环境中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)分布特征研究进展

多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)是一类具有生态风险的新型环境有机污染物。PBDEs作为阻燃剂已经被愈来愈广泛地添加到工业产品中,对大气、水体、沉积物、土壤等环境介质产生污染,并最终危害生物和人类健康。鉴于这一环境新问题的产生,本文概述了环境介质中PBDEs的来源、含量,并对其分布特征进行了探讨。     

黄土不同粒级稀土元素分布特征及其制约因素

对宁镇地区下蜀黄土和北方黄土高原黄土进行系统的分粒级稀土元素(REE)地球化学特征对比研究,结果表明:(1)无论是北方黄土还是下蜀黄土,REE分布均存在明显的粒级效应:北方黄土的REE主要在细粒端(4μm)富集,粗粒端(64μm)富集不明显;下蜀黄土在细粒端(4μm)和粗粒端(64μm)均呈明显的REE富集特征,且粗粒端的富集更加显著;(2)北方黄土和下蜀黄土在细粒端(4μm)的REE富集主要由风化成壤作用所控制,细粒组分中富集重稀土(HREE)的特征可能与Fe-Mn氧化物对HREE的专性吸附作用有关;(3)下蜀黄土在粗粒端(64μm)则主要以富集轻稀土(LREE)为主,这可能与下蜀黄土母质来源中多近源的区域性特征矿物(榍石等副矿物)有关,揭示下蜀黄土中的粗颗粒物质可能主要来源于近距离搬运。64μm可能是凸显下蜀黄土和北方黄土REE差异的敏感粒级,该粒级中LREE富集与否是区别两者的有效标志,这为REE应用于黄土的物源示踪研究提供了新途径。     

长爪沙鼠TLR4基因片段克隆及其在脏器中的表达和分布特征

Toll样受体(Toll-like receptors,TLRs)是参与调节先天免疫的一类具有高度保守性的蛋白受体.为克隆长爪沙鼠(Meriones unguiculatus) TLR4基因片段,分析其在内脏组织中的分布特征,本研究通过分析比较大鼠(Rattus norvegicus)、小鼠(Mus musculus)与仓鼠(Mesocricetus auratus) TLR4基因序列,选择保守区设计引物,扩增长爪沙鼠TLR4基因片段;将所得片段连接到克隆载体上,测序并使用DNASTARMeglign软件分析该序列与其他不同种属动物TLR4基因序列同源性;采用半定量PCR与免疫组织化学技术分析TLR4在正常长爪沙鼠脏器组织中的表达情况.结果显示,本研究成功克隆了长爪沙鼠TLR4基因片段(GenBank登录号:KX137123),BLAST分析比对发现,与其他鼠类的TLR4基因同源性在87.4％以上,与仓鼠的同源性较高(89.1％),与人(Homo sapiens)、猪(Sus scrofa)的TLR4同源性较低,分别为69.5％和73.1％,提示长爪沙鼠与仓鼠的亲缘关系较近,与人和猪的亲缘关系较远.半定量PCR分析结果显示,TLR4基因在长爪沙鼠心、肝、脾、肺和肾中呈差异表达,以肺脏中表达量最高,肝脏中表达量最低.免疫组化结果表明,在长爪沙鼠的肺脏和脾脏组织中可见较多TLR4阳性反应产物,在肺脏中阳性反应产物主要见于肺泡支气管上皮细胞;在脾脏中阳性反应产物主要见于脾小结周围的边缘区,淋巴小结内也可见少量分布;肾脏中偶见阳性反应产物分布,心脏和肝脏上均未检出,这与转录水平结果较一致.研究结果为探究长爪沙鼠先天免疫及其作为良好的动物感染模型提供了理论依据.     

