大气CO2倍增对水稻生长和发育的影响

矮香糯水稻(Oryza sativa L, )插身后生长在大气（350ppm CO₂）和CO₂倍增（700 ppm CO₂）的开顶式培养室中，结果显示，在CO₂倍增的条件下，矮香糯生长旺盛，根系发达，根系干重增加23%，株高增加12%，每穗结实率增加29%，每株籽粒干重增加41%。本文对目前有关这方面的研究现状进行了讨论。     

拔节期水分亏缺对沙地农田玉米光合特性及物质积累的影响

[目的]分析拔节期水分亏缺对玉米光合特性及物质分配规律的影响,为作物调亏灌溉技术在沙地农田的应用提供理论依据。[方法]在黑河流域中游边缘绿洲新垦沙地农田进行田间试验。[结果](1)玉米拔节期水分亏缺使新垦沙地农田0—40cm土层土壤含水量显著降低,农田CO2浓度升高0.5%,相对湿度降低6%,玉米叶片温度升高了8%;(2)水分亏缺处理玉米叶片净光合速率日均值比正常供水处理降低了74%;水蒸腾速率日均值比正常供水处理降低了79%;(3)水分亏缺处理玉米茎、叶及根系生物量分别比正常供水处理低63%,47%和51%,总干物质积累量比正常供水处理减少了53%。[结论]在沙地农田,作物对土壤水分的反映较为敏感,小幅的土壤含水量降低即造成玉米光合能力的大幅下降,并最终对光合产物的积累和分配产生不利影响。     

基于五水转化装置的玉米光合特性分析

利用中国科学院地理科学与资源研究所“五水转化动力过程实验装置”,开展温室条件下玉米净光合速率及其关键影响因子的实验观测研究,探索玉米各生育阶段、植株各叶位叶片净光合速率的分布特征及其与叶片生理生态参数的关联性。结果表明：玉米全生育期内叶片净光合速率、叶绿素含量、气孔导度和氮含量均呈单峰曲线型变化趋势,但净光合速率峰值出现时间在乳熟期,比前人观测的大田峰值出现时间（抽雄吐丝期）晚一个生育期,且数值较低;净光合速率与叶绿素含量、气孔导度随叶位的变化大体呈现中间叶位高、基部与顶端叶位低的分布特征。各生育阶段玉米净光合速率与叶绿素含量间的相关系数最高（R=0.94,P＜0.05）,其次为净光合速率与叶片N含量的相关性及其与气孔导度的相关性（R=0.77,P＜0.05）;各叶位净光合速率与气孔导度的变化特征一致。该装置更适合进行气候变化、水分变化、养分变化等控制实验研究。     

Effect of CO2 enrichment on biomass production,photosynthesis, and sink activity in Soybean cv. Bragg and its supernodulating mutant nts 1007

Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.) cv. Bragg and its supernodulating mutant nts 1007 were grown in pots containing vermiculite with a N-free nutrient solution in order to examine the effect of elevated CO₂ concentration (100+20 Pa CO₂ ) on biomass production, photosynthesis, and biological nitrogen fixation. The whole plant weight increase in Bragg was higher than in the mutant at a high CO₂ concentration. Apparent photosynthetic activities of the upper leaves in both Bragg and the mutant increased up to 14 d after treatment initiation by the CO₂ enrichment and thereafter decreased to some extent. Both leaf area and leaf thickness of Bragg increased more than in nts 1007. With the elevated CO₂ concentration, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) also responded in the same manner as biomass production in both Bragg and nts 1007. The increase of BNF in Bragg was largely due to an increase in nodule weight. Starch contents in the leaves of both Bragg and the mutant increased significantly by CO₂ enrichment, with a higher increase in Bragg than in its mutant. Sugar content in leaf differed only slightly in both Bragg and the mutant. N content in leaf decreased in both Bragg and its mutant, with the decrease being more pronounced in Bragg. However, in other plant parts (roots, stem, and petiole + pods), N content increased in the mutant while in Bragg, it decreased in the pod. N accumulation rate was higher in Bragg than in the mutant and increased more in Bragg than in the mutant by CO₂ enrichment. The ureide content in leaf decreased in Bragg but increased in the mutant by elevated CO₂ concentration. In the nodules, ureide content increased in both Bragg and the mutant by CO₂ enrichment. Based on these results, it is suggested that in terms of biomass production and photosynthetic rate, Bragg responded more to elevated CO₂ concentration than its mutant nts 1007. The alleviation of the stunted vegetative growth of the mutant by CO₂ enrichment was limited despite the significant increase in the photosynthetic activity, presumably due to the limitation of sink activity in the growing parts and not to insufficient supply of N through BNF.     

