Wood biochar produces different rates of root growth and transpiration in two maize hybrids (Zea mays L.) under drought stress

This study investigated the effects of wood-derived biochar (BC) applied at 1% to a C-poor silty-loam soil in the drought-tolerant (D24) and in the drought-sensitive (P1921) Pioneer Hi-Bred maize hybrids in pot and field trials (NE Italy). D24 had better growth than P1921 under rain-fed conditions without irrigation and soil amendment. The addition of biochar increased root growth in D24 (+38% root area) and decreases it in P1921 (?9%) at the silking stage, while the fraction of finer roots (<250 µm diam.) was reduced in D24 and increased in P1921. This led both hybrids to maintain the maximum transpiration at a lower fraction of transpirable soil water (from 82% to 45% in D24, and from 46% to 22% in P1921). There were no significant variations in plant nutrient contents, productivity and in the protein and starch contents of the grains, whereas the lipid content was reduced by biochar, particularly in P1921 (2.6% vs. 3% DW, ?13%).

We conclude that biochar can be profitably used to enhance drought tolerance in maize, possibly due to improvements in the physicochemical characteristics and the water content of treated soils, although maximum benefits are expected in drought-tolerant hybrids through increased root elongation and transpiration.     

生物有机肥对蓝莓根区土壤养分及微生物学特性的影响

以蓝莓为试材,研究了生物有机肥对蓝莓根区土壤养分及微生物学特性的影响。结果表明:（1）生物有机肥（BOF）显著增加了蓝莓根区土壤含水量（p < 0.01）,显著降低了蓝莓根区土壤pH值、容重和总孔隙度（p < 0.01）;（2）生物有机肥增加了蓝莓根区土壤养分,BOF处理下蓝莓根区土壤有机碳、全氮、全钾、有效磷和有效钾含量均显著高于CK（p < 0.01）,其中,以土壤有效养分的增加幅度最大,而对全磷的影响并不显著（p > 0.05）;（3）BOF处理下蓝莓根区土壤酸性磷酸酶活性、脲酶活性、蔗糖酶活性和过氧化氢酶活性均显著高于CK（p < 0.01）;（4）BOF处理下蓝莓根区土壤微生物量碳（MBC）、微生物量氮（MBN）含量均显著高于CK（p < 0.01）,土壤微生物量碳和氮较养分的变化更为敏感,能有效评价生物有机肥的改良效果;（5）BOF处理下蓝莓根区土壤微生物周转速率加快,周期缩短,转移量增加,土壤微生物活性增强,有利于土壤养分的循环和保持。综合比较来看,生物有机肥可有效促进蓝莓根区土壤养分的吸收和营养代谢协调均衡,确保蓝莓的高产优质。     

长期施用有机-无机肥对太湖流域土壤肥力的影响

通过长期田间定位试验研究了不同处理的有机无机肥施用对稻-麦轮作体系生产力和土壤肥力的影响.5年试验结果表明:施用有机肥和施用化肥体系均能达到较高的产量水平.单施N肥和NPK配合施用在试验前2年系统生产力(水稻+小麦) 没有显著差异.不同施肥处理对土壤养分有显著影响.施肥尤其是有机无机肥混施能显著增加土壤中碱解N、速效P和速效K含量.土壤中N以NO3--N形式存在,有机肥的施入显著降低了土壤中NH4+-N的含量.土壤速效K与速效P含量呈极显著相关,说明这些速效养分的同源性,可能是由有机肥施用带入土壤中的.土壤中碱解N与NO3--N含量呈显著的相关,而与NH4+-N含量没有关系,土壤速效P与有效态Fe含量呈显著相关.     

