断奶仔猪B粮中二甲酸钾适宜添加量及柠檬酸和血浆蛋白的对比研究

2006年欧盟全面禁用抗生素作为生长促进剂，寻找替代品显得十分重要。二甲酸钾是欧盟批准的第1个非抗生素类促生长剂。王文杰等（2006）研究了猪饲料中添加二甲酸钾与抗生素的对比试验，但是在使用抗生素的日粮中添加二甲酸钾的效果如何在国内外仍然没有见报道。在国内配制乳猪饲料经常使用血浆蛋白粉和酸化剂，在国内外的报道中还没有人把上述产品与二甲酸钾进行比较研究。本试验研究目的是：在含复合抗生素的实际仔猪日粮中二甲酸钾的适宜添加量以及二甲酸钾与柠檬酸、血浆蛋白粉对断奶仔猪生产性能影响的比较。     

早期断奶仔猪日粮中添加柠檬酸试验

仔猪断奶日龄一般为28 d或35 d。但早期断奶也易使仔猪食欲差、饲料利用率低、抗病力下降、腹泻等,导致生长受到抑制。近年来,一些研究已充分肯定了仔猪饲粮中添加柠檬酸的有效性。仔猪感染大肠杆菌和结肠炎,死亡率高,成活率低,明显制约着养猪业的发展。在仔猪日粮中添加酸化剂是克服仔猪早期断奶综合症的主要措施之一。本试验通过在仔猪日粮中添加不同浓度的柠檬酸来观察其对断奶仔猪的生长速度、饲料利用率以及腹泻的影响。1材料与方法1.1试验猪的选择与分组随机选择个体体重相近、体质健康的28日龄仔猪24头,随机分成2组。a组为对照组,饲…     

断奶仔猪日粮中添加酸制剂研究

无机酸、有机酸和脂肪酸长期以来被用作猪饲料酸化剂和防腐剂,具有调节胃肠道微生物群和减少致病菌的作用,还有促进生长和作为能量代谢中间产物的功能,有利于提高生产性能。该文通过对相关研究进行综述,以期为猪日粮中酸的补充提供资料。     

断奶仔猪日粮中添加柠檬酸和氧化锌的试验

试验是研究柠檬酸和氧化锌对仔猪断奶后生长发育的影响。组１为对照组,喂消化能为１３６１ＭＪ／ｋｇ,粗蛋白质为２０％的标准日粮,组２为标准日粮＋１５％柠檬酸,组３为标准日粮２０×１０－４锌,组４为标准日粮＋１５％柠檬酸＋２０×１０－４锌。结果：第１...     

日粮中添加柠檬酸对断奶仔猪的影响

我国大多数规模化养猪场对仔猪进行了早期断奶，断奶日龄一般为28d或35d。但早期断奶也给仔猪带来食欲差、消化不良、饲料利用率低、抗病力下降、腹泻等后果，最终导致生长受到抑制。在仔猪日粮中添加酸化剂，是克服仔猪早期断奶综合症的主要措施之一。此次试验通过在仔猪日粮中添加不同浓度的柠檬酸，来观察其对断奶仔猪的生长速度、饲料利用率以及腹泻的影响。     

早期断奶仔猪日粮中添加柠檬酸的试验

我国大多数规模化养猪场对仔猪都实行了早期断奶,断奶日龄一般为28日龄或35日龄。但早期断奶也给仔猪带来食欲差、消化不良、饲料利用率低。抗病力下降、腹泻等后果,最终导致生长抑制。克服仔猪早期断奶综合症的主要措施之一就是在仔猪日粮中添加酸化剂。本研究通过在日粮中添加不同浓度柠檬酸来观察对断奶仔猪生长     

