鄂尔多斯高原潜水同位素特征及其成因分析

西北干旱半干旱区地下水的补给来源和方式仍没有统一的认识。通过对比鄂尔多斯高原不同水体氢氧稳定同位素特征,发现鄂尔多斯高原潜水的δD、δ~(18)O平均值(-71.75‰,-9.64‰)相对于当地降水均值(-65.00‰,-8.79‰)偏负。通过综合分析区内气候特点、地下水补给方式、潜水位动态等方面因素,认为潜水δD、δ~(18)O偏负现象与干旱地区降水的雨量效应和季节性冻土冻融作用下降水入渗补给地下水过程有关。δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的大降水补给地下水的能力较强,可能使潜水δD、δ~(18)O值偏负;冻土冻融条件下δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的冬季降水有效入渗补给能力较强,是潜水δD、δ~(18)O值偏负的另一可能原因。研究表明,利用氢氧稳定同位素研究干旱半干旱区地下水的补给来源和方式,需要考虑不同降水条件及冻土冻融作用下地下水补给能力的差异及其对地下水同位素组成的影响。     

密怀顺研究区地下水NO3--N时空变化分析

密怀顺地区是北京市重要的水源涵养区,直接影响着主城区的供水安全。2014年南水北调盈余水量通过潮白河河道回补地下水,地下水位不断抬升,使常年积累在耕地土壤中NO₃^--N对地下水环境风险不断增加。通过对地下水中NO₃^--N和耕地属性地块研究。结果表明:1)2015-2018年研究区地下水NO₃^--N浓度有升高趋势;2)2015-2018年研究区水质稳定区面积达到164.26km²,占比33.78%;其次为水质略变差区和水质变差区,面积分别为136.76km²和112.74km²,占比分别为28.12%和23.18%。3)耕地属性不变的7个有监测地块地下水NO₃^--N浓度均有不同程度升高,MW-3和MW-1地块超过地下水Ⅲ类水质标准;4)地下水NO₃^--N含量变化与地下水回补有一定关联。     

Stable oxygen-hydrogen isotopes reveal water use strategies of Tamarix taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert,China

Tamarix taklamakanensis,a dominant species in the Taklimakan Desert of China,plays a crucial role in stabilizing sand dunes and maintaining regional ecosystem stability.This study aimed to determine the water use strategies of T.taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert under a falling groundwater depth.Four typical T.taklamakanensis nabkha habitats(sandy desert of Tazhong site,saline desert-alluvial plain of Qiemo site,desert-oasis ecotone of Qira site and desert-oasis ecotone of Aral site)were selected with different climate,soil,groundwater and plant cover conditions.Stable isotope values of hydrogen and oxygen were measured for plant xylem water,soil water(soil depths within 0–500 cm),snowmelt water and groundwater in the different habitats.Four potential water sources for T.taklamakanensis,defined as shallow,middle and deep soil water,as well as groundwater,were investigated using a Bayesian isotope mixing model.It was found that groundwater in the Taklimakan Desert was not completely recharged by precipitation,but through the river runoff from snowmelt water in the nearby mountain ranges.The surface soil water content was quickly depleted by strong evaporation,groundwater depth was relatively shallow and the height of T.taklamakanensis nabkha was relatively low,thus T.taklamakanensis primarily utilized the middle(23%±1%)and deep(31%±5%)soil water and groundwater(36%±2%)within the sandy desert habitat.T.taklamakanensis mainly used the deep soil water(55%±4%)and a small amount of groundwater(25%±2%)within the saline desert-alluvial plain habitat,where the soil water content was relatively high and the groundwater depth was shallow.In contrast,within the desert-oasis ecotone in the Qira and Aral sites,T.taklamakanensis primarily utilized the deep soil water(35%±1%and 38%±2%,respectively)and may also use groundwater because the height of T.taklamakanensis nabkha was relatively high in these habitats and the soil water content was relatively low,which is associated with the reduced groundwater depth due to excessive water resource exploitation and utilization by surrounding cities.Consequently,T.taklamakanensis showed distinct water use strategies among the different habitats and primarily depended on the relatively stable water sources(deep soil water and groundwater),reflecting its adaptations to the different habitats in the arid desert environment.These findings improve our understanding on determining the water sources and water use strategies of T.taklamakanensis in the Taklimakan Desert.     