微波真空冷冻干燥时怀山药的微CT孔道分布

局部温度过高的问题限制了微波真空冷冻干燥（microwave freeze drying,MFD）技术在果蔬干燥中的广泛应用。发展传热传质理论是解决MFD局部温度过高问题的根本途径。数值模拟是研究传热传质机理的重要方法,并有望解决MFD中局部温度过高的问题。利用详细的孔径和孔隙分布建立结构模型对数值模拟至关重要。该研究以怀山药为样品,利用微CT（X-ray micro-computed tomography）技术分析不同干燥仓压力（100、200、300 Pa）和微波加载量（0.5、1.0、1.5、2.0 W/g）时孔隙和孔隙分布的变化。结果表明,干燥仓内的低压环境更倾向于形成小孔隙,干燥仓内压力的变化对外层的孔隙大小和分布无明显影响,但对内层的孔隙大小和分布有明显影响。微波加载量对内、外层的孔隙大小和分布均有显著影响。研究结果将为解决MFD中局部温度过高问题的数值计算研究提供试验支持。     

连环湖敖包泡沉积物磷形态垂向分布特征

应用SMT连续提取法对连环湖敖包泡北部(AB1)和南部(AB2)柱状沉积岩芯中磷形态的含量和垂向分布特征进行对比分析,结合沉积岩芯年代测定,探讨了该湖区沉积物中磷的演化特征与人为污染历史以及内源磷的释放风险。结果表明,AB1、AB2沉积物中磷形态的含量和垂向变化不同,AB1沉积物中各形态磷含量均高于AB2,且随深度变化波动较大。20世纪40年代中期至1981年,AB1沉积物各形态磷和OM含量波动较大;AB2沉积物中Ca-P、IP、TP含量呈先增加后减少之势,Fe/Al-P、OP、OM含量变化较稳定。1981—2009年,AB1沉积物Ca-P、IP、OM含量变化较小,Fe/Al-P、OP、TP含量相对波动较大;AB2沉积物Ca-P、Fe/Al-P、TP含量不同程度上先增加后减少,IP、OP、OM含量变化均呈增加趋势。连环湖敖包泡沉积物磷人为来源以工业废水、居民生活污水和农药化肥的流失为主。湖泊北部磷含量高于南部,这与人类活动强度密切相关,敖包泡北部附近村落密集而南部没有村落。应用单一因子标准指数法对湖泊表层沉积物磷素进行生态风险评价表明,湖区北部表层沉积物总磷含量超标,存在一定的安全风险,同时AB1沉积物上部较底部活性磷(Fe/Al-P和OP)增加较多、且活性磷(Fe/Al-P和OP)是AB1沉积物磷增加的主要形态,因此连环湖敖包泡沉积物中磷向上覆水体释放的风险增加,对湖泊水体的富营养化的影响应予以关注。     

Dynamics and Distribution of Nutrition Elements in Bamboos

ABSTRACT

Mao bamboo (Phyllostachys pubescens) with a high production and wide utilization has been planted in large scale in southern China, but little information about bamboo nutrition is available. The objective of this study was to reveal the dynamics of nutrition with growing time and the distribution of nutrition in different organs. It was found that the nutrition concentration of the whole plant generally declined with time during the period of 1–6 weeks owing to a dilution effect with the result of quickly increasing the biomass. The leaf concentration of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) changed regularly with high concentrations observed at age 1, 2, 4, and 6, and lower at age 3 and 5. While the concentration of N, P, and K in the branch and stem generally declined with the weeks, a rapid decrease occurred from weeks 1 to 2. The concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) in bamboo leaf, branch, and stem appeared to be opposite to those of N, P, and K in corresponding plant parts. The elemental concentrations were greater (P < 0.05) in the leaves than in the branches and stems, while the storage of nutrition was greater (P < 0.05) in stem than in leaves and branch. A relative large total storage of nutrition, except P and Mg, were found in bamboo under an intensive management (IM) stand than those under extensive management (EM) stand. The total storage of different nutritions in the above-ground parts was in the order: K (243.0–285.6 kg ha^?1) > N (154.5–207.8 kg ha^?1) > P (10.4–12.2 kg ha^?1). The nutrition stored in the bamboo plant would be removed away from the soil in every other year by the means of harvest of the bamboo trunk which is the largest nutrition pool of the bamboo plant. Therefore, supplementary nutrients, especially N and K, are strongly recommended in order to keep the productivity of bamboo.     