天津白猪断奶仔猪日粮油脂添加量及适宜消化能水平研究

能量是断奶仔猪生长发育的第一限性因素。在哺乳期仔猪能从母乳中获得丰富的能量（母乳２２－１８ＭＪ／ｋｇ干物质,在干物质中乳脂占４２％）。现在施行２８～３５日龄早期断奶,断奶仔猪的营养来源发生了剧烈变化,由低碳水化合物、高脂肪的液体乳汁转变到高碳水化合物、低脂肪的固体饲料,这就易导致仔猪断奶后营养不足、生长抑制（ＬｅＤｉｖｉｄｉｃｈ等,１９８０;Ｓｅｖｅ,１９８２）［１、２］。发挥仔猪生长潜力就要满足仔猪的高能需要,添加脂肪能达到此目的。Ａｌｌｅｅ等（１９７１）［３］试验证明,仔猪对脂肪能的利用效率…     

浅谈在断奶仔猪日粮中添加酸制剂

酸制剂又称酸化剂,是一种能使饲料产生酸化效果的添加剂,酸化的结果是降低饲料结合胃酸的能力和降低胃内的pH值,从而有益于胃肠道正常功能的发挥.因此,饲用酸制剂是减少仔猪腹泻、促进仔猪生长发育而发展起来的一类添加剂.近年来.饲用酸制剂在养殖业中的应用已越来越广泛.     

日粮中添加柠檬酸对断奶仔猪生产性能的影响

选用日龄相同、平均体质量相近的大白×长白断奶仔猪32头,采用完全随机区组设计分成4个处理.对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组,分别在基础日粮中添加1%、1.5%和2%柠檬酸.结果表明在18 d试验期内,试验组比对照组仔猪的平均日增体质量分别提高9%、13.8%和15.4%,其中添加2%柠檬酸的试验组与对照组平均日增重差异显著(P＜0.05);料肉比分别降低6.7%、9.1%和10%;每kg增重饲料成本分别下降1.6%、1.8%和1.3%,并且添加柠檬酸显著降低了仔猪腹泻.试验结果显示以添加2%柠檬酸的试验组生产成绩和经济效益最好.     

日粮中添加柠檬酸对三江白断奶仔猪发育的影响

对三江白断奶仔猪作日粮添加柠檬酸试验，处理水平分别为1.5％和2％。结果表明：添加柠檬酸的各组比对照组平均日增重和饲料利用率均有提高，且差异极显著(P<0．01)；腹泻率均较对照组低(P<0.01)。试验组仔猪精神状态良好、食欲旺盛、被毛整齐、光亮。     

用虫浆蛋白替代进口血浆蛋白在仔猪日粮中的应用效果

本试验选择杜×长×大三元杂交的断奶仔猪120头。将仔猪随机分成2个组，试验组日粮中添加5％虫浆蛋白．对照组日粮中添加5％进口血浆蛋白。经过10d的饲喂试验．结果表明：试验组与对照组仔猪日增重、料肉比、每千克增重饲料成本均接近，因此虫浆蛋白完全能替代进口血浆蛋白。     

柠檬酸在仔猪开食料中的应用

本试验以柠檬酸作为酸化剂，在仔猪饲料中添加2％，结果表明使用柠檬酸试验组从仔猪采食到全部采食都明显早于对照组，胃肠道疾病发病率降低27．3％，35日龄平均个体成活率提高7．8％。     

Growth performance and intestinal morphology responses in early weaned pigs to supplementation of antibiotic-free diets with an organic copper complex and spray-dried plasma protein in sanitary and nonsanitary environments

