Petiole N,P, K Concentrations and Yield of the Potato Cultivar Molli from Certified Organic Amendments and Fertilizer Formulations

This study evaluated the petiole uptake of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, and sulfur (N, P, K, and S) by the potato from two seed meals, mint compost, and five commercially available organic fertilizers under an irrigated certified organic production system. Available soil nitrate (NO₃-N) and ammonium (NH₄-N) from each amendment averaged 115 kg N ha^?1 at application and 25 kg N ha^?1 30 d after planting through harvest, with minor differences between fertilizers. Petiole N declined from an average of 25,000 mg N kg^?1, 4 wk after emergence to 3,000 mg N kg^?1 prior to harvest. Petiole P and K concentrations were maintained above 4,000 mg P kg^?1, 10,000 mg K kg^?1, and 2,000 mg S kg^?1 tissue, respectively, throughout the growing season in all treatments. Tuber yields were not different between fertilized treatments averaging 53 Mg ha^?1. This study provides organic potato growers baseline information on the performance of a diverse array of organic fertilizers and amendments.     

不同有机废弃物堆肥对土壤有机碳库及酶活性的影响

采用盆栽试验的方式,探讨了施用50 g/kg的啤酒污泥堆肥(BSC)、牛粪堆肥(DMC)和菇渣堆肥(SMC)对苹果土壤有机碳(SOC)、活性有机碳(AC)、水溶性有机碳(WSOC)、可矿化碳(PMC)和碳库管理指数(CPMI)以及5种土壤酶活性的影响.结果表明:与CK相比,施用啤酒污泥、牛粪和菇渣3种堆肥化处理有机物后,土壤SOC、AC、WSOC、PMC含量明显增加,SOC含量分别是CK的2.51,2.46,2.65倍,AC含量分别是CK的5.70,5.45,5.00倍;WSOC含量分别比CK高361.21％,382.90％,312.73％;PMC含量分别比CK高349.57％,341.59％,318.11％,并且其有效率在短期呈增加趋势,土壤CPMI显著提高,分别是CK的6.86,6.49,5.66倍;BSC、DMC、SMC处理的土壤脲酶、中性磷酸酶、蛋白酶、蔗糖酶和过氧化氢酶活性均显著提高.啤酒污泥堆肥(BSC)因含有活性颗粒,所以对土壤有机碳库及酶活性的影响最为明显,其次是牛粪堆肥(DMC),菇渣堆肥(SMC)因有机碳趋于稳定,表现最差.     

磷石膏、红糖等对蚯蚓改良滨海盐土的促进作用

前期研究表明,施入园林废弃物作为饵料并投放蚯蚓能够降低滨海盐土盐分。通过田间对比试验,研究同时添加磷石膏和红糖对蚯蚓改良滨海盐土的促进作用。结果表明,在每平方米施入6.5 kg园林废弃物及50条蚯蚓(平均质量0.334 g)的基础上,添加磷石膏能够显著降低土壤pH以及水溶性钠离子(Na~+)和氯离子(Cl~-)的含量,但同时会显著增加土壤水溶性钙离子(Ca~(2+))及硫酸根离子(SO_4~(2-))含量;随着磷石膏施入量的提高,土壤全盐量呈现先降低后升高的趋势。添加红糖能够间接降低盐碱土壤水溶性Na~+和Cl~-的含量以及全盐量,但不同红糖施入量的处理间并无显著差异。根据试验结果,推荐在施入园林废弃物作为饵料并投放蚯蚓的基础上,同时添加1 kg m~(-2)的磷石膏及0.4 kg m~(-2)的红糖,以取得最佳的降盐效果。     