GIS-based assessment of non-equilibrium pattern between groundwater recharge and irrigation draft in a semi-arid region of Rajasthan,India

Over-exploitation of groundwater for irrigation can result in drastic reduction in groundwater level in Jodhpur district of western Rajasthan, India. In this study, we used the long-term trend analysis of seasonal groundwater level data to predict the future groundwater scenario in 33 villages of Jodhpur district, assessed the impact of water harvesting structures on groundwater recharge and explored the non-equilibrium between groundwater recharge and irrigation draft in the study area. Analysis of groundwater level data from 26 observation wells in 33 villages in the pre-monsoon period showed that groundwater level decreased continuously at the rate of 2.07 m/a. With this declining rate, most of the tube wells(including the well with the maximum depth of 193 m) are predicted to become completely dry by 2050. Behavior of temporal groundwater level data in the study period(from 2004 to 2012) can be explained by different geospatial maps, prepared using Arc GIS software. Statistical analysis of the interpolated maps showed that the area with the maximum positive groundwater recharge occupied 63.14% of the total area during 2010–2011 and the area with the maximum irrigation draft accounted for 56.21% of the total area during 2011–2012. Higher groundwater recharge is attributed to the increase in rainfall and the better aquifer condition. Spatial distribution for the changes of average groundwater recharge and draft(2008–2009 and 2011–2012) showed that 68.50% recharge area was in positive change and 45.75% draft area was in negative change. It was observed that the area of the irrigation draft exceeded that of the groundwater recharge in most of the years. In spite of the construction of several shallow water harvesting structures in 2009–2010, sandstone aquifer zones showed meager impact on groundwater recharge. The best-fit line for the deviation between average groundwater fluctuation due to recharge and irrigation draft with time can be represented by the polynomial curve. Thus, over-exploitation of groundwater for agricultural crops has result in non-equilibrium between groundwater recharge and irrigation draft.     

新疆车尔臣河流域地下水的可持续开发利用研究

地下水是一种宝贵的自然资源,是自然界水循环的重要组成部分,人类赖以生存和社会发展的重要物质基础,人类必须在合理开发的同时,确保地下水资源的采补平衡,使其得到永续利用。因此必须采取强有力的措施,遏制超采势头的发展,促进地下水资源的采补平衡和永续利用。文中根据且末绿洲实地考察、历年统计资料及水文概况分析的基础上,对研究区的水文地质条件、地下水的埋藏与分布规律、车尔臣河流域地下水的补给,径流,排泄及开采条件以及地下水开采利用现状进行了剖析。探讨了研究区合理开发利用和保护地下水资源的对策建议。     

石羊河中下游河岸带植被对地下水位变化的响应

通过对石羊河中下游河岸带的地下水位定位观测及植被和土壤水盐含量调查发现：河岸带地下水位与河床横向间距呈正相关;在长流水河段的河岸带,以植被类型、物种丰富度和植被盖度与河床间距的关系,判断河流影响地下水位距河床的范围约为130 m,但对于河岸带植被作用距河床横向间距可达500 m。在断流河段,距古河床0~200 m区间内分布河岸植物种。虽然石羊河下游断流,但河流地貌影响地下水位,有利于植物生长。调查区域内有5个植被型,12个群系和29个群丛,河岸带发育隐域植被类型。当地下水位≤2 m时,沼泽草甸发育;当地下水位3~6 m时,以芦苇、赖草和骆驼蓬为建群种的盐化草甸发育;地下水位≤14 m时,则柽柳灌丛繁茂。石羊河的径流量丰欠影响河岸带地下水位变化,河岸带植被组成、结构和分布响应地下水位埋深。
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黄土丘陵沟壑区森林土壤水文行为及其对河川径流的影响

通过比较瓦窖沟小流域林地、农田、撂荒地3种主要土地利用方式下的降雨入渗、产流特性及林区与非林区流域径流的季节变化,系统地分析了黄土高原林地水文行为及森林对河川径流的调节作用,主要表现为林地土壤高入渗率、低产流率和强烈的蒸腾耗水作用形成的土壤干层以及森林对河川径流季节分配的均化作用。土壤干层的出现使土壤水库对干旱调节功能丧失,影响林木的持续生长;还将削弱入渗降雨转化为地下水的比例,减少地下水资源的数量,使森林对流域枯季径流的补偿效应受到制约。森林均化径流分配的作用通过削减汛期径流和补充非汛期流水来实现。林区河川径流年内季节分配较非林区均匀,汛期削洪效能明显,并有效地补充了9～11月和3～5月的非汛期流水,补枯效果达4～10个百分点。     