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of addition of spray-dried plasma protein (SDPP) and Cu to nonmedicated diets on growth performance and intestinal morphology in weaned pigs reared in sanitary or nonsanitary environments. Weanling pigs (n = 192, 18 +/- 2 d of age, 6.0 +/- 0.2 kg of BW) were assigned to 8 treatments arranged factorially, including 2 dietary levels of SDPP (0 or 6% for the initial 10 d), 2 levels of added dietary Cu (0 or 200 ppm for the entire 35-d experiment), and 2 pen sanitation conditions (sanitized or nonsanitized before pig placement). The nonsanitary pen condition was created by 3 applications of swine manure slurry to all pen surfaces in 1 room and not washing or disinfecting. In an identical adjacent room, sanitary pens were washed and disinfected before weaning. There were 4 pigs per pen, and feed and water were available ad libitum. Growth performance was determined at the end of each diet formulation phase (d 10, 20, and 35 after weaning). On d 10, 1 pig per pen was euthanized, and cross sections of duodenum, jejunum, and ileum were collected for microscopic assessment of mucosal morphology. During the initial postweaning period, SDPP, and Cu supplementation improved ADG and ADFI (P < 0.001). A trend for an interaction of sanitation x dietary SDPP (P = 0.07) was observed for G:F, with a positive response to the supplement in nonsanitary pens but no response in sanitary pens. There were no interactions of SDPP and Cu for any performance variables (P > 0.30). By d 35, there were no main or interaction effects of treatment on ADG or G:F (P > 0.17). Pen sanitation condition produced morphological effects, with shorter villous length and less crypt depth observed in each intestinal segment for pigs reared in the nonsanitary pens (P < 0.05), but these effects must be considered conditional based on the potential confounding influence of separate nursery rooms. In the duodenum, reduced crypt depth with Cu supplementation (P = 0.01) and a tendency for greater villous length with SDPP supplementation (P = 0.09) were observed. In this study, SDPP and Cu supplementation improved pig growth performance during the initial 10-d postweaning. These modifications to nonmedicated diets acted independently with regard to their impacts on postweaning performance and, therefore, could have additive effects.     

Amino acid and protein supplementation of chick diets containing single cell protein sources 1

Six samples of yeasts grown commercially on hydrocarbon oil, two bacterial protein preparations and a distillery yeast were compared in chick growth experiments of the total protein efficiency type. Various combinations of amino acids were incorporated and evaluations were also made of mixtures of the single‐cell protein sources with conventional protein foods.

When combined with cereals only, the nutritive value of the single‐cell protein sources was not influenced by amino acid supplementation to the extent expected but in the presence of a proportion of a conventional protein supplement such as fish, groundnut, soyabean or sunflower seed meal satisfactory responses were obtained. With methionine addition yeast could replace to advantage half of the total fish meal in a fish meal‐cereal diet, and two‐thirds replacement gave growth equivalent to that obtained with the all‐fish meal diet. Considerable improvements were achieved also by partially replacing each of the other types of concentrate by single‐cell protein sources.

No explanation is available at present for the failure of amino acid supplementation to improve the yeast‐cereal diets. Increasing the level of vitamins did not produce a significant effect.     

柠檬酸在水产动物营养中的应用

随着水产养殖业的发展,有机酸在渔业生产上的应用越来越广泛,其中柠檬酸是用得较为普遍的一种有机酸。柠檬酸具有无毒害、无残留等优点,对水产动物具有促进矿物质吸收、提高饲料利用率等作用,从而在水产动物营养中得到推广和应用。 1.柠檬酸的研究概况 柠檬酸是一种有机酸,又名枸橼酸,是一种状若沙糖的白色结晶体,呈柠檬型酸味,它以玉米为主要原料,经过发酵、提取、精制等一系列复杂化学工艺精制而成,所得产品主要为无水或一水柠檬酸。柠檬酸具有令人愉快的酸味,它入口爽快,无后酸味,安全无毒,是发酵法生产的最重     

Nutrient and energy retention in weaned Iberian piglets fed diets with different protein concentrations