不同有机物料对苏打碱化土有机碳库和化学性质的影响

以内蒙古河套灌区苏打碱化土为研究对象开展田间试验,设置常规施肥(CK)、生物炭+常规施肥(BC)、牛粪+常规施肥(CD)、玉米秸秆+常规施肥(SW)和羊粪+常规施肥(GM)5个处理,研究不同有机物料添加对碱化土壤有机碳(SOC)库和化学性质的影响。分别于2019年和2020年收获季采集0—30 cm耕层土壤,分析不同有机物料添加下SOC及其活性碳组分和主要盐碱指标的变化特征及其相关关系。结果表明:与CK相比,2019年和2020年各有机物料添加处理下SOC平均增幅分别为22.7%和17.2%,土壤有机碳储量(SOCs)平均增幅分别为22.9%和18.2%;4种有机物料均提高了碱化土壤活性有机碳组分含量,其中,CD和GM处理下各活性碳组分含量增幅较其他处理更高;2019年各有机物料添加处理下碳库管理指数(CPMI)较CK提高53.8%~108.3%,2020年提高71.3%~144.1%(P＜0.05),CD和GM对CPMI的提升作用更明显。土壤化学性质方面,2020年各有机物添加处理下pH均显著下降,BC和CD处理下碱化度(ESP)分别显著下降36.9%和29.3%,CD处理下蔗糖酶活性提高36.7%(P＜0.05)。主成分分析(PCA)表明,影响苏打碱化土SOC含量变化的主要因素为活性有机碳组分和ESP。牛粪和羊粪施用对苏打碱化土有机碳库质量提升作用较好,生物炭施用对盐碱化指标改良效果最明显。     

液态有机肥对酚酸胁迫下马铃薯生长发育和土壤酶活性影响

为明确液态有机肥对土壤酚酸导致马铃薯的连作障碍的缓解效应,采用盆栽试验,将阿魏酸与香草酸等量混合后按不同浓度(0,50,100,150 mg/kg)施加于马铃薯基质土壤中,模拟马铃薯连作分泌的有机酸自毒物质,并施加不同浓度梯度液态有机肥(0,225,450,675 kg/hm^2),探讨酚酸胁迫下液态有机肥对马铃薯生长发育以及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明:单一施加外源酚酸对马铃薯株高、茎粗、叶面积以及干物质量皆有不同程度的抑制作用,随酚酸浓度增加,土壤中脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性相对对照分别降低2.74%~10.95%,11.11%~20.55%,5.29%~12.96%,过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶活性升高,FDA水解酶活性表现为低促进高抑制。施加液态有机肥后提高了马铃薯株高、茎粗、叶面积以及干物质量,土壤酶活性均有提高,脲酶、酸性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶、多酚氧化酶、FDA水解酶活性相对对照处理最高分别提高了10.80%,21.40%,18.20%,29.60%,37.69%,12.31%,但是液态有机肥浓度过高降低了其对磷酸酶、脲酶、过氧化氢酶的提升效果,抑制了FDA水解酶活性。因此合理施加液态有机肥可以促进马铃薯生长发育,提高土壤酶活性,增强马铃薯的抗逆性,从而缓解酚酸对马铃薯的胁迫作用。     

Soil Biology Changes as a Consequence of Organic Amendments Subjected to a Severe Drought

Effect of severe drought events in combination with organic amendments (municipal solid waste, MSW, sheep manure, SM, and cow manure, CM) on soil dehydrogenase, urease, β‐glucosidase and phosphatase activities and microbial community by analyzing phospholipid fatty acids was studied under controlled laboratory conditions for one year. Two levels of irrigation were used: (1) watered soils, where the soils were maintained at 60% of their water holding capacity through the experiment, and (2) non‐watered soils, without irrigation through the experiment. The severe drought conditions negatively affected the soil enzymatic activities and total bacterial and fungal PLFA concentrations. The application of organic amendments to the soil subjected to severe drought increased soil water retention and encouraged the growth and activity of soil microbial populations. However, the chemical composition of the organic matter applied to the soil also strongly influenced soil moisture. In non‐watered soils and compared with the unamended soil, the dehydrogenase activity was 71 · 3%, 60 · 9% and 38 · 6% higher in the soil with SM, CM and MSW, respectively. Urease activity was 60 · 6%, 51 · 5% and 37% higher in the soil with SM, CM and MSW, respectively. β‐glucosidase and phosphatase activities had a similar trend. Water retention was higher when the organic wastes applied to the soils had a higher content of humic acids than fulvic acid contents. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