利用平原水库实现地表水与地下水联合调蓄的研究——以海河流域东南段为例

海河流域东南段地下水系统调蓄潜力大,调蓄能力强,由于调蓄水源欠缺,地下水的人工调蓄研究停滞不前。研究区近年修建的大量平原水库,为地下水的人工调蓄提供了水源条件。由于单纯依靠平原水库调蓄地表水,不仅侵占大量农田,还将产生诸如水资源浪费、土壤次生盐渍化等环境地质问题。利用地下水巨大的调蓄空间和有利的调蓄途径,凭借一定的回灌工程,将平原水库蓄存的地表水回灌至地下蓄存,同时解决了地下水调蓄的水源问题和地表水调蓄空间、蒸发及其他环境地质问题,是水资源可持续利用的有效途径之一。     

基于环境同位素的陇东盆地地下水分析

目前同位素技术在水文水资源领域应用非常广泛,也取得了较大的成果,研究地下水同位素对于有效开发利用水资源和预测地下水环境的变化具有重要的意义.根据陇东盆地同位素测试结果,分析盆地地下水同位素分布特征,追溯地下水的来源及运移过程.结果发现:陇东盆地地下水均来源于大气降水,地下水循环具有浅层循环与深层循环两种模式.浅层地下水积极参与现代水循环,可更新能力较强,地貌对地下水径流控制作用明显.深层地下水为古地质时期补给形成的,水交替径流缓慢,可更新能力弱,地下水径流受地质构造控制,从向斜两翼向核部汇集在盆地中部排泄于河流基准排泄面.     

Quantification of groundwater recharge and evapotranspiration along a semi-arid wetland transect using diurnal water table fluctuations

Groundwater is a vital water resource in arid and semi-arid areas. Diurnal groundwater table fluctuations are widely used to quantify rainfall recharge and groundwater evapotranspiration(ET_g). To assess groundwater resources for sustainable use, we estimated groundwater recharge and ET_g using the diurnal water table fluctuations at three sites along a section with different depths to water table(DWT) within a wetland of the Mukai Lake in the Ordos Plateau, Northwest China. The water table level was monitored at an hourly resolution using a Keller DCX-22 A data logger that measured both the total pressure and barometric pressure, so that the effect of barometric pressure could be removed. At this study site, a rapid water table response to rainfall was observed in two shallow wells(i.e., Obs1 and Obs2), at which diurnal water table fluctuations were also observed over the study period during rainless days, indicating that the main factors influencing water table variation are rainfall and ET_g. However, at the deep-water table site(Obs3), the groundwater level only reacted to the heaviest rainfalls and showed no diurnal variations. Groundwater recharge and ET_g were quantified for the entire hydrological year(June 2017–June 2018) using the water table fluctuation method and the Loheide method, respectively, with depth-dependent specific yields. The results show that the total annual groundwater recharge was approximately 207 mm, accounting for 52% of rainfall at Obs1, while groundwater recharge was approximately 250 and 21 mm at Obs2 and Obs3, accounting for 63% and 5% of rainfall, respectively. In addition, the rates of groundwater recharge were mainly determined by rainfall intensity and DWT. The daily mean ET_g at Obs1 and Obs2 over the study period was 4.3 and 2.5 mm, respectively, and the main determining factors were DWT and net radiation.     

酒泉盆地地下水系统水资源评价

在系统分析研究区地质及水文地质条件的基础上,确定了研究区范围和边界条件,借助GIS技术与FEFLOW建立了研究区地下水系统概念模型和数学模型及相应的地下水系统数值模型。以2001~2003年地下水动态观测井的地下水动态观测资料,对建立的模型进行了多次求解与识别,结果表明:建立的模型能够较好的反映研究区水文地质条件空间分布及组合方式,具有一定的代表性可以用来对研究区地下水资源进行定量评价与预测。运用识别后的模型评价和预测了在P=50%、75%、95%不同地表径流条件下研究区地下水系统水资源量,与其对应的补给量分别为7.7346亿m3/a、7.1663亿m3/a、6.3610亿m3/a,排泄量分别为:8.7208亿m3/a、8.3789亿m3/a、7.8477亿m3/a,总均衡分别为:-0.9862亿m3/a、-1.2126亿m3/a、-1.4867亿m3/a。结果表明在上述三种不同典型年情况下,研究区地下水系统长期处于负均衡状态,为了改善该区域脆弱的生态环境,地下水开采前应进行可开采量论证,并制定合理的地下水开采方案。     