控释肥配施玉米秸秆对麦季土壤酶活性及养分的影响

为了探究控释尿素掺混肥与玉米秸秆长期互作对麦季土壤酶活性和土壤养分状况的影响,基于华北平原棕壤区小麦—玉米轮作8年定位施肥试验,对比研究了玉米秸秆还田(S)与不还田条件下施用控释尿素掺混肥(CRF)与普通尿素掺混肥(BBF)对麦季土壤酶活性及土壤养分的影响。结果表明:秸秆不还田条件下,CRF处理较BBF处理显著提高土壤中性磷酸酶(返青期和成熟期)、蔗糖酶(返青期和孕穗期)和纤维素酶(返青期和孕穗期)活性及成熟期有机质、硝态氮和有效磷含量,其中,成熟期中性磷酸酶活性显著提高29.6%,硝态氮含量显著提高34.8%。秸秆还田条件下,BBF+S处理成熟期脲酶、纤维素酶,孕穗期中性磷酸酶活性显著高于CRF+S处理,其他时期2种类型掺混肥土壤酶活性无显著差异。CRF+S处理成熟期土壤全氮、有机质、硝态氮和有效磷含量显著高于BBF+S处理。氮肥种类和玉米秸秆还田的交互作用对土壤中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶和纤维素酶活性及土壤全氮、硝态氮、铵态氮、有效磷和速效钾含量影响显著,秸秆还田较不还田处理显著提高中性磷酸酶、蔗糖酶活性、速效钾和有效磷含量。综上表明,玉米秸秆还田和不还田条件下控释尿素掺混肥较普通尿素掺混肥处理均能显著增加土壤有机质含量,提高小麦后期速效氮磷养分的供应强度和供应容量,其中玉米秸秆还田配施控释尿素掺混肥处理在提高土壤酶活性和土壤养分方面表现最优。研究结果可为秸秆还田下氮肥优化施用提供理论依据。     

麦田生态系统中的水肥时空关系与调控途径

本研究表明，小麦对水分的消耗和养分的吸收不是同表的；拔节--抽穗期是小麦对水分最敏感的时期，该期的水分状况对产量和肥效的影响最大，返青--拔节期是对水分最不敏感的时期。麦田灌水量直接影响肥料氮在土体中的淋洗深度，进而影响到其肥效的发挥与损失量，因而控制灌水量是减少水源浪费与肥料损失、提高肥效的重途径。并提出了以冬施肥为核心的缺水麦田水肥调控途径。     

有机物料长期施用对稻田土壤养分的影响

通过2010—2021年连续12年的长期定位试验，研究了紫云英、水稻秸秆、商品有机肥等有机物料还田施用对稻田土壤养分的影响。结果表明：施用有机物料可以有效提高稻田土壤氮磷钾和有机质等含量。与单施化肥处理相比，紫云英还田土壤碱解氮含量增加6.97%，商品有机肥配施土壤有效磷含量增加49.30%，水稻秸秆还田土壤速效钾含量增加49.32%。3种有机物料处理土壤有机质增加相近(6.0%～7.5%)，可以改善土壤酸性但差异不显著。不同有机物料对土壤基础养分的增加差异显著，紫云英还田土壤固氮能力最强，商品有机肥配施土壤磷素增加最明显，秸秆还田土壤钾素提高最显著。可见，有机物料长期还田施用是一种培肥土壤的有效措施，有助于稻田土壤的可持续利用。     

Cumulative Effect of Organic and Inorganic Sources of Nutrients on Yield,Nutrients Uptake and Economics by Rice–Wheat Cropping System in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

ABSTRACT

Field experiments were conducted for 2 years in sandy loam soil, to study the direct effect of organic manures i.e. sewage sludge (SS), vermicompost (VC) and sesbania (SB) and chemical fertilizers on rice (Oryza sativa) and their residual effect on wheat (Triticum aestivum) grown in sequence in winter (Rabi) and summer (Kharif) season during 2015–2016 to 2016–2017 at Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh. Residual effect of organic sources of nutrients as SS, VC and SB were monitored up to fourth crop (II wheat) in sequence applied in conjunction with 75% recommended dose of fertilize (RDF). Among the nutrient sources, the maximum grain yield in I rice (4.89 t ha^?1), II rice (4.95 t ha^?1), was recorded in treatment T₃ (100% RDF with S, Zn, B) whereas in I wheat (4.68 t ha^?1) and II wheat (4.59 t ha^?1), it was recorded in T₄ (customized fertilizer). The maximum straw yield during all four crops was recorded in T₃ (100% RDF with S, Zn, B) in rice and T₄ (customized fertilizer) in wheat crop, which showed 25, 32, 23 and 28% increase over 100% RDF (T₂). Application of 100% RDF along with S, Zn, B and customized fertilizer increased the total uptake of N, P, K, S and B and also in net returns and B:C ratio followed by organic treatments.     

