, grassland, cultivated land, construction land, water body and unused land) on surface humidity in northern China in the early 21^st century. The results showed that from 2001 to 2018, the area of forestland expanded (increasing by approximately 1.80×10⁴ km²), while that of unused land reduced (decreasing by approximately 5.15×10⁴ km²), and the regional ecological environment was improved. Consequently, land surface in most areas of northern China tended to be wetter. The contributions of land use/land cover types to surface humidity changes were related to the quality of the regional ecological environment. The contributions of the six land use/land cover types to surface humidity were the highest in northeastern region of northern China, with a better ecological environment, and the lowest in northwestern region, with a fragile ecological environment. Surface humidity was closely related to the variation in regional vegetation coverage; when the regional vegetation coverage with positive (negative) contributions expanded (reduced), the land surface became wetter. The positive contributions of forestland and water body to surface humidity were the greatest. Unused land and construction land were associated with the most serious negative contributions to surface humidity. Affected by the regional distribution pattern of vegetation, surface humidity in different seasons decreased from east to west in northern China. The seasonal variation in surface humidity was closely related to the growth of vegetation: surface humidity was the highest in summer, followed by autumn and spring, and the lowest in winter. According to the results, surface humidity is expected to increase in northeastern region of northern China, decrease in northern region, and likely increase in northwestern region.     

乌兰布和沙漠地区土地利用动态变化分析

以乌兰布和沙漠为研究靶区,以GIS和RS技术为手段,利用解译的1986,1995,2000年和2004年的土地利用现状图,对该区域的土地利用动态变化过程及其驱动因素进行分析.结果表明:不同年份其景观基质差异较大,1986年为沙漠和其他未利用土地,1995年为沙漠和草地共同构成,呈现出复合型特点;而2000年之后,沙漠以其57%以上的面积而成为唯一的景观基质.从土地利用类型的稳定性来看,耕地、建设用地和沙漠的稳定性最强,在不同时间段内,其保持自身面积不变的比例均在85%以上.从土地利用类型的变化方向来看,最重要的转化方向有两个,一是林地、草地、水体、建设用地向耕地的转化;一是耕地、林地、水体和建设用地向草地的转化;另外盐碱地、沙漠和其他未利用土地之间的相互转化也非常重要.从不同时期土地图斑随时间的双向变化分析发现,该区域既有退耕还林还草、积极治理沙漠、改造盐碱地的事实,也同时存在着毁林毁草开垦荒地,以及荒漠化土地扩展的现实.该区域土地利用变化的驱动因素主要为降水、人口和牲畜数量,以及农牧业经济地位变动,同时大的政策因素影响也不容忽视.     

近40a来精河流域绿洲土地利用/土地覆被时空动态演变

以1972-2010年精河绿洲的遥感影像及相关资料为依据通过对LUCC的对比分析发现:(1)近40a年来,研究区的未利用土地、水域、低覆盖度植被区面积始终保持前三位。(2)LUCC类型发生了显著变化,耕地、建设用地、未利用土地呈增势,其中建设用地和未利用地为主要转入类型;水域和植被覆盖区呈减势,其中水域和低、高覆盖度植被区为主要转出类型。(3)植被退化和水域面积减少主要受到年均温上升、年蒸发量增大等自然因素影响;建设用地和耕地面积增大主要受到人口增长、城市快速发展等人文因素的影响。     

Oasis cold island effect and its influence on air temperature: a case study of Tarim Basin,Northwest China

Oasis effect can improve the regional climate and habitability of an arid region. In this study, we explored the cold island effects of oases distributed along the edge of Tarim Basin by analyzing the oasis cold island effect(OCIE) intensity, spatial-temporal variation of OCIE, factors influencing the OCIE and impacts of OCIE on air temperature using geographical statistics and GIS methods based on the MODIS land surface temperature, land use/cover change(LUCC) and observed air temperature data. Results showed that all the oases in the Tarim Basin exhibited cold island effects, with the OCIE intensity highest in summer(-9.08°C), followed by autumn(-4.24°C) and spring(-3.85°C). The total area of oasis cold island(OCI) and the comprehensive OCIE index showed the same seasonal change trend as the OCIE intensity. However, the changing trends in areas of OCI with strong, medium and weak OCIEs were inconsistent across different seasons. Farmland and water areas were found to be the key contributors that affected the OCIE, and the area and aggregation metrics of these two land use/cover types directly contributed to the OCIE. By contrast, natural vegetation, such as forest and grassland, almost had no contribution to the OCIE. Simulation of observed air temperature data showed that if farmland is replaced by forest or grassland in the oasis, the mean, maximum and minimum air temperatures will increase significantly. This heating effect will be higher in summer(reaching 1.14°C to 2.08°C) and lower in spring and autumn. Moreover, the heating effect of farmland being replaced by forest will be higher than that of farmland being replaced by grassland. These results can provide a basis for understanding the cold island effect of oases in arid regions.     