A method to estimate aquifer artificial recharge from a hill dam in Tunisia

In arid and semi-arid areas, artificial recharge is a key technology in groundwater resources management, and a reliable estimate of artificial recharge is necessary to its sustainable development. Several methods are available to estimate the artificial recharge; however, most of them require field data or model parameters, thus limiting their applications. To overcome this limitation, we presented an analytical method to estimate the artificial recharge through monitoring the water release by piezometer and analysing the controlling factors of the artificial recharge from a hill dam in Tunisia. A total of 97 measurements of water flow in the streambed recorded from 4 gauging stations were analysed. Results indicated that the average infiltration velocity ranged from 0.043 to 0.127 m/d and the infiltration index varied from 7.6 to 11.8 L/(s·km). Pearson's correlation coefficient analysis shows that the infiltration index, the stream gradient, the thickness of unsaturated zone, the number of infiltration pond, the stream geometry, and the water flow rate were found to be the main factors in determining the infiltration. The high correlation coefficients(0.908 for the number of infiltration pond and 0.999 for the stream geometry) mean that the number of infiltration pond and the stream geometry are the most influential factors. Time variations of groundwater level were used to analyze the recharge effects on the piezometry of aquifer. The analysis showed that during the artificial recharge, the water table increased at a rate of 5 mm/d and that the increase was limited to the area surrounding the recharge site. Based on the results of the study, building infiltration ponds along streambed and improving the potential of rainwater harvesting over the study area are recommended.     

Dynamics of groundwater recharge near a semi-arid Mediterranean intermittent stream under wet and normal climate conditions

In arid and semi-arid stream-dominated systems, the temporal variability in groundwater recharge has not been widely addressed. Various questions remain about the sources of groundwater recharge, its patterns, and the appropriate measuring techniques. Hence, the main objective of the present study was to assess the changes that might affect the pattern of groundwater recharge under wetter than normal surface water availability. Therefore, the groundwater depth was monitored near a semi-arid Mediterranean intermittent stream on the piedmont of the High Atlas Mountains in the mountain catchment of the Wadi Rheraya over two hydrological years (2014-2016) with different climate conditions: extreme wet and normal conditions. Groundwater recharge was assessed using the episodic master recession algorithm. During the two years, the pattern of groundwater recharge was dominated by episodic events and by a high seasonality from wet seasons to dry seasons. In the wet year (2014-2015), the highest groundwater recharge was recorded following an extreme flood, which deeply replenished groundwater. Furthermore, an exceptional steady state of the groundwater depth was induced by a steady groundwater recharge rate. For several groundwater recharge events, the assessed recharge had multiple sources, mainly from streamflow at the local scale, but possibly from precipitation, underflow, deep percolation or irrigation return from the upstream part of the catchment. Local recharge by streamflow was likely to be short-lived, and lateral recharge was likely to last longer. Consequently, the episodic master recession algorithm estimated the total groundwater recharge that could encompass various sources. In the future, more studies and multidisciplinary approaches should be carried out to partition these sources and determine their specific contributions. In semi-arid stream-dominated systems, different groundwater recharge patterns induced by extreme hydrological events (e.g., wet events) and various potential sources of groundwater recharge should be considered when assessing and predicting groundwater recharge.     

西北旱区农业水土资源空间变异特征研究

农业水土资源是人类赖以生存的物质基础。为合理利用和开发西北旱区农业水土资源,利用经典统计学和地统计学方法研究了其水资源指数和耕地资源指数的空间变异特征。结果表明:西北旱区水资源指数和耕地资源指数均具有中等变异性特征,其半方差最优拟合模型分别是高斯模型和指数模型,且均呈现空间不均衡分布,分别具有较强和中等空间相关性,其空间变异主要受结构性因子的影响。研究结果不仅可为西北旱区农业水土资源的配置、高效利用和优化提供依据,也为在较大研究范围内开展空间因子变异特征研究提供了方法参考。     