吉林省公主岭地区土壤主要养分指标的时空变异特征

运用地理信息系统和地统计学相结合的方法研究了20年来吉林省公主岭地区土壤主要养分指标—有机质、速效氮、速效磷、速效钾的时空变异规律。结果表明,20年来除了速效磷含量增加外,有机质、速效氮、速效钾含量都有所降低。2000年速效磷的变异最大,其次是有机质、速效钾、速效氮;1980年变异最大的是速效磷,其次是速效氮、速效钾、有机质。这主要是人为管理及施肥差异造成的。     

生物有机肥对宁夏盐碱地土壤养分和生物学特性的影响

为了探讨生物有机肥施用对宁夏引黄灌区盐碱地土壤化学和微生物特性的影响,明确生物有机肥的最佳施用量及施肥模式,以田间连续4年定位试验为依托,研究了生物有机肥施用量0(CK)、4.5(T1)、9.0(T2)、13.5 t/hm²(T3)及生物有机肥9.0 t/hm²配施无机化肥N 360 kg/hm²(T4)对盐碱地土壤养分含量、酶活性、微生物生物量、微生物群落碳源代谢活性及多样性和玉米产量的影响。结果表明:(1)施用生物有机肥可明显降低土壤p H和全盐含量,土壤养分含量及土壤酶活性随着生物有机肥施用量增加呈递增趋势,且在T2处理基础上增施无机化肥可显著增加土壤速效钾含量14.73%;(2)土壤微生物群落碳源代谢活性及多样性指数均随着生物有机肥施用量的增加而增加, T3处理土壤培养192 h时AWCD值为0.84,经Tukey检验分析, Shannon和Mcintosh指数较CK处理分别增加10.11%和62.67%;(3)随着生物有机肥施用量增加,土壤微生物生物量碳、氮、磷含量呈递增趋势,各处理平均分别比CK处理增加66....     

木棉科木材的奇异结构及特殊用途

木棉科的轻木、爪哇木棉的木材中薄壁组织是构成木材主体 ,使其形成全球最轻的木材 ;木棉的木材中含丰富的薄壁组织。这类木材是声、热、电、震的优质绝缘材料 ,又是飞机、雪橇缓冲优良用材     

水文过程对乌裕尔河河滨湿地缓冲带表层土壤养分空间分异的影响

研究了乌裕尔河湿地自然径流区和人为控制区各两个样带的土壤有机质、TN、TP在垂直于径流方向上的空间分异特征,结果表明在坡面径流和洪泛作用的影响下,表层土壤有机质、TN、TP表现出较高的空间异质性,在垂直于径流方向上呈现出累积-消减的趋势,0~15 cm土壤累积-消减趋势明显大于15~30 cm土壤,自然径流区的哈塔、龙安桥样带累积-消减趋势明显大于人为控制区的石家店、龙泡子样带,并应用空间输出/累积系数SEC进行量化和模拟,讨论了不同的土壤养分类型、湿地水文情势随机性及缓冲带植被群落结构对土壤养分空间分异的影响。     

Characterization of the Organic Matter in Wood Ash from Biomass Power Plants in Relation to the Potential Use as Amendments in Agriculture

As a result of the increased demand for bioenergy, wood ash (WA), the main residue generated, may become a major source of pyrogenic organic matter. WA contains organic aromatic structures and could be used in agriculture, in a similar way to biochar, to improve the amount and quality of soil OM (OM). However, the organic composition of WA may differ from that of biochar, which has not yet been addressed. In the present study, different types of fly wood ash (FWA) and mixed wood ash (MWA), generated in industrial boilers, were characterized and compared with biochar generated from different feedstocks and at different temperatures (300 and 600 °C). WA differed in the amount and composition of the OM. The OM in MWA consisted of condensed carbon as well as substantial amounts of lightly charred plant biomass. Because of the low degree of carbonization of this OM, it may be susceptible to microbial degradation after application to soil. By contrast, the OM in FWA comprises highly carbonized and condensed organic compounds, similar to those in biochar. Selection of the most suitable type of WA will be determined by the requirements of the specific soils. MWA could be used to amend soils requiring high amounts of OM, whereas FWA might be more appropriate for application in acid soils rich in OM. Thermal analysis proved a useful tool for characterizing the charred material in these by‐products in order to determine the best strategy for use of the material in agriculture. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