澳大利亚盐渍土中自然草的盐分积累状况及其生理学特性

Salinity is a major soil contamination problem in Australia. To explore salinity remediation, we evaluated the concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), and calcium (Ca) in roots and shoots and in the supporting soil of the naturally occurring grasses, Cynodon dactylon and Thinopyrum ponticum, at two salt-affected sites, Gumble and Cundumbul in central-western New South Wales, Australia. The physiological parameters of the two grass species, including net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (gs), and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), were investigated using one mature leaf from C. dactylon and T. ponticum populations. Increasing salinity levels in the topsoil had a significant influence on Ci and gs, whereas no significant effect occurred on Pn in C. dactylon and T. ponticum. The Pn values in C. dactylon and T. ponticum were greater at Cundumbul than at Gumble. The greater Mg concentration facilitated greater Pn in C. dactylon and T. ponticum populations at Cundumbul than Gumble. With increasing salinity levels in the soil, Na accumulation increased in C. dactylon and T. ponticum. The ratio between K and Na was > 1 in roots and shoots of both populations irrespective of the sites. Bioaccumulation factor (BF) and translocation factor (TF) results revealed that K and Na translocations were significantly higher in T. ponticum than in C. dactylon, whereas Ca and Mg translocations were significantly higher in C. dactylon than in T. ponticum. Accumulation of Na, K, Mg, and Ca ions was higher in T. ponticum than in C. dactylon; therefore, we suggest that T. ponticum as a greater salt accumulator than C. dactylon could be used for revegetation and phytoremediation of the salt-affected soils.     

Determination of photosynthetic parameters Vcmax and Jmax for a C3 plant (spring hulless barley) at two altitudes on the Tibetan Plateau

On the Tibetan Plateau, the unique alpine climate factors of low air pressure, low CO₂ partial pressure and low air temperature have significant but non-explicit influences on the photosynthetic capacity of plants. To evaluate these influences, we measured the net photosynthetic rates for spring hulless barley leaves at two altitudes of 3688 m (the low altitude) and 4333 m (the high altitude), respectively. Two photosynthetic parameters—Vc_max, the maximum rate of Rubisco carboxylase activity, and J_max, the maximum rate of photosynthetic electron transport—were determined. The net photosynthetic rate and the photosynthetic parameters Vc_max and J_max were higher for leaves from plants grown at the high altitude than for those at the low altitude. Vc_max and J_max were approximately 24% and 22% greater, respectively, for leaves from plants grown at the high altitude. The CO₂ and air temperature at the high altitude were lower than those at the low altitude. As a consequence, plants exposed to lower CO₂ partial pressure and lower air temperature have a higher photosynthetic capacity on the Tibetan Plateau. The optimal temperatures for Vc_max and J_max were approximately 6.5% and 3.5% higher, respectively, in leaves from plants grown at the high altitude than those grown at the low altitude, and the ratio of J_max to Vc_max was 12.7% lower at the low altitude. Simulation analyses revealed that the photosynthetic capacities of plants decreased after long-term increases in CO₂ partial pressure and temperature associated with global climate change on the Tibetan Plateau.     