疏勒河流域水资源特征及开发利用存在的问题

疏勒河流域是目前甘肃省移民和农业开发的重点地区 ,也是“再造河西”战略实施水资源潜力最大的地区。随着移民范围和开发程度的迅速增大 ,进一步提高流域水源及其循环转化关系的研究程度 ,及时发现水资源开发利用过程中存在的问题迫在眉睫。本文在广泛收集有关水文、水利化现状资料和实际调查数据的基础上 ,计算和评价了疏勒河流域的降水资源、冰川资源、地表水资源、地下水资源 (包括地下水补给资源、允许开采资源、储存资源 )、水资源总量的数量和特征 ,评价和分析了水资源开发利用现状及存在的问题     

太行山前平原动水条件下地下调蓄功能实验研究——以滹沱河冲洪积平原为例

实验研究表明 ,在河道过水动水条件下 ,太行山前冲洪积平原地下调蓄功能不仅与总过水量、过水时间有关 ,而且还与河道过水流量的大小有关 ;平均每增加 1个流量 ,引起距河道 95m处地下水位上升 0 .0 31～ 0 .0 36m。距河道不同距离的地下水 ,获取河道渗漏补给的初始时间和强度存在一个随着距离增长而逐步衰减的过程 ;但是地下水位对河道渗漏补给的响应规律是一致的 ,初期为补给强度快速增大过程 ,达到极限后 ,转变为缓慢衰减过程。最有利地下水获取河道渗漏补给的地下水位埋深为 2 .0～ 2 .5m ,入渗速率大小与河道地层岩性有关。一般规律是 ,颗粒愈粗 ,入渗率愈大 ;当地下水埋深小于 2 .0m时 ,受支持毛细水顶托作用影响 ,亚沙土比粉沙的入渗率大。总之 ,山前冲洪积平原具有较强的地下调蓄能力 ,但不恒量 ,是随着各种因素改变而不断变化。     

Seasonal patterns in water uptake for Medicago sativa grown along an elevation gradient with shallow groundwater table in Yanchi county of Ningxia,Northwest China

Lucerne(Medicago sativa L.) is a deep-rooted perennial leguminous forage with high evapo-transpiration rate exceeding the annual precipitation in semi-arid areas of Northwest China.Groundwater might be the potential water sources of lucerne in the area with shallow groundwater table.In this study,stable isotopic compositions of oxygen and hydrogen(δ18O and δD) of different water sources and xylem sap were analyzed to determine the seasonal(April,June,July and August) and topographic(three slope positions) variations in water sources for lucerne growing in Ningxia eastern semi-arid area adjacent to Mu Us Desert characterized by shallow groundwater table.Iso Source software was used to calculate the probable contribution of different water sources to the total plant water uptake.Stomatal conductance,stem water potential,carbon isotope discrimination(?~(13)C) of whole plant were also determined for evaluating the water status of lucerne growing at different slope positions.The results showed that soil water content increased as the elevation decreased.Oxygen compositions of soil water in the 0–40 cm profile fluctuated considerably.Soil water δ~(18)O values in deep profile(3.5 m) were similar to those in groundwater,implying the recharge of groundwater to this soil layer.Highest water utilization rate from deep soil profile(below 350 cm) was recorded for lucerne grown at the slope position 1(groundwater table depth of 3.5–3.9 m) in April,June and July.The lucernes at slope position 2(groundwater table depth of 5.8–6.4 m) and slope position 3(groundwater table depth 7.1–8.3 m) mostly used water from deep soil layers(below 350 cm) during dry period,and turned to use water from superficial soil layer in wet period.Higher yield,?~(13)C value of whole plant and stomatal conductance were observed for lucerne grown at the slope position 1 than those at other slope positions.These results indicated that groundwater is a significant water source for transpiration of lucerne grown in Ningxia semi-arid area with shallow groundwater table where lucerne grassland is suggested to be established so as to obtain better yield performance.     

黄土高原白草塬土地利用变化对地下水补给的影响

为研究黄土高原土地利用变化对地下水补给的影响,在甘肃会宁县白草塬采集农地、杏林地、杏林‖柠条地和杏林‖苜蓿地4种土地利用方式0~10 m剖面土样,通过制定表征土壤水分亏缺的指标和氯离子质量平衡法,从土壤水分含量、储水量、干燥化和深层渗漏量等角度分析了土地利用变化对地下水补给的可能影响。结果表明：不同土地利用方式对土壤水分作用强度和深度不同。0~10 m剖面的平均土壤含水量表现为农地＞杏林地＞杏林‖柠条地＞杏林‖苜蓿地。0~5 m包含杏树的两种间作地平均土壤含水量已达到或接近萎蔫湿度,土壤达到中度甚至重度干燥化;5~10 m各利用方式干燥化程度有所减轻。4种样地土壤水分深层渗漏量为8.8~13.6 mm·a^-1,占多年平均降雨量的4.0%。由于土地利用类型转换时间不到10年,尽管土地利用变化对土壤水分有较大影响,但对地下水补给的影响尚不显著。     