高寒草甸不同类型草地土壤养分与物种多样性——生产力关系

研究了高寒草甸不同类型草地土壤养分与多样性—生产力之间的关系,即物种多样性对生产力的效应如何受到资源供给率等因素的影响。结果表明:以莎草类为优势种的藏嵩草沼泽化草甸群落其总生物量(包括地上和地下生物量)最高(13,196.96±719.69gm-2)、小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛群落为中等水平(2,869.58±147.52gm-2、2,672.94±122.49gm-2)、矮嵩草草甸群落为最低(2,153.08±141.95gm-2)。在藏嵩草沼泽化草甸群落中,总生物量和物种丰富度呈显著负相关(P<0.05);地上生物量与土壤有机质、土壤含水量和群落盖度显著正相关(P<0.05);地下生物量和土壤含水量显著正相关(P<0.05)。在矮嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸、金露梅灌丛群落中,地上生物量与土壤有机质和土壤总氮显著正相关(P<0.05)。以上结果说明生物量的分布与土壤营养和水分变化相一致。在矮嵩草草甸、小嵩草草甸和金露梅灌丛中,多样性有随土壤养分的增加而增加的趋势;在藏嵩草沼泽化草甸中,则呈现负相关的关系。     

生草不同条件还田对桃园土壤微生物、酶活性及养分供应的影响

为探讨桃园生草不同条件还田对土壤微生物、酶活性及有效态养分的影响,以清耕为对照,设置生草自然还田、生草刈割还田、生草刈割配施有机物料腐熟剂还田3个处理,连续开展3年定位试验.采集根际和非根际土壤,研究桃园生草不同条件还田对土壤微生物数量、土壤酶活性以及土壤不同形态氮、钾含量的影响.结果表明:生草不同条件还田提高了根际土...     

不同生境条件下西藏原始冷杉林凋落物分解特征与土壤养分的关系

[目的]研究不同生境条件下(林内、林外、林缘)藏东南急尖长苞冷杉林(Abies georgei var.smithii)凋落物分解特征与土壤养分特征之间的关系,为深入了解高寒高山森林生态系统物质循环过程提供依据。[方法]采用野外分解袋法和室内分析相结合,在林内、林外、林缘3种不同生境条件下对藏东南急尖长苞冷杉林凋落物进行了原位分解试验。[结果]分解速率总体上呈现出:林内林缘林外的特点,逐月分解率的变异系数表现为:林内(34.83%)林缘(57.35%)林外(72.09%);Olson指数衰减模型的模拟结果显示不同生境条件下(林内、林缘、林外)凋落物分解50%需要的时间为2.11,2.52,2.34 a,分解95%需要的时间为8.96,10.01,10.84 a;3种不同生境土壤养分在空间上差异显著,林内生境中与凋落物分解速率呈现极显著相关的土壤养分因子有土壤总有机碳(TOC)含量、N含量、土壤微生物量碳(SMBC)含量、土壤微生物量氮(SMBN)含量以及W_C∶W_N值;林外、林缘生境中与凋落物分解速率相关性最大的为土壤TOC含量,其次为W_C∶W_N值。[结论]生境条件的差异对凋落物分解速率有显著影响,在不同的生境条件下对凋落物分解影响起主导作用的土壤养分因素不同,凋落物—土壤生物地化循环紧密联系,相互作用关系复杂,生境作用效应突出。     

典型红壤区田间尺度下土壤养分和水分的空间变异研究

本文选择了典型的红壤区进行网格法分层(0～20cm、20～40cm)取样,采用地统计学与经典的统计学相结合的方法,研究了田间尺度下土壤含水量、全氮、硝态氮和有机质的空间变异特性。结果表明:土壤中各种特性信息均服从正态分布,土壤全氮和有机质含量随深度的增加而减小,而硝态氮含量随深度的增加呈增大的趋势,两个土层硝态氮的变异系数(41.80%～61.97%)远高于全氮和有机质的变异系数(6.21%～19.29%);该研究区域内的土壤含水量、全氮、硝态氮和有机质含量的变程在13.50m～32.60m之间;土壤全氮和有机质含量之间有显著的正相关性;而硝态氮与土壤含水量之间有显著的负相关性(P<0.01,n=96)。采用地统计学研究典型红壤区土壤养分和水分的空间变异性,可为研究区的精确施肥、精确灌溉以及其它的农田精确管理提供科学依据。     