东北典型农区土地利用变化的生态效应研究——以公主岭市为例

在人为活动占优势的景观内,不同土地利用方式和强度产生的生态效应是不同的,并且可以直观地反映在生态系统的结构和组成上。因此,本文利用Landsat TM和MSS遥感数据,以具有相对完整的自然生态过程的小流域作为评价单元,借助GIS空间分析和地统计分析功能,从景观生态学角度提出了景观生态指数来反映LUCC变化所带来的生态效应。研究发现,公主岭市1975—1986年间由于土地利用/土地覆被变化造成的生态风险不断增加,随后逐渐减小,到2000年局部地区又有所回升,这种变化与该地区土地利用类型的变化,特别是耕地、林地和草地的变化趋势呈高度相关,说明该地区土地利用/土地覆被变化对生物多样性及生态安全具有重要影响。     

疏勒河中游土地利用动态变化分析

以疏勒河中游为研究区,利用ArcGIS9.2和ERDAS9.1平台,对1990年、2000年和2010年3期Landsat TM遥感影像进行目视解译,获取流域20年间土地利用/覆被变化遥感资料,通过土地利用动态度方法,分析流域20年主要土地利用类型的数量变化和土地利用/覆被变化的驱动力。结果表明:(1)1990-2010年间,疏勒河中游地区土地覆被类型主要为未利用地、牧草地、耕地,三者面积占研究区总面积的98.22%,20年间土地利用整体特征并未发生重大变化。(2)疏勒河中游主要土地利用类型变化发生在耕地、建设用地和牧草地,其土地利用动态度分别为13.60%、7.97%和7.68%。(3)政策和人口增长可能是促进土地利用/覆被变化的主要驱动因素。     

基于土地利用/覆被变化的绿洲城市土地生态风险综合评价——以甘州区为例

土地利用/覆被变化通过改变土地生态系统的结构和功能,影响地区生态系统的安全与健康程度。基于甘州区2001-2008年的土地利用变更数据,建立土地利用生态风险评价指标,结合马尔可夫概率转移矩阵,对该区域土地利用变化的生态效益风险及其社会影响进行综合评价。同时,借助GIS技术与相关统计分析方法,对甘州区2008年土地利用/覆被现状存在的生态风险进行空间量化分析。研究表明：① 2008年,甘州区土地利用/覆被存在的生态风险集中在耕地和未利用地,两者的比例占全区总面积的87.32%;② 甘州区土地利用类型研究期内发生了复杂的相互转换,地类交错地带生态风险尤为显著;③ 土地利用程度指数的上升,反映出土地利用的广度、深度不断增加,土地利用处于发展期;④ 甘州区2008年较2001年的土地综合风险指数有所上升,人类活动的影响在一定程度上增加了区域潜在的生态风险。     

咸阳市土地利用变化及生态风险

基于1990年与2007年2期土地利用遥感数据,采用RS,GIS技术和统计分析方法,对咸阳市1990-2007年的土地利用变化状况进行了分析,在此基础上,研究了由土地利用变化引起的咸阳市生态风险问题。结果表明：①17 a间咸阳市土地利用整体呈现耕地面积和未利用地面积减少,林地、草地、建设用地面积增加的趋势;②生态风险指...     

塔里木河下游土地利用/覆盖变化环境效应

利用 1988和 2 0 0 0年Landsat 5的 4、3、2 (RGB)波段合成影像解译结果 ,采用中国科学院资源环境数据库中的全国 1∶10 0 0 0 0土地资源利用分类系统 ,基于GIS(Arc/info 7.1)对塔里木河下游近 12a来土地利用 /覆被变化进行了研究 ,在此基础上研究了生态环境效应。结果表明 ,(1) 2 0 0 0年研究区土地利用以未利用地和草地为主 ;(2 )景观格局指数表明 :多样性指数在增加 ,景观破碎度均在 0 .2以下 ,说明景观连通性高 ,抗逆性强 ;疏林地分维数值最大 ,说明其空间形状较简单 ,廊道效应较低 ;景观基质是沙地 ,且沙漠化在进一步加强 ;(3) 1988- 2 0 0 0年 ,耕地、水域、未利用地和城镇用地有所增加 ,而林地和草地则在减少 ;(4) 12a间 ,未发生转化的土地占 99.6 5 % ,发生转化的仅 0 .36 %。其中 ,改善类土地面积大于退化类土地 ,开发类土地净增长面积也大于同期弃耕类土地 ;(5 )研究区LUCC除受暖温带大陆性干旱气候的影响外 ,人类活动改变地表水的地域分配及对天然植被的破坏 ,则是引起生态环境退化的主要原因。     