漳州土壤中有机氯农药残留研究

A soil survey was conducted in Zhangzhou City,an important agricultural region in south of the Fujian Province,China.93 surface soil samples were collected in the paddy fields,vegetable lands,orchards and tea plantations from Zhangzhou City.An additional soil profile was sampled in a paddy field as previous research had indicated high concentrations of organochlorine pesticides(OCPs) in the paddy fields.Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes(DDTs) ranged from 0.64-78.07 ng g 1 dry weight and hexachlorocyclohexanes(HCHs) ranged from 0.72-30.16 ng g 1 dry weight in the surface soil of the whole study region.Ratios of α-HCH/γ-HCH < 4 and o,p-DDT/p,p-DDT > 1 in all soil samples suggested that lindane and dicofol were widely applied in this region in the past.Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs in soils from the four land use types followed the orders:paddy fields > vegetable lands > tea plantations > orchards and tea plantations > orchards > paddy fields > vegetable lands,respectively.Analyses of the data showed no correlation(r < 0.1) between elevation and OCPs contents in paddy fields,orchards and vegetable lands,indicated no significantly different features in distribution of HCHs and DDTs in the soils from low lying plains and mountains and the unsystematic usage of OCPs,and highlighted the fragmented nature of agricultural production in Zhangzhou,as well as the reemission of OCPs from the soils,where high OCPs concentrations were found,in Longhai of Zhangzhou.In addition,no obvious relationship between the OCPs and total organic carbon(TOC)(r < 0.3) was observed in the soil profile.The mean contribution of dicofol in total DDTs was 66% in the whole Zhangzhou region.The approximate burdens of HCHs and DDTs in the surface layer of 0-20 cm were 0.44 and 1.55 t,respectively.The storage of both HCHs and DDTs in soil surface layer(0-20 cm) accounts for 40% burden of the soil layer of 0-50 cm(1.10 t HCHs and 3.87 t DDTs),in which the highest concentrations of OCPs were observed in soil profile.     

Efficiency of fertilizer formulation,stock solution volume and media on chili (Capsicum annum kulai F1)

The growth of the greenhouse chili industry is rapidly increasing in the world including Malaysia. Currently, compost is the most popular growing media. Four fertilizer formulations commonly used by farmers (Local), including the recommended Cooper, Bennoit and Cooper Modified formulation, were evaluated in combination with two volumes (400 and 750 L) for enhancement fruit yield of chili in soilless culture. The results indicate that, the day of blooming and fruiting was reduced by 91% and 50% in media containing coconut dust (CD) + empty fruit bunch (EFB) compared with CD alone. Yield with CD+EFB was increased 36% compared with CD while volume of water shows insignificant difference. Interestingly, Cooper, Local and Cooper Modified formulation enhanced 32, 28 and 19% of yield, respectively. As conclusion, combination of CD+EFB with Cooper, Local and Cooper Modified were more efficient in yield production compared with CD alone for future research.     

Spatial variability of water retention parameters and saturated hydraulic conductivity in a calcareous Inceptisols (Khuzestan province of Iran) under sugarcane cropping

The objective of this study was to quantify inherent spatial variability and spatial cross-correlation of the van Genuchten retention parameters and saturated hydraulic conductivity (K_s) of surface and subsurface layers in a calcareous Inceptisols (Khuzestan province, Iran) under sugarcane cropping. Measurements were performed on 100-cm³ undisturbed soil cores collected at 94 locations along a 30-m-long transect with horizontal sampling distance intervals of 0.3 and 1 m at soil depths of 0–40 and 40–80 cm, respectively. Spatial variability was investigated using conventional statistics and geostatistical techniques. Coefficient of variation (CV) varied from 8.2% (for shape parameter, n at 40–80 cm depth) to 256.7% (for K_s at 0–40 cm depth). The n parameter and saturated water content, θ_s, showed a small-scale spatial heterogeneity with a maximum CV of 11.3% for the first depth and 9.2% for the second depth. Most of the hydraulic parameters at both depths showed a spatial structure and convex experimental semivariograms with dominant spherical models with the influence range of 3.2–41 m. In most cases, the extent of spatial correlation scales of cross-semivariograms for pairs of cross-correlated hydraulic variables was found to be different with reference to those relating to the direct semivariograms of correlated variables.     