农业废弃物对黑土有机磷形态长期动态影响

针对农业废弃物在土壤中腐解时间较长,探究增施不同种类农业废弃物对黑土土壤各形态有机磷影响的长期动态变化规律,开展5a盆栽试验并根据Bowman-Cole法测定有机磷形态。试验设置5个处理,分别为:增施猪粪、秸秆、树叶、菌渣和单施化肥。结果表明:与单施化肥相比,增施猪粪可大幅提高土壤活性有机磷(L-OP)含量,5a时仍显著高于单施化肥;增施秸秆和树叶分别于3a和2a后出现最高值。增施猪粪、秸秆和菌渣后土壤中等活性有机磷(ML-OP)含量显著增加;猪粪处理ML-OP含量逐年降低,其余处理逐年上升。增施农业废弃物均可显著增加土壤中稳态有机磷(MR-OP)含量,总体呈逐年降低趋势;增施秸秆5a内MR-OP含量始终最高。增施农业废弃物对土壤高稳性有机磷(HR-OP)含量的降低作用一般在2~3a后开始显现,5a后HR-OP含量均低于单施化肥。增施猪粪可大幅提高活性较强的有机磷形态且影响时间最长;增施秸秆和菌渣变化趋势相似,增施秸秆更趋向于增加L-OP和MR-OP含量,增施菌渣更趋向于增加HR-OP含量;增施树叶降低HR-OP含量能力最强,但对其余有机磷形态影响较小。施用农业废弃物均可不同程度活化稳定态有机磷,单施化肥处理促使中稳态有机磷向高稳态有机磷转化。     

蚯蚓粪对豇豆土壤活性有机碳及微生物活性的影响

为探讨施用蚯蚓粪对豇豆土壤活性有机碳与微生物活性的作用效果,通过大田试验,研究CK(对照,不施肥)、CF(单施化肥)、VC(蚯蚓粪)和VC+CF(蚯蚓粪和化肥各提供50%的氮)等处理对豇豆土壤活性有机碳、碳库管理指数(CPMI)、微生物量碳氮及微生物呼吸、代谢熵的影响。结果表明,与CF相比,施用蚯蚓粪处理的活性、中活性和高活性有机碳含量均显著升高。VC+CF的活性有机碳含量与CPMI明显高于其它处理,较CF分别高出30.38%和36.69;同时,微生物量碳、氮含量亦显著高于其它处理。此外,VC+CF还明显增强了土壤微生物呼吸作用,但降低了代谢熵,其中土壤微生物呼吸分别比CK、CF和VC提高64.91%、36.23%和16.05%,而代谢熵分别下降10.85%、9.06%和5.32%。与VC+CF相比,VC对豇豆土壤的影响作用较小。相关性分析表明,土壤不同程度的活性有机碳、CPMI与微生物活性之间呈显著或极显著的相关性,各指标之间具有密切的内在联系。综上所述,蚯蚓粪与化肥配施能明显提高豇豆土壤的活性有机碳含量,且能显著增强土壤微生物活性。该研究为豇豆的合理施肥提供了理论依据。     

不同复垦年限煤矸山重构土壤有机碳及其组分差异

土壤有机碳含量是土壤肥力状况的重要标志之一,其活性组分对田间管理措施反映敏感。因此,分析煤矸山复垦重构土壤有机碳含量及其组分差异对于揭示土壤碳库变化、指导复垦地田间管理措施的实施有重要意义。本研究以山西省霍州曹村煤矸山复垦后5a(R-5a)、7a(R-7a)和9a(R-9a)的果园为对象,通过与当地原地貌果园(CK)对比,分析了3种复垦样地土壤总有机碳(TOC)及其组分可溶性有机碳(DOC)、微生物生物量碳(MBC)、轻组有机碳(LFOC)和重组有机碳(HFOC)的差异,以及与土壤环境因子间的关系。结果表明:①随复垦年限的增加,3种复垦样地土壤TOC、LFOC和HFOC含量均呈先增后减趋势,DOC含量呈增加趋势,MBC含量呈先减后增趋势;但与CK相比,3种复垦样地土壤TOC、DOC、MBC、LFOC和HFOC含量均明显偏低。②DOC/TOC和MBC/TOC在R-7a样地中最低,LFOC/TOC随复垦年限的增加呈增加趋势,HFOC/TOC呈减少趋势,表明土壤中更多的有机碳从稳定态转变为活性态。③土壤全氮、全磷、碱解氮、碳氮比、黏粒含量、pH和含水量均不同程度影响有机碳含量,其中全氮、全磷、黏粒含量和土壤pH为关键因子。     

Usage of Herbal (Thyme and Chicory) Waste as an Organic Substrate in Cucumber Production