20世纪70年代中期以来奈曼旗土地利用变化及生态环境效应研究

本文在遥感技术与GIS技术支持下,以内蒙古自治区奈曼旗近二十五年来的土地利用为例,对土地利用/覆盖的时空演变、景观格局变化及其生态环境效应进行了探讨。结果表明:1976—2000年间,奈曼旗发生土地利用变化的面积约占总面积的22.70%,发生变化的土地总面积为184015.51hm2。林地、未利用地面积明显增加,耕地面积明显减少,减少幅度约为21.86%。景观斑块的聚集程度变小,破碎程度加大,趋于离散分布。从生态效应上来看,土地利用变化引起的生态环境质量变化呈现出改善和恶化并存的趋势,主要表现在草地生态功能的退化以及土地的沙化、盐碱化,沙地有扩展蔓延趋势;林地面积的增加、耕地面积的减少对提高区域生态质量和生态功能起到了积极的作用。     

生态脆弱区土地利用时空格局变化分析——以宁夏中部干旱带为例

利用1978年MSS及1987、1996和2007年Landsat TM/ETM遥感影像,借助GIS技术,对宁夏中部干旱带土地利用时空演变格局进行了分析.结果表明,1978～2007年,城镇用地增加最显著.变化率达58.03%;耕地面积变化率为1.61%,林地、草地、水域、未利用土地和沙地总体上呈减少趋势,变化率分别为...     

基于改进TOPSIS方法的甘肃省土地利用结构合理性评价

利用甘肃省1997～2007年土地利用变化调查数据,采用改进的TOPSIS方法对甘肃省土地利用结构的合理性进行了综合评价.结果表明: ① 199 7～2007年期间甘肃省土地利用结构合理度总体上较高,均在80%以上,在时间上的变化呈波动趋势,并且可以明显地分为3个变化阶段:即1997～1999年期间土地利用结构不断趋于合理,而2000～2002年期间土地利用结构的合理性变差,2003～2007年期间土地利用结构的合理性有好转的趋势.②不同土地利用类型的变化对土地利用结构的合理性影响不同:与土地利用结构合理度呈负相关的土地利用类型为园地、林地、居民点及工矿用地、交通用地、未利用土地,其中未利用土地的变化与土地利用结构合理度的负相关性最显著;与土地利用结构合理度呈正相关的土地利用类型包括耕地、牧草地、水域,其中牧草地的变化与土地利用结构合理度的正相关性最显著.③开发未利用土地、保护牧草地对调整和优化甘肃省土地利用结构具有决定性的作用.     

陕甘宁青草地变化的遥感动态分析

以陕甘宁青二十世纪八十年代中期和2000年的TM影像为信息源,运用遥感技术与地理信息系统技术结合建立了两期全区土地资源数据库,通过对从中提取的草地专题时空数据的分析得出:2000年全区有草地面积61694471hm2,占总面积的44.75%;14年间全区新增草地279028hm2,同期减少草地534071hm2,增减抵消草地净减少255043hm2,占草地面积的0.41%。全区草地减少的主要原因是草地被开垦为耕地,其次是为恢复植被而将部分草地植树变为林地以及草地沙漠化变为沙地和草地变为水域;而草地增加的主要来源是沙地变为草地,其次是林地变为草地以及耕地和水域变为草地。     

Effects of climate change and land use/cover change on the volume of the Qinghai Lake in China