Fifty-eight purebred castrated male Iberian (IB) piglets (initial BW 9.9 ± 0.1 kg) were used in an experiment to determine the effect of dietary protein content (PC) and feeding level (FL) on the rates of BW gain, whole body protein deposition (PD), and energy utilization between 10 and 25 kg of BW using the serial slaughter method. Treatments followed a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement with 4 PC (201, 176, 149, and 123 g of CP/kg of DM) and 2 FL (0.95 and 0.70 × ad libitum) and 6 or 7 piglets per combination of treatments. All diets were formulated to have an optimal AA pattern. Six piglets were slaughtered at the start of the trial to estimate initial body composition. The experimental pigs were individually housed in an environmentally controlled room (27 ± 2°C) until they reached 25 kg of BW, when they were slaughtered and analyzed for body composition. Positive linear effects of dietary PC on ADG, G:F, and gain:ME intake were observed (P < 0.001). Piglets fed at the highest FL showed greater ADG, G:F, and gain:ME intake (P < 0.001). An average increase was estimated to be 38.0 g of gain/MJ of ME intake. Protein deposition increased linearly from 35.6 to 50.9 g/d with increasing dietary PC (P < 0.001). A daily increase was estimated to be 0.35 g of PD/g of CP intake. Although the maximal genetic potential for PD of the IB piglet was not attained, a maximal value of 59.9 g/d for whole-body PD was achieved when the diet provided 201 g of CP/kg of DM and was fed at 0.95 × ad libitum. Piglets on the highest FL deposited on average 39% more body protein (P < 0.001) than restricted piglets. An average value of 4.39 g increase in PD/MJ of ME intake was obtained for diets containing 201 and 176 g of CP/kg of DM. Maintenance energy requirements and net efficiency of utilization of ME for growth, calculated by linear regression of ME intake on body retained energy, were 427 kJ/kg of BW(0.75)·d(-1) and 0.552, respectively. The corresponding partial efficiencies of utilization of ME for protein and fat deposition were 0.378 and 0.672, respectively, considerably less than the accepted values for conventional pig breeds. Practical diets of the young IB piglet should contain at least 201 g of ideal CP/kg of DM.     

Effect of dietary supplementation of fish oil for lactating sows and weaned piglets on piglet Th polarization

The present study was designed to investigate the effect of dietary fish oil supplementation on piglet T helper cells (Th) polarization in relation to its impact on piglet serum interferon γ (IFN-γ) and interleukin 10 (IL-10) concentrations and splenic expression of Th1/Th2 characteristic genes. The diets of 18 gestating sows were supplemented with 7% lard (C) (n = 10) or 7% fish oil (T) (n = 8) from 10 d before parturition to weaning. At weaning, a split plot experiment was designed, 56 piglets, 28 each from sows fed with fish oil diet or lard diet, were divided into four groups of 7 replicates (one female and one castrated male per replicate) based on both sow diet during lactation and post-weaning piglet diet (C had 7% lard and T had 7% fish oil): CC, CT, TC, TT, and were fed the 7% fish oil or lard diet from day 35 to day 70. Serum concentrations of IFN-γ and IL-10, and Th1/Th2 related genes expression levels in spleen were measured and analyzed. The results showed that piglets fed with fish oil diet during post-weaning tended to have higher serum IFN-γ/IL-10 ratio (P = 0.09) than lard diet fed piglets. Lactation fish oil feeding increased splenic IL-12b, IL-12 receptor β2 (IL-12Rβ2), IL-2 and IFN-γ genes expression (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) and post-weaning fish oil feeding increased splenic IL-12b (P = 0.06), IL-2 (P < 0.01) and IFN-γ (P = 0.08) mRNA expression than that in lard diet fed piglets at the end of this experiment. On the other hand, IL-4 gene expression (P = 0.01) in spleen was lower in weaned piglet from fish oil diet fed sows than that from lard diet fed sows. However, post-weaning piglets fed fish oil diet had higher splenic IL-4 (P = 0.06), IL-6 (P < 0.01) and IL-10 (P = 0.05) mRNA abundances than that fed with lard diet. These results indicated that dietary fish oil during lactation could increase Th1 polarization and accelerate immune maturation; while 7% fish oil in weaned piglets' diet was likely to increase Th2 cytokines expression.     

断奶仔猪小肠结构和功能及其影响因素

1前言断奶仔猪随意采食量的低下以及与之相联系生长性能的降低是阻碍养猪生产提高效率的主要限制因素。虽然在断奶仔猪营养、行为、卫生和环境等各个方面研究取得了很大进展,然而断奶后生长停滞仍然是困扰我们的一大难题。断奶后肠道结构和功能显著变化,如绒毛萎缩和隐窝增生与断奶仔猪生长性能下降有着密切的关系,这经常被认为是小肠消化和吸收能力的暂时下降,然而断奶后导致这些变化准确的病因还不确定。本文综述了断奶仔猪小肠生理和生化特性以及影响小肠结构和功能的因素。2断奶仔猪小肠的结构和功能2.1绒毛高度和隐窝深度断奶后绒毛萎…     

Optimum ratio of histidine in the piglet ideal protein model and its effects on the body metabolism. II. Optimum ratio of histidine in 10-20 KG piglet ideal protein and its effects on blood parameters.