耳叶蝉亚科在中国的分布

本文讨论了耳叶蝉亚科已知属、种的地理分布及其特点 ,指出在中国分布的耳叶蝉的族的取食范围和分布都比较广泛 ,种类也比较丰富 ,其原因是它们的起源可能比较早 ,并简单探讨了造成这种分布状况的原因     

3种典型河岸林土壤氮磷的空间分布格局及其影响因素

通过等距离梯度密集采样,结合主成分分析和相关性分析,研究了3种河岸林土壤全氮和全磷的空间分布及其影响因素。结果表明,3种河岸林全氮储量表层显著高于中层和底层;全磷储量层次性不明显。3种河岸林中,云杉河岸林土壤的氮磷储量最大,青杨辽东栎混交林次之,落叶松辽东栎最小。影响全氮分布的主要因子为有机质和植被盖度;影响全磷分布的主要因素为土层厚度和土壤容重。     

Assessment of compost and three biochars associated with Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle for lead and arsenic stabilization in a post-mining Technosol

The elevated presence of metal(loid)s in the environment significantly impacts ecosystems and human health and is generally largely due to industrial and mining activities. Thus, in the current study, we investigated and proposed an environmentally friendly method (phytomanagement) aimed at reducing the negative impacts associated with metal(loid) pollution through the use of soil amendments (biochar and compost) to permit Ailanthus altissima growth on a highly contaminated mining Technosol, with arsenic (As) and lead (Pb) contents of 539.06 and 11 453 mg kg^-1, respectively. The objective was to examine the impacts of three biochars and compost on i) the physicochemical characteristics of soil, ii) metal(loid) immobilization in soil, and iii) A. altissima growth. We revealed that the application of biochar as a soil amendment improved soil conditions by increasing soil electrical conductivity, pH, and water-holding capacity. Moreover, concomitantly, we observed a large reduction (99%) in Pb mobility and availability following application of the hardwood biochar in combination with compost (HBCP). Thus, this combined soil amendment was most effective in promoting A. altissima growth. In addition, the HBCP treatment prevented As translocation in the upper parts of plants, although soil pore water As concentration was not diminished by amendment application.     

Distribution of Manganese(Ⅱ) Chemical Forms on Soybean Roots and Manganese(Ⅱ) Toxicity

Distribution of chemical forms of manganese(Ⅱ)(Mn(Ⅱ))on plant roots may affect Mn(Ⅱ)absorption by plants and toxicity of Mn(Ⅱ)to plants at its high level.The chemical forms of Mn(Ⅱ)on soybean roots were investigated to determine the main factors that affect their distribution and relationship with Mn(Ⅱ)plant toxicity.Fresh soybean roots were reacted with Mn(Ⅱ)in solutions,and Mn(Ⅱ)adsorbed on the roots was differentiated into exchangeable,complexed,and precipitated forms through sequential extraction with KNO_3,EDTA,and HCl.The exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)content on the roots was the highest,followed by the complexed and precipitated Mn(Ⅱ)contents.Mn(Ⅱ)toxicity to the roots was greater at pH 5.5 than at pH 4.2 due to the larger amount of exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)at higher pH.The cations Al~(3+),La~(3+),Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+),and NH_4~+competed with Mn(Ⅱ)for cation exchange sites on the root surfaces and thus reduced exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)on the roots,in the order Al~(3+),La~(3+)Ca~(2+),Mg~(2+)NH_4~+.Al~(3+) and La~(3+) at 100μmol L~(-1) decreased exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)by 80%and 79%,respectively,and Ca~(2+) and Mg2+at 1 mmol L~(-1) decreased exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)by 51%and 73%,respectively.Organic anions oxalate,citrate,and malate reduced free Mn(Ⅱ)concentration in solution through formation of complexes with Mn(Ⅱ),efficiently decreasing exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)on the roots;the decreases in exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)on the roots were 30.9%,19.7%,and 10.9%,respectively,which was consistent with the complexing ability of these organic anions with Mn(Ⅱ).Thus,exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)was the dominant form of Mn(Ⅱ)on the roots and responsible for Mn(Ⅱ)toxicity to plants.The coexisting cations and organic anions reduced the exchangeable Mn(Ⅱ)content,and thus they could alleviate Mn(Ⅱ)toxicity to plants on acid soils.     