This experiment was conducted in a greenhouse to study the effect of herbal waste substrate as local substrate in cucumber (Cucumis sativus cv. Zomorod) production. Treatments included thyme: perlite (T50:PR50); thyme: perlite (T25:PR75); thyme, perlite: peat moss (T25:PR25:P50); chicory: perlite (C50:PR50); chicory: perlite (C25:PR75); chicory: perlite: peat moss (C25:PR25:P50), and perlite (100) as control. The experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with 5 replications. The results showed that fruit number and fruit weight were more (about 54% and 65%, respectively) in C25:PR25:P50 treatment than that in the control. Also, the highest leaves number, shoot length, shoot fresh and dry weights, and root fresh and dry weights were observed in this treatment (C25:PR25:P50). The highest K, Ca, Mg, Mn, and Fe contents were obtained in C50:PR50 treatment. Zn and Cu significantly increased in C25:PR25:P50 treatment. In general, substrate containing chicory was more effective than substrate containing thyme. As comparison among all the substrates, substrate containing chicory, C25:PR25:P50 had a significant effect on growth and yield, and C50:PR50 was more effective than the other substrate on nutrient element concentrations.     

Impacts of Vermicompost and Nitrogen,Phosphorus, and Potassium Application on Soil Fertility Status in Arecanut Grown on a Laterite Soil

A field experiment (1998 to 2010) investigated the effects of vermicompost (VC) and chemical fertilizer (CF) application alone or in combination on soil fertility status in arecanut. Vermicompost significantly increased the soil pH (6.3) over CF and integrated treatments (5.7–5.8). Greater soil organic carbon was noticed with VC (2.85–3.00%) than with CF (1.72–1.89%) and VC + CF (1.89–2.55%) in 2009. Soil test phosphorus (P) (mg kg^–1) significantly increased with VC 200% nitrogen (N) equivalency (35.3) compared to other treatments (8.5–23.3) at the 0- to 30-cm depth in 2009. In 2003, soil test potassium (K) (mg kg^–1) was significantly greater with CF at depths of both 0–30 cm (162–187) and 30–60 cm (172–214) than VC and control. Soil test K depleted with VC application in 2009. Application of VC significantly improved soil test calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) compared to CF, CF + VC, and control at 0–30 cm deep. Soil test values for micronutrients increased in 2009 compared to initial status.     

Carbon Mineralization and Water-Extractable Organic Carbon and Nitrogen as Predictors of Soil Health and Nitrogen Mineralization Potential

ABSTRACT

The United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS) launched a national “Soil health initiative” in 2012; as a part of that effort, a soil health index (SHI) has been developed. The SHI is calculated using results of three soil tests: 24-h carbon mineralization following rewetting of air-dried soil (C_min, by the “Solvita” proprietary method) and water-extractable organic carbon (C) and nitrogen (N). These tests are being promoted both as the inputs into the SHI calculation and as predictors of soil N mineralization potential. Soil was collected from 35 California fields in annual crop rotations; 20 fields were under certified organic management and the other 15 under conventional management, to provide a range of soil properties and management effects. Carbon mineralization was determined by the Solvita method, and by a comparison method utilizing head space carbon dioxide (CO₂) monitoring by infrared gas analyzer (IRGA); additionally, two soil wetting protocols were compared, capillary wetting (the Solvita method) and wetting to 50% water-filled pore space (WFPS). Both water-extractable C (WEOC) and N (WEON) were determined using NRCS-recommended protocols. Net N mineralization (N_min) was also determined after a 28-day aerobic incubation at 25°C. Solvita C_min was highly correlated with the IRGA method using capillary wetting (R² = 0.81). However, capillary soil wetting resulted in high gravimetric water content that significantly suppressed C_min compared to the 50% WFPS method. N_min was correlated with Solvita C_min (r = 0.54) and with WEOC and WEON (r = 0.62 for each comparison); combining these three measurements into the SHI slightly improved the correlation with N_min. The organically managed soils scored higher than the conventional soils on the SHI, with a minority of organic soils and the majority of conventional soils scoring below the NRCS target threshold. SHI and soil organic matter were correlated, suggesting an inherent bias that would complicate the application of a national SHI standard.     