Two growth trails were conducted to determine the optimum ratio of histidine in 10-20 kg piglet ideal protein model. Four diets containing 0.23%, 0.31%, 0.39% and 0.47% digestible histidine (0, 0.08%, 0.16%, 0.24% crystalline histidine supplemented into the basal diet) were fed to 96 piglets of mean initial body weight 10.3 +/- 1.08 kg for 18 d in Experiment 1. Average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed conversion efficiency were inhibited (P < 0.05) with the diet containing 0.23% digestible histidine. Performance was maximized with 0.31% digestible histidine. As the dietary histidine increased, blood urea nitrogen and serum cholesterol concentration were influenced significantly. The concentrations of serum histamine and free histidine did not change with increase in digestible histidine from 0.23 to 0.31%, but higher supplementation resulted in a significant linear increase in both serum parameters. It was concluded that the dietary level of 0.23% digestible histidine does not meet the requirement of 10-20 kg piglets. Based on the results from Experiment 1, Experiment 2 was designed to determine the optimum ratio of lysine:histidine in the ideal protein model of 10-20 kg piglet. Ninety-six Large White x Landrace piglets weighing 10.2 +/- 0.88 kg were divided into 4 groups. They were fed four diets containing 0.26, 0.29, 0.32 or 0.35% digestible histidine, formulated by adding 0.03, 0.06, 0.09 or 0.12% crystalline histidine to the basal diet. The trial lasted for 21 days. Results showed that performance was significantly improved with 0.32 and 0.35% digestible histidine. As dietary histidine increased, blood urea nitrogen tended to decrease but not significant at P < 0.05. Serum cholesterol concentration increased with an increase in dietary histidine level and reached a maximum at 0.35%. Serum histamine increased with increasing dietary histidine. Free serum histidine increased linearly with increased dietary histidine. From both experiments it was concluded that the digestible histidine requirement for 10-20 kg piglets was 0.31% and that the optimum ratio of dietary lysine to histidine should be 100:30. The concentrations of cholesterol, histamine and free histidine in serum were sensitive parameters to measure changes in dietary histidine levels.     

Estimation of endogenous protein and amino acid ileal losses in weaned piglets by regression analysis using diets with graded levels of casein

Background

Many studies have investigated endogenous loss of proteins and amino acids (AAs) at the ileal level in growing pigs. However, only a few studies have researched this subject in piglets. Knowledge regarding AA ileal digestibility in piglets would be helpful during the formulation of diets for weaning piglets, rather than just using coefficients obtained in growing pigs. Therefore, in this study, we sought to estimate endogenous protein and AA ileal losses in piglets. Furthermore, apparent and true ileal digestibility (AID and TID) of protein and AAs from casein were measured.

Results

The average flow of protein was 20.8 g/kg of dry matter intake (DMI). Basal protein loss, as estimated by regression, was 16.9 g/kg DMI. Glutamic acid, arginine, and aspartic acid (2.2, 1.4, and 1.2 g/kg DMI, respectively) were the AAs for which greater losses were seen. The AID of protein and AAs increased as the protein level in the diet increased. A higher increment in AID was observed between diets with 80 and160 g CP/kg of feed; this finding was mainly attributable to increases in glycine and arginine (46.1% and 18%, respectively). The TID of protein was 97.8, and the TID of AAs varied from 93.9 for histidine to 100.2 for phenylalanine.

Conclusions

The basal endogenous protein loss in piglets was 16.9 g/kg DMI. Endogenous protein was rich in glutamic acid, aspartic acid, and arginine, which represented 32.7% of endogenous protein loss in weaning piglets. The TID of casein was high and varied from 93.0 for histidine to 100.2 for phenylalanine.