晋西黄土区坡面尺度土壤水分分布规律研究

采用定位观测方法对晋西黄土丘陵沟壑区坡面土壤水分的分布规律进行研究。结果表明:坡向、坡度、坡位是坡面尺度土壤水分分布的重要影响因素,得出了不同立地条件土壤水分的剖面变化与时间动态规律,在此基础上对不同立地条件进行聚类,给出坡面尺度下不同立地条件的分类结果,通过分类,我们可以用立地因素代替土壤水分状况,为黄土高原植被建设提供科学的土壤水分依据。     

连续覆膜旱作稻氮、磷、钾养分分布特征探讨

通过长期田间定位试验对自2001年起连续覆膜旱作稻N、P、K养分吸收分布特征及秸秆还田对其影响作了研究。结果表明,水稻各器官中籽粒氮磷浓度最高,而钾在茎部最高;氮磷含量主要分布在籽粒,钾主要分布在叶和茎部;秸秆还田提高了植株体内总氮和钾吸收量,而磷稍有降低,具有降低籽粒中氮磷钾的浓度趋势,且它们在籽粒中分配率都有所下降。随着氮肥用量增加,覆膜旱作稻籽粒氮浓度和氮吸收量、以及磷钾吸收量均有所增加,而磷和钾浓度则稍有下降趋势;氮、磷和钾在籽粒中的分配率降低。与常规水作和裸地旱作相比,覆膜旱作一定程度提高了水稻各器官氮浓度以及根茎叶中磷浓度,但籽粒中磷浓度以及各器官中钾浓度差异甚微。覆膜旱作提高了植株总氮、磷和钾含量,籽粒中氮占植株总氮含量比率稍有提高,磷和钾在籽粒中的分配率则稍低于常规水作。     

不同耕作和种植模式对土壤团聚体分布及稳定性的影响

通过多年定位试验,研究黄土高原丘陵沟壑区不同耕作制度和种植方式对坡耕地土壤团聚数量、分布和稳定性的影响。结果表明,不同耕作方式下,免耕覆盖处理和免耕处理可明显增加土壤中大团聚体的含量,免耕覆盖处理有着相对更高的团聚体稳定性,并且更易形成5mm水稳性团聚体;不同种植方式下,处理对大团聚体含量影响差异不显著。在同一耕作方式下不同种植方式的土壤大团聚体含量变化趋势不同。相关分析表明,大团聚体含量为土壤团聚体平均重量直径(MWD)产生影响的主要因素,容重对土壤团聚体平均重量直径亦有影响,团聚体破坏率只对水稳团聚体平均重量直径有影响。     

巴中市丘陵山区土地利用在地形梯度上的分布特征

以巴中市2007年TM影像和1∶25万等高线为数据源,利用GIS空间分析功能,建立了巴中市土地利用数据库并生成了高程、坡度和地形位指数图。然后将高程梯度、坡度梯度和地形位梯度分别与土地利用景观数据进行分级叠加分析,并引入无量纲分布指数,探讨不同地形梯度下不同土地利用景观类型的分布特征。结果表明,林地主要分布在较高等级海拔,坡度较大,地形位较高的地形条件下;耕地和城乡居民用地受气候条件和水域分布的影响,多分布在低海拔,坡度平缓,地形位较低的地形条件下;未利用地中水域占绝大多数比例,其分布指数随着地形位指数、坡度等级、高程等级的增加逐渐趋近于0。草地对地形条件的选择性较强,主要分布在中等级高程、坡度和地形位的地形环境中。通过比较分析,可以看出综合了高程和坡度双重属性的地形位指数能更真实地反映不同土地利用景观类型空间特征及分布趋势。     

Distribution pattern of woodlice (Isopoda) and millipedes (Diplopoda) in four primeval forests of the Western Carpathians (Central Slovakia)