盐渍化土壤施用有机物-脱硫石膏改良剂效果的研究

研究了在盐渍化园田土壤上施用有机物与脱硫石膏混合改良刺对土壤理化性状和白菜产量的影响.试验采用改良剂的2种配方(成分比例不同)、3个施用量,以不施改良剂处理为对照,7个处理,3次重复.结果表明t施用有机物-脱硫石膏混合改良剂Ⅲ、Ⅳ可降低土壤容重最多为10.34%,11.30%;增加土壤总孔隙度最多达8.94%,9.84%.0-5 cm土壤全盐量由0.72%降至0.26%～0.46%;5-20 cnl土壤全盐量由0.32%降至0.14%～0.19%.改良剂2种配方的不同施用量与对照相比,土壤ESP、pH、土壤交换性Na~+和土壤Cl~-占阴离子总量分别下降了2.59%～16.28%,0.12～0.19,2.87%～24.53%和9.26%～213.05%.增加土壤SO_4~(2-)和Ca~(2+)最多达137.45%和228.24%.与对照相比,白菜增产10.19%～30.99%.施用有机物-脱硫石膏混合改良剂不仅能够改善土壤的理化环境,同时也为作物提供了丰富的腐殖酸及Ca,S等营养物质.     

Effects of Organic Amendments on Soil Physical Attributes and Aggregate-Associated Phosphorus Under Long-Term Rice-Wheat Cropping

The quantification of phosphorus(P) in bulk soil and P distribution in different size fractions of water-stable aggregates(WSAs)are important for assessing potential P loss through runoff. We evaluated available and total P distribution within WSAs of a sitty clay to clay soil in a long-term fertility experiment of a rice-wheat cropping system in India. Surface soil samples were collected from seven plots amended with NPK fertilizers in combination with or without organic amendments, farmyard manure(FYM), green manure(GM), and paddy straw(PS). The plot with no NPK fertilizers or organic amendments was set as a control. The soil samples were separated by wet sieving into four soil aggregate size fractions: large macroaggregates( 2.0 mm), small macroaggregates(0.25–2.0 mm), fine microaggregates(0.05–0.25 mm), and a silt + clay-sized fraction( 0.05 mm). Structural indices were higher in the soil receiving organic amendments than in the soil receiving inorganic fertilizer alone. Organically amended soil had a higher proportion of stable macroaggregates than the control and the soil receiving inorganic fertilizer alone, which were rich in microaggregates. Total and available P contents within WSAs were inversely related to the aggregate size, irrespective of treatment. The distribution of available and total P in the soil aggregate size fraction was as follows: silt + clay-size fraction small macroaggregates fine microaggregates large macroaggregates. Within a size class, aggregate-associated available and total P contents in the organically amended soil were in the following order: FYM PS ≥ GM. The available P content of the microaggregates( 0.25 mm) was 8-to 10-times higher than that of the macroaggregates( 0.25 mm), and the total P content of the microaggregates was 4-to 5-times higher than that of the macroaggregates. Cultivation without organic amendments resulted in more microaggregates that could be checked by the application of organic amendments such as FYM and GM, which increased the proportion of water-stable macroaggregates by consolidating microaggregates into macroaggregates.     

Effect of Municipal Solid Waste Compost and Compost Tea as Fertility Amendments on Growth and Tissue Element Concentration in Container-Grown Tomato

Evaluation of fertility sources for certified organic greenhouse vegetable production is necessary for further industry growth. Two experiments tested the effects of municipal solid waste compost (MSWC) and water extract tea made from it on potted greenhouse tomatoes. The first used MSWC alone (two levels) and soil tea drench alone (three application frequencies). The second used MSWC and tea in factorial combination at three levels (0, 1×, and 2×). The greatest yield and leaf tissue potassium (K) were obtained using the greatest level combinations of compost and foliar tea spray, and this was significantly greater than conventional nitrogen-phosphorus-potassium (NPK) fertilizer yield. Tissue magnesium (Mg) was affected by compost because of the antagonism from compost K. Tea increased tissue sodium (Na). No significant differences in heavy-metal tissue concentrations were found between treatments. While MSWC is an effective soil fertility amendment, the benefits of using tea may be increased with more frequent application.     