Qinghai Lake is the largest saline lake in China.The change in the lake volume is an indicator of the variation in water resources and their response to climate change on the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau(QTP)in China.The present study quantitatively evaluated the effects of climate change and land use/cover change(LUCC)on the lake volume of the Qinghai Lake in China from 1958 to 2018,which is crucial for water resources management in the Qinghai Lake Basin.To explore the effects of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume,we analyzed the lake level observation data and multi-period land use/land cover(LULC)data by using an improved lake volume estimation method and Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Trade-offs(InVEST)model.Our results showed that the lake level decreased at the rate of 0.08 m/a from 1958 to 2004 and increased at the rate of 0.16 m/a from 2004 to 2018.The lake volume decreased by 105.40×10⁸ m³ from 1958 to 2004,with the rate of 2.24×10⁸ m³/a,whereas it increased by 74.02×10⁸ m³ from 2004 to 2018,with the rate of 4.66×10⁸ m³/a.Further,the climate of the Qinghai Lake Basin changed from warm-dry to warm-humid.From 1958 to 2018,the increase in precipitation and the decrease in evaporation controlled the change of the lake volume,which were the main climatic factors affecting the lake volume change.From 1977 to 2018,the measured water yield showed an"increase-decrease-increase"fluctuation in the Qinghai Lake Basin.The effects of climate change and LUCC on the measured water yield were obviously different.From 1977 to 2018,the contribution rate of LUCC was -0.76% and that of climate change was 100.76%;the corresponding rates were 8.57% and 91.43% from 1977 to 2004,respectively,and -4.25% and 104.25% from 2004 to 2018,respectively.Quantitative analysis of the effects and contribution rates of climate change and LUCC on the Qinghai Lake volume revealed the scientific significance of climate change and LUCC,as well as their individual and combined effects in the Qinghai Lake Basin and on the QTP.This study can contribute to the water resources management and regional sustainable development of the Qinghai Lake Basin.     

Scenario simulation of water retention services under land use/cover and climate changes: a case study of the Loess Plateau,China

Comprehensive assessments of ecosystem services in environments under the influences of human activities and climate change are critical for sustainable regional ecosystem management. Therefore, integrated interdisciplinary modelling has become a major focus of ecosystem service assessment. In this study, we established a model that integrates land use/cover change (LUCC), climate change, and water retention services to evaluate the spatial and temporal variations of water retention services in the Loess Plateau of China in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050). An improved Markov-Cellular Automata (Markov-CA) model was used to simulate land use/land cover patterns, and ArcGIS 10.2 software was used to simulate and assess water retention services from 2000 to 2050 under six combined scenarios, including three land use/land cover scenarios (historical scenario (HS), ecological protection scenario (EPS), and urban expansion scenario (UES)) and two climate change scenarios (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5, where RCP is the representative concentration pathway). LUCCs in the historical period (2000-2015) and in the future (2020-2050) are dominated by transformations among agricultural land, urban land and grassland. Urban land under UES increased significantly by 0.63×10³ km²/a, which was higher than the increase of urban land under HS and EPS. In the Loess Plateau, water yield decreased by 17.20×10⁶ mm and water retention increased by 0.09×10⁶ mm in the historical period (2000-2015), especially in the Interior drainage zone and its surrounding areas. In the future (2020-2050), the pixel means of water yield is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (96.63 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (95.46 mm), and the pixel means of water retention is higher under RCP4.5 scenario (1.95 mm) than under RCP8.5 scenario (1.38 mm). RCP4.5-EPS shows the highest total water retention capacity on the plateau scale among the six combined scenarios, with the value of 1.27×10⁶ mm. Ecological restoration projects in the Loess Plateau have enhanced soil and water retention. However, more attention needs to be paid not only to the simultaneous increase in water retention services and evapotranspiration but also to the type and layout of restored vegetation. Furthermore, urbanization needs to be controlled to prevent uncontrollable LUCCs and climate change. Our findings provide reference data for the regional water and land resources management and the sustainable development of socio-ecological systems in the Loess Plateau under LUCC and climate change scenarios.     

土地利用/覆被变化对区域蒸散发影响的遥感分析——以吉林省乾安县为例

以吉林省西部乾安县为例,基于Landsat TM和ETM+影像,分析该区1989年和2001年2期土地利用/覆被变化对区域蒸散发的影响。结果表明:从1989-2001年,乾安县土地利用/变化显著。草地→耕地、草地与不同程度盐碱地、不同程度盐碱地内部的转换为主要土地利用变化类型。12年来,不同土地利用类型的平均日蒸散量格局基本一致,表现为:水体>湿地/耕地>林地>草地/轻度盐碱地>居民用地>中度盐碱地>重度盐碱地。其中,59.6%的地表蒸散强度变化区的土地利用/覆被发生变化。草地→耕地、草地→不同程度盐碱地、不同程度盐碱地→草地的蒸散强度变化以基本不变、减少、增加为主;由轻度盐碱地向重度盐碱地逐渐转变时,蒸散强度降低,反之增加。由于草地的植被覆盖度减少,其蒸散强度降低,而林地、居民用地、轻度盐碱地的植被覆盖度增加,蒸散强度以增加为主。