The Influence of Carbon Dioxide or Ozone Concentration on Growth and Assimilate Partitioning in Seedlings of Nine Conifers

Abstract

Seedlings of nine different conifers were exposed to 355 and 730 μmol mol-1 CO₂, or low (> 15 nmol mol^?1) and elevated 0₃ concentration (70 nmol mol^?1) for 81–116 days. The experiments were conducted in growth chambers placed in a greenhouse. Increased CO₂ concentration enhanced the mean relative growth rate (RGR) and total plant dry weight by 4 and 33% in Larix leptolepis, by 4 and 38% in Larix sibirica, by 7 and 47% in Picea glauca and by 3 and 16% in Picea sitchensis, respectively. The growth rates and dry weights of Pimis contorta, Pinus mugo and Pseudotsuga menziesii were not significantly affected. Carbon dioxide enrichment enhanced RGR of two provenances of Picea abies by 4 and 6%, respectively, while a third provenance was unaffected. In Pimis sylvestris, only the RGR of one of three provenances was stimulated by CO₂ enrichment (4%).

After two growth seasons CO₂ enrichment enhanced RGR and total plant dry weight by 11 and 35% in Picea abies and by 12 and 36% in Pinus sylvestris, respectively. Elevated CO₂ decreased the shoot:root ratio in Larix leptolepis, and decreased the needlerstem ratio in Picea glauca, but increased it in Pseudotsuga menziesii.

Elevated O₃ significantly decreased the plant dry weight in Picea sitchensis, Pseudotsuga menziesii and in one of three provenances of Pinus sylvestris, while the other species and provenances were unaffected. Increased O₃ concentration increased the shoot:root dry weight ratio in one of three Picea abies provenances, in all three Pinus sylvestris provenances and in Pinus contorta. The needle:stem ratio was enhanced by O₃ in seven of the nine species. The O₃ exposure caused chlorosis of needles in all species except Pseudotsuga menziesii.     

Effects of selenium as a beneficial element on growth and photosynthetic attributes of greenhouse cucumber

Selenium (Se) is an essential element for human and livestock with antioxidant and anticancer characteristics. Although Se is not an essential element for plants, it has been reported that it can improve plant growth. This experiment was conducted at the Isfahan University of Technology in winter 2010. The experiment was factorial based on a completely randomized design (CRD) with four replications. Se was added to nutrient solution in four concentrations 2, 4, and 6 mg/L sodium selenite (Na₂SeO₃). Root volume, fresh and dry weights of shoots and roots, number and weight of fruits, chlorophyll content, and photosynthesis traits [photosynthesis rate, stomata internal carbon dioxide (CO₂) concentration, stomata conductance] were measured. Results showed that Se increased root dry weight. Fresh and dry weights of shoot increased in the 2 mg/L Se treatment and decreased at the higher level of Se. Chlorophyll content and photosynthesis rate were not affected by Se. Stomata internal CO₂ concentration and stomata conductance decreased by Se addition. Overall, Se at 2 mg/L application rate was effective in some physiological characteristics of cucumber.     

Effects of Folsomia candida (Collembola) on the microbial biomass in a grassland soil

Summary The effects of the presence of Folsomia candida on substrate-induced respiration, CO₂-C evolution, bacterial count and NH ₄ ⁺ -N were investigated in a grassland soil. Differences in these parameters, with the exception of NH ₄ ⁺ , were correlated with the age of the collembolan Folsomia candida. In the presence of juvenile animals total CO₂-C evolution was enhanced, but substrate-induced respiration and the bacterial count were unchanged. In fumigated soil with imagos, substrate-induced respiration and the number of bacteria were increased, but total CO₂-C evolution was unaltered. Different food selection strategies between adults and juvenile animals may explain the results.     