石羊河尾闾(青土湖)水面形成后土壤养分的空间特征

通过测定青土湖不同土层、不同水面距离的土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、速效氮、速效磷和电解质,对比不同土层和水面距离的土壤养分差异,分析其空间变异性以及相关关系。结果表明：１）青土湖的土壤各养分含量均较低,水面形成的干扰改变了原状土壤的理化性质,水面的形成对土壤养分垂直分布的影响范围在0~40cm。;2）0-60cm土层深度的有机质、全氮、速效氮、全磷、全钾和土壤溶液电导率分别在距水面100-150m和300 m处达到最大值,在距水面200 m处为最小,呈波浪式变化,这种波浪式变化与其原湖泊沉积和区域气候环境相符合。;32）土壤养分含量存在显著空间变异性,各养分指标含量随土层深度变化规律明显,不同水面距离0～40cm土层土壤有机质、全氮等含量均比40~80cm高,土壤各养分含量除了土壤全钾含量在0~80cm、土壤全磷在60~80cm为弱变异外,其他均属于中等变异。;43）在0~40cm土层深度,有机质与全氮、全钾,速效氮、电导率呈正相关;电导率和速效磷、全磷呈正相关。青土湖的土壤各养分含量均较低,水面形成的干扰改变了原土壤的理化性质,水面的形成对土壤养分垂直分布的影响范围在0~40cm。     

Influence of Zeolite Application on Nitrogen Efficiency and Loss in Canola Production under Sandy Soils Conditions

A field experiment was carried out in a semi-arid region of Iran during the 2006–2007 growing season to investigate canola seed yield as affected by nitrogen (N) and natural zeolite (Z) rates. This experiment studied N efficiency and N leaching loss in a sandy soil. Experimental treatments consisted of a factorial combination of three N levels (90, 180, and 270 kg N ha^?1) and four zeolite rates (0, 3, 6, and 9 t zeolite ha^?1). The result showed that the greatest seed yield (2452.3 kg ha^?1) was obtained from the N₂₇₀Z₉ treatment whereas the control treatment (N₀Z₀) produced the lowest seed yield (1038.3 kg ha^?1). Moreover, use of 270 kg N ha^?1 without zeolite (N₂₇₀Z₀) led to the greatest amount of N leaching loss (144.23 kg ha^?1). Zeolite application clearly reduced N leaching loss in all N rates. This justified low N-use efficiency in high N applications. More N uptake and more canola seed yield is attributed to zeolite application.     

Application of Organic Wastes to Primary Saline-alkali Soil in Northeast China: Effects on Soil Available Nutrients and Salt Ions

ABSTRACT

Soil available nutrients and soil salt ions are considered to play a significant role in soil fertility. A two-year field experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different agricultural organic wastes on soil available nutrients and soil ions in a primary saline soil, located in the west of Jilin Province, China. The treatments were granular corn straw (GS), coarse corn straw (CS), sheep manure (SM), fodder grass (FG), and control (CK). The results showed that agricultural organic wastes effectively decreased soil pH by 1.28%-3.83%. The application of agricultural organic wastes also improved soil available nutrients, of which the available nitrogen (AN) increased by 23.64%-32.54%, the available phosphorus (AP) increased by 16% ?19.93%, and the available potassium (AK) increased by 2.78% – 8.42%. In contrast, the content of soil salt ions decreased significantly with the exception of potassium ions. Linear dependence suggests that, with the decrease of soil pH, the soil available nutrient content was higher. From the correlation analysis, the relationship between other salt ions and soil available nutrients showed an extremely significant negative correlation with the exception of potassium (K+). The redundancy analysis (RDA) showed that calcium (Ca²⁺) and potassium (K⁺) are the main factor affecting soil available nutrient content in 2a (about 12 months after organic wastes were applied) and 3a (about 24 months after organic wastes were applied), respectively. In conclusion, treatment GS is recommended for improving soil available nutrients and decreasing the pH and content of soil salt ions in primary saline-alkali soils.     

Estimation of Optimum Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates in Winter Wheat in Humid Mediterranean Conditions,II: Economically Optimal Dose of Nitrogen

Cereal grain and nitrogen (N) fertilizer prices have varied greatly in recent years. The aim of this study was to determine the optimum dose of N fertilizer needed to maximize revenues of soft red winter wheat in Alava (northern Spain). Economically optimum rates of N application (N_yield) ranged from 142 to 174 kg N ha^?1 depending on the price of both N fertilizer and wheat. Growers received an extra income of 0.006 [euro] kg^?1 if the grain protein content was greater than 12.5%, with the minimum required N dose to obtain this value (N_prot) being 176 kg ha^?1. The extra amount of N fertilizer required over N_yield to reach N_prot ranged from 2 to 34 kg N ha^?1, and the extra benefits associated varied from 24 to 36 [euro] ha^?1.