Potential Use of a Poultry Manure Digestate as a Biofertiliser: Evaluation of Soil Properties and Lactuca sativa Growth

Anaerobic digestion is a process that is widely used for the treatment of organic wastes. The digestate can be used as a soil amendment or crop fertiliser. The aims of our work were to evaluate 1) the physicochemical composition and pathogen content in a digestate from poultry manure, according to international regulations, and 2) the effect of its soil application on the major chemical and biological soil properties and on the growth of Lactuca sativa. The experiment consisted of two groups of pots(with and without crop). Treatments applied to each group were as follows: low and high doses of digestate and inorganic fertiliser, and no application(control)(low dose: 70 kg nitrogen(N) ha~(-1) and 21 kg phosphorus(P) ha~(-1); high dose: 210 kg N ha~(-1) and 63 kg P ha~(-1)). Soil samples were taken 7 and 34 d(harvest) after treatment applications. Heavy metal and pathogen contents in the digestate were below the upper limit values. Despite the high pH and electrical conductivity values of the digestate, both soil parameters presented acceptable values for crop growth. Although there were no initial increases in total inorganic N and available P in soil with digestate application, an increase in the fresh weight of crop was observed with the high dose application. This is probably associated with the slow nutrient release from the digestate during the development of the crop. Changes in the microbial community were temporary and occurred at the initial sampling stage of the experiment.     

改良剂作用下滨海盐化潮土团聚体分布、稳定性及有机碳分布特征

通过对滨海盐化潮土小麦—玉米轮作2年田间定位试验,研究不同改良剂施用对土壤团聚体分布、稳定性及土壤团聚体中有机碳含量、各级团聚体有机碳对总有机碳贡献率的影响。试验共设置3个处理:对照(CK)、有机土壤改良剂(OSA)和有机—无机土壤改良剂(CSA),分析土壤团聚体分布、水稳性大团聚体(R_(0.25))、平均重量直径(mean weight diameter,MWD)、几何平均直径(geometric mean diameter,GMD)、分形维数(D)、有机碳储量(soil organic carbon storage,SOCS)和有机碳贡献率(contribution rate of organic carbon)。结果表明,滨海盐化潮土水稳性团聚体组成主要以0.25 mm粒径为主,改良剂施用后土壤R_(0.25)显著提高,其影响主要集中在5 mm和2～5 mm粒径级,OSA处理2个粒级团聚体含量较CK分别显著增加167.38%和59.00%,CSA处理分别显著增加89.17%和100.66%。施用OSA与CSA同时显著提高了土壤团聚体MWD和GMD值,说明2种改良剂的施用均有利于提高大团聚体数量及稳定性。施用改良剂2年处理土壤各粒级团聚体中有机碳含量均有所提高,OSA处理以1～2 mm粒级提高最多,CSA以2～5 mm粒级提高最多,且前者达显著水平。与CK相比,改良剂可促使土壤有机碳向大团聚体富集,显著提高1～2 mm粒级团聚体对土壤总有机碳的贡献率93.62%～109.76%,降低或显著降低1～2 mm粒级团聚体对土壤总有机碳的贡献率20.55%～24.92%。在小麦—玉米轮作模式下,改良剂施用不仅可以显著提高滨海盐化潮土水稳性大团聚体含量和稳定性,还可显著增加水稳性大团聚体有机碳含量与储量,是加强盐碱土壤有机碳库积累的有效措施。     

改良剂对旱地红壤活性有机碳及土壤酶活性的影响

针对江西旱地红壤肥力低下、生产力不高等突出问题,基于长期野外旱地红壤定位试验,研究了改良剂(生物质炭和过氧化钙)对旱地红壤活性有机碳及与碳代谢相关酶活性的影响。试验设置生物质炭施用量0(C0)、758(C1)、1 515(C2)kg/hm2和过氧化钙施用量0(Ca0)、61(Ca1)、121(Ca2)kg/hm2,生物质炭和过氧化钙单施和配施共9个处理,即CK、C0Ca1、C0Ca2、C1Ca0、C1Ca1、C1Ca2、C2Ca0、C2Ca1、C2Ca2。结果表明,生物质炭单施和配施均在一定程度上提高了旱地红壤有机碳及活性碳组分,且效果优于单施过氧化钙。C2Ca0、C2Ca1和C2Ca2处理土壤有机碳增加较显著。生物质炭和过氧化钙显著提高土壤活性有机碳组分,与对照(CK)相比,其中C1Ca0处理的微生物生物量碳平均增加了45.22%,C1Ca2处理的可溶性有机碳平均增加了21.34%,C1Ca0处理的颗粒有机碳平均增加了20.72%,C2Ca2处理的易氧化有机碳平均增加了22.19%。生物质炭和过氧化钙对提高碳库管理指数均有较好的效果,0~10 cm和10~20 cm土层分别平均增加了11.09%、14.07%。添加生物质炭对旱地红壤酶活性均有促进作用,且对0~10 cm土层土壤酶的影响较10~20 cm土层明显;配施C2Ca2明显提高旱地红壤淀粉酶、纤维素酶和β-葡糖苷酶活性,C1Ca1明显提高红壤蔗糖酶活性。因此,生物质炭和过氧化钙能有效改善旱地红壤活性有机碳组分以及与碳代谢相关酶活性,且生物质炭与过氧化钙配合施用对土壤改良的效果更好。     