Temporal change in spatial variability of soil respiration on a slope of Japanese cedar (Cryptomeria japonica D. Don) forest

Although information regarding the spatial variability of soil respiration is important for understanding carbon cycling and developing a suitable sampling design for estimating average soil respiration, it remains relatively understudied compared to temporal changes. In this study, soil respiration was measured at 35 locations by season on a slope of Japanese cedar forest in order to examine temporal changes in the spatial distribution of soil respiration. Spatial variability of soil respiration varied between seasons, with the highest coefficient variation in winter (42%) and lowest in summer (26%). Semivariogram analysis and kriged maps revealed different patterns of spatial distribution in each season. Factors affecting the spatial variability were relief index (autumn), soil hardness of the A layer (winter), soil hardness at 50 cm depth (spring) and the altitude and relief index (summer). Annual soil respiration (average: 39 mol m⁻² y⁻¹) varied from 26 mol m⁻² y⁻¹ to 55 mol m⁻² y⁻¹ between the 35 locations and was higher in the upper part of the slope and lower in the lower part. The average Q₁₀ value was 2.3, varying from 1.3 to 3.0 among the locations. These findings suggest that insufficient information on the spatial variability of soil respiration and imbalanced sampling could bias estimates of current and future carbon budgets.     

Carbon dynamics in a temperate grassland soil after 9 years exposure to elevated CO2 (Swiss FACE)

Elevated pCO₂ increases the net primary production, C/N ratio, and C input to the soil and hence provides opportunities to sequester CO₂-C in soils to mitigate anthropogenic CO₂. The Swiss 9 y grassland FACE (free air carbon-dioxide enrichment) experiment enabled us to explore the potential of elevated pCO₂ (60 Pa), plant species (Lolium perenne L. and Trifolium repens L.) and nitrogen fertilization (140 and 540 kg ha⁻¹ y⁻¹) on carbon sequestration and mineralization by a temperate grassland soil. Use of ¹³C in combination with respired CO₂ enabled the identification of the origins of active fractions of soil organic carbon. Elevated pCO₂ had no significant effect on total soil carbon, and total soil carbon was also independent of plant species and nitrogen fertilization. However, new (FACE-derived depleted ¹³C) input of carbon into the soil in the elevated pCO₂ treatments was dependent on nitrogen fertilization and plant species. New carbon input into the top 15 cm of soil from L. perennne high nitrogen (LPH), L. perenne low nitrogen (LPL) and T. repens low nitrogen (TRL) treatments during the 9 y elevated pCO₂ experiment was 9.3±2.0, 12.1±1.8 and 6.8±2.7 Mg C ha⁻¹, respectively. Fractions of FACE-derived carbon in less protected soil particles >53 μm in size were higher than in <53 μm particles. In addition, elevated pCO₂ increased CO₂ emission over the 118 d incubation by 55, 61 and 13% from undisturbed soil from LPH, LPL and TRL treatments, respectively; but only by 13, 36, and 18%, respectively, from disturbed soil (without roots). Higher input of new carbon led to increased decomposition of older soil organic matter (priming effect), which was driven by the quantity (mainly roots) of newly input carbon (L. perenne) as well as the quality of old soil carbon (e.g. higher recalcitrance in T. repens). Based on these results, the potential of well managed and established temperate grassland soils to sequester carbon under continued increasing concentrations of atmospheric CO₂ appears to be rather limited.     