Efficiency of soil and water conservation practices in different agro-ecological environments in the Upper Blue Nile Basin of Ethiopia

In developing countries such as Ethiopia, research to develop and promote soil and water conservation practices rarely addressed regional diversity. Using a water-balance approach in this study, we used runoff plots from three sites, each representing a different agro-ecological environment, e.g., high, mid and low in both elevation and rainfall, in the Upper Blue Nile Basin of Ethiopia to examine the runoff response and runoff conservation efficiency of a range of different soil and water conservation measures and their impacts on soil moisture. The plots at each site represented common land use types(cultivated vs. non-agricultural land use types) and slopes(gentle and steep). Seasonal runoff from control plots in the highlands ranged 214–560 versus 253–475 mm at midlands and 119–200 mm at lowlands. The three soil and water conservation techniques applied in cultivated land increased runoff conservation efficiency by 32% to 51%, depending on the site. At the moist subtropical site in a highland region, soil and water conservation increased soil moisture enough to potentially cause waterlogging, which was absent at the lowrainfall sites. Soil bunds combined with Vetiveria zizanioides grass in cultivated land and short trenches in grassland conserved the most runoff(51% and 55%, respectively). Runoff responses showed high spatial variation within and between land use types, causing high variation in soil and water conservation efficiency. Our results highlight the need to understand the role of the agro-ecological environment in the success of soil and water conservation measures to control runoff and hydrological dynamics. This understanding will support policy development to promote the adoption of suitable techniques that can be tested at other locations with similar soil, climatic, and topographic conditions.     

Isotope implications of groundwater recharge,residence time and hydrogeochemical evolution of the Longdong Loess Basin,Northwest China

Groundwater plays a dominant role in the eco-environmental protection of arid and semi-arid regions.Understanding the sources and mechanisms of groundwater recharge,the interactions between groundwater and surface water and the hydrogeochemical evolution and transport processes of groundwater in the Longdong Loess Basin,Northwest China,is of importance for water resources management in this ecologically sensitive area.In this study,71 groundwater samples(mainly distributed at the Dongzhi Tableland and along the Malian River)and 8 surface water samples from the Malian River were collected,and analysis of the aquifer system and hydrological conditions,together with hydrogeochemical and isotopic techniques were used to investigate groundwater sources,residence time and their associated recharge processes.Results show that the middle and lower reaches of the Malian River receive water mainly from groundwater discharge on both sides of valley,while the source of the Malian River mainly comes from local precipitation.Groundwater of the Dongzhi Tableland is of a HCO3-Ca-Na type with low salinity.The reverse hydrogeochemical simulation suggests that the dissolution of carbonate minerals and cation exchange between Ca²⁺,Mg²⁺and Na+are the main water-rock interactions in the groundwater system of the Dongzhi Tableland.Theδ¹⁸O(from-11.70‰to-8.52‰)andδ2H(from-86.15‰to-65.75‰)values of groundwater are lower than the annual weighted average value of precipitation but closer to summer-autumn precipitation and soil water in the unsaturated zone,suggesting that possible recharge comes from the summer-autumn monsoonal heavy precipitation in the recent past(≤220 a).The corrected 14C ages of groundwater range from 3,000 to 25,000 a old,indicating that groundwater was mainly from precipitation during the humid and cold Late Pleistocene and Holocene periods.Groundwater flows deeper from the groundwater table and from the center to the east,south and west of the Dongzhi Tableland with estimated migration rate of 1.29-1.43 m/a.The oldest groundwater in the Quaternary Loess Aquifer in the Dongzhi Tableland is approximately 32,000 a old with poor renewability.Based on theδ¹⁸O temperature indicator of groundwater,we speculate that temperature of the Last Glacial Maximum in the Longdong Loess Basin was 2.4℃-6.0℃ colder than the present.The results could provide us the valuable information on groundwater recharge and evolution under thick loess layer,which would be significative for the scientific water resources management in semi-arid regions.