改良剂对旱地红壤微生物量碳、氮及可溶性有机碳、氮的影响

基于室内模拟培养试验,研究改良剂(生物质炭、过氧化钙)对旱地红壤微生物量碳、氮及可溶性有机碳、氮的影响。试验设置4个处理,即CK、Ca(过氧化钙,1.72g/kg)、C(生物质炭,21.46g/kg)、C+Ca。结果表明:各处理土壤微生物量碳、氮以及可溶性有机碳具有相同的变化趋势,即前期(3d内)都增加较快,在第3天达到最大值,随试验进行有所下降,配施效果优于单施。各处理可溶性有机氮在21d内缓慢增加;第21天时,C+Ca、Ca、C相比CK分别显著增加了62.1%,55.5%,40.9%;35d以后,配施(C+Ca)与单施过氧化钙(Ca)的效果显著优于单施生物质炭(C)和对照(CK)。120d培养期内,配施(C+Ca)处理能够明显提高微生物量碳、氮以及可溶性有机碳、氮的平均含量;微生物量碳的平均含量大小顺序为C+CaCCKCa,微生物量氮的平均含量C+Ca处理显著高于其他处理;可溶性有机碳的平均含量大小顺序为C+CaCaCCK,可溶性有机氮的平均含量C+Ca、Ca处理显著高于CK、C处理。微生物量碳、氮以及可溶性有机碳之间互为极显著正相关(P0.01),而微生物量碳与可溶性有机氮之间呈极显著负相关。因此,生物质炭和过氧化钙能有效提高旱地红壤微生物量碳、氮及可溶性有机碳、氮,且生物质炭与过氧化钙配合施用更有助于土壤改良。     

蚯蚓粪与化肥配施对西瓜地土壤活性有机碳及酶活性的影响

[目的]探讨蚯蚓粪与化肥配施对西瓜种植的作用,为土壤培肥制度的建立及西瓜生产提供参考。[方法]以"黑彤K-8"为试材,通过大田试验研究了N100(尿素提供100%的氮)、M10N90(蚯蚓粪和尿素分别提供10%和90%的氮)、M30N70(蚯蚓粪和尿素分别提供30%和70%的氮)和M50N50(蚯蚓粪和尿素各提供50%的氮)等不同处理对土壤活性有机碳、碳库管理指数(CPMI)、酶活性和西瓜产量的影响。[结果]同N100处理相比,配施蚯蚓粪处理的高活性、中活性和活性有机碳含量均明显升高;M30N70处理的活性有机碳含量和CPMI显著高于其他处理,比N100处理分别高出30.10%和37.28%;同时,脲酶和蔗糖酶活性亦明显高于其它处理,其中蔗糖酶活性分别较CK,N100,M10N90和M50N50处理提高84.66%,62.33%,47.26%和22.46%。此外,M30N70处理的西瓜产量和肥料生产率最高,它可使西瓜产量分别比N100,M10N90和M50N50处理高出26.49%,13.34%,6.27%;M30N70处理的肥料生产率分别比N100,M10N90和M50N50处理高出166.50%,54.11%,21.37%。相关分析结果表明,运用土壤活性有机碳和碳库管理指数表征土壤酶活性、西瓜产量及肥料生产率的变化,比土壤总有机碳更具灵敏性。[结论]蚯蚓粪与化肥配施对西瓜生长具有显著的促进生长效果,其中3∶7比例配施的效果优于1∶9和5∶5比例。