Isotope (C and C) analysis of deep peat CO2 using a passive sampling technique

We developed and tested a new method to collect CO₂ from the surface to deep layers of a peatland for radiocarbon analysis. The method comprises two components: i) a probe equipped with a hydrophobic filter that allows entry of peat gases by diffusion, whilst simultaneously excluding water, and, ii) a cartridge containing zeolite molecular sieve that traps CO₂ passively. We field tested the method by sampling at depths of between 0.25 and 4 m at duplicate sites within a temperate raised peat bog. CO₂ was trapped at a depth-dependent rate of between ∼0.2 and 0.8 ml d⁻¹, enabling sufficient CO₂ for routine ¹⁴C analysis to be collected when left in place for several weeks. The age of peatland CO₂ increased with depth from modern to ∼170 BP for samples collected from 0.25 m, to ∼4000 BP at 4 m. The CO₂ was younger, but followed a similar trend to the age profile of bulk peat previously reported for the site (Langdon and Barber, 2005). δ¹³C values of recovered CO₂ increased with depth. CO₂ collected from the deepest sampling probes was considerably ¹³C-enriched (up to ∼+9‰) and agreed well with results reported for other peatlands where this phenomenon has been attributed to fermentation processes. CO₂ collected from plant-free static chambers at the surface of the mire was slightly ¹⁴C-enriched compared to the contemporary atmosphere, suggesting that surface CO₂ emissions were predominantly derived from carbon fixed during the post-bomb era. However, consistent trends of enriched ¹³C and depleted ¹⁴C in chamber CO₂ between autumn and winter samples were most likely explained by an increased contribution of deep peat CO₂ to the surface efflux in winter. The passive sampling technique is readily portable, easy to install and operate, causes minimal site disturbance, and can be reliably used to collect peatland CO₂ from a wide range of depths.     

Influence of temperature and drought on seasonal and interannual variations of soil, bole and ecosystem respiration in a boreal aspen stand

Continuous half-hourly measurements of soil (R_s) and bole respiration (R_b), as well as whole-ecosystem CO₂ exchange, were made with a non steady-state automated chamber system and with the eddy covariance (EC) technique, respectively, in a mature trembling aspen stand between January 2001 and December 2003. Our main objective was to investigate the influence of long-term variations of environmental and biological variables on component-specific and whole-ecosystem respiration (R_e) processes. During the study period, the stand was exposed to severe drought conditions that affected much of the western plains of North America. Over the 3 years, daily mean R_s varied from a minimum of 0.1 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ during winter to a maximum of 9.2 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹ in mid-summer. Seasonal variations of R_s were highly correlated with variations of soil temperature (T_s) and water content (θ) in the surface soil layers. Both variables explained 96, 95 and 90% of the variance in daily mean R_s from 2001 to 2003. Aspen daily mean R_b varied from negligible during winter to a maximum of 2.5 μmol m⁻² bark s⁻¹ (2.2 μmol m⁻² ground s⁻¹) during the growing season. Maximum R_b occurred at the end of the aspen radial growth increment and leaf emergence period during each year. This was 2 months before the peak in bole temperature (T_b) in 2001 and 2003. Nonetheless, R_b was highly correlated with T_b and this variable explained 77, 87 and 62% of the variance in R_b in the respective years. Partitioning of R_b between its maintenance (R_bm) and growth (R_bg) components using the mature tissue method showed that daily mean R_bg occurred at the same time as aspen radial growth increment during each growing season. This method led, however, to systematic over- and underestimations of R_bm and R_bg, respectively, during each year. Annual totals of R_s, R_b and estimated foliage respiration (R_f) from hazelnut and aspen trees were, on average, 829, 159 and 202 g C m⁻² year⁻¹, respectively, over the 3 years. These totals corresponded to 70, 14 and 16%, respectively, of scaled-up respiration estimates of R_e from chamber measurements. Scaled R_e estimates were 25% higher (1190 g C m⁻² year⁻¹) than the annual totals of R_e obtained from EC (949 g C m⁻² year⁻¹). The independent effects of temperature and drought on annual totals of R_e and its components were difficult to separate because the two variables co-varied during the 3 years. However, recalculation of annual totals of R_s to remove the limitations imposed by low θ, suggests that drought played a more important role than temperature in explaining interannual variations of R_s and R_e.     