We collected 1605 isopod individuals (eight species) and 671 diplopod individuals (17 species) in four primeval forests of the Western Carpathians, Central Slovakia, by leaf litter extraction. The forests are of different temperate deciduous forest types varying in tree species, aspect, elevation and soil characteristics. The oak forests, established on southwest oriented slopes at an elevation of 280-600 m, were characterized by Hyloniscus riparius, Porcellium conspersum, Enantiulus nanus and Ophioiulus pilosus. The beech forests, established on northeast oriented slopes at an elevation of 700-1100 m, were characterised by Ligidium hypnorum, Trachysphaera costata and Polyzonium germanicum. A remarkable increase of the total number of species and individuals occurred in both forest types adjacent to coarse woody debris (CWD). Woodlice density close to CWD was between 200 and 630 individuals m⁻² (35-130 individuals m⁻² distant from CWD); millipede density close to CWD ranged from 60 to 230 individuals m⁻² (15-75 individuals m⁻² distant from CWD). Species richness of both taxa close to CWD varied from 13 to 16 species m⁻² (7-12 species m⁻² distant from CWD). Thus, CWD has a significant influence on saprophages. However, structural components such as CWD and the amount of leaf litter did not significantly alter species assemblages. Species at sites distant from CWD were a subset of species at sites close to CWD. According to a canonical correspondence analysis (CCA), ‘forest type’ and ‘elevation within a slope’, as well as chemistry of the upper soil layer, i.e. ‘acidification’ and ‘nutrition’, strongly influenced species assemblages.     

三峡库区(重庆段)土壤硒分布特征及影响因素

重庆是我国缺硒(Se)的重点区域,多目标地球化学调查采用现代分析测试手段进行土壤Se元素的分布及富集的研究,对特色农业资源的开发利用具有重要意义。以每4 km2 1个表层和每16 km2 1个深层土壤数据对三峡库区重庆段土壤Se分布特征及其影响因素进行了分析探讨。结果表明:三峡库区(重庆段)表层土壤Se含量在0.006~5.79 mg/kg之间,平均值为0.16 mg/kg,以缺Se或潜在缺Se为主,其分布面积达到73.19%,足Se面积为25.77%,富Se或Se中毒区域仅为0.16%;深层土壤Se含量在0.03~0.62 mg/kg之间,平均值为0.12 mg/kg,缺Se面积占到67.36%,潜在缺Se面积也占到20.68%。不同类型间以黄壤表层土壤Se含量最高,其次是石灰土,且与水稻土和紫色土存在着显著性差异。不同土地利用方式间以林地与建筑用地表层土壤中Se含量相对较高,但各土地利用方式间不存在显著性差异。表层土壤Se含量相对于深层土壤表现出明显的富集特征,富集面积达到76.97%,但以弱富集区域为主,占到总面积的56.93%。土壤有机质、总氮含量与表层土壤Se含量存在较好相关性;与主要重金属以及S的相关性分析表明,其存在着较强的伴生关系,以Cd的伴生关系最为密切。表层土壤Se含量随着海拔和坡度的增加而增加,随着pH的增加而减少。此外,Fe、Al也是影响表层土壤Se含量的重要因素。     

猕猴自然流产胎儿胸腺白细胞介素2和10的分布与表达

胸腺是哺乳动物的中枢免疫器官。为了解猕猴胎儿中枢免疫器官在自然流产时的免疫应答情况,采用猕猴(Macaca mulatta)自然流产胎儿为材料,通过HE染色和免疫组化染色对不同胎龄猕猴胎儿胸腺白细胞介素2和10(IL-2;IL-10)阳性细胞的分布及表达进行观测,研究其在自然流产过程中的表达情况。结果表明:猕猴胎儿胸腺各胎龄组小叶间分界清晰,小叶数量皮质髓质中淋巴细胞数量也逐月增加;2月胚龄髓质形成,开始出现弥散型胸腺小体,3月胚龄髓质中可见典型胸腺小体,胸腺组织结构趋于完善。胸腺IL-2和IL-10的表达在1月龄无阳性,此后阳性细胞的光密度值和阳性细胞面积率随着月龄的增加而增长;阳性细胞分布于皮质边缘、皮质与髓质交界处、髓质中心区,以及没有退化的胸腺小体和血管周围;IL-2在胸腺中的表达强烈且数量多,IL-10表达较少。研究结果提示两种细胞因子主要在胸腺细胞发育增长活跃区域表达,并以IL-2表达为主,IL-2和IL-10的分泌水平可作为预测孕妇早产的一个新的敏感指标。