大气CO2浓度升高对旱作玉米不同生育期土壤碳氮及组分的影响

为探明大气CO_2浓度升高对旱作玉米不同生育期土壤碳氮及其组分的影响,以旱作春玉米为研究对象,基于田间定位试验,利用改进的开顶式气室(OTC)模拟大气CO_2浓度升高的环境,设置当前自然大气CO_2浓度(CK)、CO_2浓度升高(700μmol/mol,OTC+CO_2)与OTC气室对照(OTC)3种处理,研究大气CO_2浓度升高对玉米各生育期土壤有机碳、全氮、水溶性有机碳、水溶性氮、易氧化有机碳的影响。结果表明:与OTC相比,大气CO_2浓度升高(OTC+CO_2)对土壤有机碳及组分、土壤全氮均无显著影响,使水溶性氮在12叶期(V12)降低18.17%,灌浆期(R3)升高108.56%(P0.05)。与CK相比,OTC+CO_2处理显著降低了各生育期土壤有机碳(收获期R6除外)和全氮(V12除外)含量,降幅分别为4.47%～14.42%和6.78%～12.48%(P0.05),降低了苗期(V6)水溶性有机碳、V12期水溶性氮、抽雄吐丝期(R1)与R6期易氧化有机碳含量,升高了R3期水溶性有机碳含量(P0.05)。因此,试验设置条件下,大气CO_2浓度升高对土壤有机碳及组分、土壤全氮均无显著影响,对水溶性氮的影响因生育期而异。在利用OTC系统模拟大气CO_2浓度升高进行相关研究时,OTC对试验结果的影响不可忽视。     

Microbial decomposition of skeletal muscle tissue (Ovis aries) in a sandy loam soil at different temperatures

A laboratory experiment was conducted to determine the effect of temperature (2, 12, 22 °C) on the rate of aerobic decomposition of skeletal muscle tissue (Ovis aries) in a sandy loam soil incubated for a period of 42 days. Measurements of decomposition processes included skeletal muscle tissue mass loss, carbon dioxide (CO₂) evolution, microbial biomass, soil pH, skeletal muscle tissue carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content and the calculation of metabolic quotient (qCO₂). Incubation temperature and skeletal muscle tissue quality had a significant effect on all of the measured process rates with 2 °C usually much lower than 12 and 22 °C. Cumulative CO₂ evolution at 2, 12 and 22 °C equaled 252, 619 and 905 mg CO₂, respectively. A significant correlation (P<0.001) was detected between cumulative CO₂ evolution and tissue mass loss at all temperatures. Q₁₀s for mass loss and CO₂ evolution, which ranged from 1.19 to 3.95, were higher for the lower temperature range (Q₁₀(2-12 °C)>Q₁₀(12-22 °C)) in the Ovis samples and lower for the low temperature range (Q₁₀(2-12 °C)<Q₁₀(12-22 °C)) in the control samples. Metabolic quotient and the positive relationship between skeletal muscle tissue mass loss and cumulative CO₂ evolution suggest that tissue decomposition was most efficient at 2 °C. These phenomena may be due to lower microbial catabolic requirements at lower temperature.     

多重情景下半干旱地区人工杨树林光合生理特征

深刻剖析多重情景下主要防风固沙树种的光合生理特征,对半干旱地区生态系统的健康维持与恢复重建具有重要的指导意义。以半干旱典型区科尔沁沙地人工杨树为研究对象,采用Li-6400红外气体分析仪活体测量生长季不同月份、嫩叶与成熟叶、上午与下午以及不同CO2浓度和光强下杨树叶片的光响应和CO2响应曲线,进一步对比分析这些情景下净光合速率(Pn)、蒸腾速率(Tr)和水分利用率(WUE)的差异性。结果表明:在相同光强和CO2浓度下,生长旺盛期杨树叶片的Pn高于生长初期和生长末期;嫩叶与成熟叶的Pn、Tr、WUE差异明显,嫩叶的蒸腾作用相对较强,成熟叶的光合作用相对较强。研究结果对开展半干旱地区人工杨树光合生理相关研究具有一定的参考价值。     

盐分对棉花光合特性及根际土壤CO2浓度的影响

为了探寻不同盐分含量土壤棉花生长根际CO2浓度与光合指标之间的关系,通过桶栽试验,对4种盐分(CK:0%,F1:0.2%,F2:0.4%,F3:0.6%)处理下2种质地(砂土和壤土)土壤CO2浓度和棉花光合特征的变化规律进行了研究。结果表明:随着棉花生育期的推进,壤土和砂土的土壤CO2浓度均呈先升高后降低的单峰曲线变化趋势,峰值出现在花铃期,分别高达17 061.95,17 572.00μmol/mol。在盐分处理下不同质地土壤CO2浓度随土层深度的增加而增加,50cm处土壤CO2浓度均值为13 540.32μmol/mol,是表层10cm处的近2倍。随着盐分含量的增加,2种质地土壤CO2浓度差异显著,均呈下降趋势,且壤土CO2浓度明显高于砂土;盐分和土壤质地类型的相互作用对棉花净光合速率(Pn)达到极显著水平(P0.01)。同一土壤质地类型条件下,各生育期棉花Pn随着盐分含量的增加而减小,均在F3处理下达到最小值,盐分含量较低时对棉花光合指标的影响不显著(P0.05);同一盐分处理下,不同土壤质地棉花Pn差异显著,表现为壤土砂土。不同盐分处理下2种质地土壤CO2浓度与棉花净光合速率之间密切相关,棉花Pn能够解释根际土壤CO2浓度变化的81.2%,说明盐分和土壤质地类型通过棉花净光合速率影响土壤CO2浓度的大小。研究结果可为作物生长环境提供理论参考。     

CO2, CH4 and N2O fluxes of upland black spruce (Picea mariana) forest soils after forest fires of different intensity in interior Alaska

Abstract

Forest fires can change the greenhouse gase (GHG) flux of borea forest soils. We measured carbon dioxide (CO₂), methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O) fluxes with different burn histories in black spruce (Picea mariana) stands in interior Alaska. The control forest (CF) burned in 1920; partially burned (PB) in 1999; and severely burned (SB1 and SB2) in 2004. The thickness of the organic layer was 22 ± 6 cm at CF, 28 ± 10 cm at PB, 12 ± 6 cm at SB1 and 4 ± 2 cm at SB2. The mean soil temperature during CO₂ flux measurement was 8.9 ± 3.1, 6.4 ± 2.1, 5.9 ± 3.4 and 5.0 ± 2.4°C at SB2, SB1, PB and CF, respectively, and differed significantly among the sites (P < 0.01). The mean CO₂ flux was highest at PB (128 ± 85 mg CO₂-C m^?2 h^?1) and lowest at SB1 (47 ± 19 mg CO₂-C m^?2 h^?1) (P < 0.01), and within each site it was positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01). The CO₂ flux at SB2 was lower than that at CF when the soil temperature was high. We attributed the low CO₂ flux at SB1 and SB2 to low root respiration and organic matter decomposition rates due to the 2004 fire. The CH₄ uptake rate was highest at SB1 [–91 ± 21 μg CH₄-C m^?2 h^?1] (P < 0.01) and positively correlated with soil temperature (P < 0.01) but not soil moisture. The CH₄ uptake rate increased with increasing soil temperature because methanotroph activity increased. The N₂O flux was highest [3.6 ± 4.7 μg N₂O-N m^?2 h^?1] at PB (P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that the soil temperature and moisture are important factors of GHG dynamics in forest soils with different fire history.     

Studies on the formation of soil aggregate (preliminary report) influence of water content and sucrose

It was emphasized by Russel (1934) that cation and polar-medium played the active part in the aggregation of preliminary particles. Jesse Elson pointed out that even the field which had raised crops for consecutive 32 years might yield a greater number of aggregates when fertilizers, especially manure and corn were given, than the field which had been given no fertilizers. It was confirmed by Mazurak that six year rotation, i. e. three year rotation of potato, oats or barkley and sugar beats preceeded by three year succession cropping of alfalfa, was more advantageous for the formation of water-stable aggregates than the succession cropping of potato. The effect of bactinal polysaccharide was pointed out by Geoghegan, and it was confirmed by Browing that the effect of sucrose would be two to four times greater than that of alfalfa, rye, vetch and wheat straw.