Use of Organic Materials as Growing Media for Honeydew Melon Seedlings in Organic Agriculture

An experiment was conducted to determine the possibility of using organic materials for the honeydew melon seedling production. Honeydew melon was grown in nine media with different rates of spent mushroom substrate (SMS), vermicompost (VC), cattle manure compost (CaMC), and coconut fiber (CF). Element sulfur was also added to mixtures at a rate of 1.0 g kg^?1 substrate. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results determined that all media had desirable physical properties. At the same rates of SMS and VC, CF supported better growth of seedling than CaMC. Seedlings treated with CF had higher morphological growth parameters. It is suggested that CF should be used as an additive for media of SMS and VC. The study clearly indicated that the growing medium with 50% SMS, 30% VC, and 20% CF gave the best condition for honeydew melon seedlings.     

减施化肥配施有机肥对荔枝生长、产量品质及肥料利用率的影响

针对我国荔枝园化肥施用量过高而存在的土壤质量下降、酸碱失衡和产量下降等问题，综合考虑荔枝施肥养分投入与带走量，研究减施化肥配施有机肥对荔枝生长、产量品质及肥料利用率的影响，旨在为荔枝提质增效提供施肥指导。以妃子笑荔枝为研究对象，设置单施化肥（CF）、减施化肥30%分别配施普通商品有机肥5kg/株（OF5）和10kg/株（OF10）、减施化肥30%配施生物有机肥5 kg/株（BIO5）和10kg/株（BIO10）5个处理，比较不同施肥处理对荔枝生长、养分供应、产量品质、肥料利用率及经济效益的影响。结果表明：（1）化肥减施30%的情况下，配施有机肥未明显减缓荔枝梢期生长。与CF相比，OF5显著促进新梢生长，BIO5显著提高梢期叶片叶绿素含量（SPAD值）；有机肥处理的百叶重及梢粗较化肥处理显著降低。（2）总体来看，在梢期与果实成熟期，各处理间叶片养分含量无显著差异，在二蓬梢期及末次梢期，OF10与BIO5叶片氮含量显著高于CF处理；各处理叶片氮含量均处于适宜范围，各养分含量与变化趋势均符合荔枝生长规律。（3）与CF相比，BIO5、OF10、BIO10处理均显著提高荔枝单株产量，其增幅分别为44.77%、35.81%、18.23%；有机肥处理均有提高荔枝单果重、纵径与横径的趋势；有机肥处理下荔枝果实内在品质高于CF处理，可溶性固形物含量平均增加1.76%-3.22%，可溶性糖含量平均增加11.96%-21.84%，可滴定酸含量平均降低15.38%-35.35%；产量品质综合评价BIO5>BIO10>CF>OF10>OF5。（4）各有机肥处理氮素偏生产力均显著高于化肥处理，BIO5与OF10氮、磷、钾肥偏生产力与农学利用率均显著高于其它处理。OF10、BIO5、BIO10均能显著提高荔枝收益。综合考虑荔枝生长、果实产量及品质、肥料利用效率以及经济效益，该园区在减少30%化肥养分投入下株施5kg生物有机肥处理表现最佳，其次是株施10kg普通商品有机肥。     

尿素配施木霉菌剂提高甜瓜产量、品质及土壤微生物功能多样性

【目的】明确尿素配施木霉菌剂对甜瓜产量、品质及土壤微生物功能多样性的影响,为生产中甜瓜的减肥增效提供理论依据。【方法】试验于2017年3月至7月在沈阳农业大学园艺科研基地的日光温室内进行,栽培土壤组成为土∶草炭∶牛粪 = 4∶2∶1,供试材料为薄皮甜瓜(Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino)‘玉美人’。通过测土配方施肥测算,供氮水平100%为尿素(普通尿素,N≥46.4%) 25.9 g/株。以此为基础,设9个氮肥处理:50%普通尿素(T1)、50%控释尿素(T2)、50%普通尿素 + 木霉菌剂(T3)、50%控释尿素 + 木霉菌剂(T4)、30%控释尿素 + 20%普通尿素 + 木霉菌剂(T5)、100%普通尿素(T6)、100%控释尿素(T7)、150%普通尿素(T8),以不施氮肥为对照(CK)。测定了不同处理对薄皮甜瓜果实产量、品质及土壤微生物功能多样性的影响。【结果】与100%施氮处理(T6、T7)相比,减量施氮50%在一定程度上提高了成熟甜瓜果实的品质,其中50%控释尿素配施木霉菌剂(T4)处理不仅降低了甜瓜果实的硝酸盐含量,提高了果实的可溶性糖、Vc含量及香气物质含量,单株产量也有所增加。此外,随着施氮量的增加,氮肥表观利用率和农学利用率均明显降低,其中T1～T4处理与100%和150%施氮处理(T6～T8)间的差异均达显著水平,且T3、T4处理的氮肥利用率均较高。在土壤微生物多样性方面,与施用普通尿素相比,控释尿素处理(T2、T4、T5、T7)的AWCD值均高于其他处理,其中以T4处理的AWCD值最高。【结论】在供试栽培土壤条件下,减少氮肥施用量50%,无论是否采用控释尿素或配施木霉菌剂,都有助于促进甜瓜植株的生长,提高成熟甜瓜果实品质,增加甜瓜的单株产量,但只有配施木霉菌剂后,其产量、品质与施氮100%处理的差异达到了显著水平。微生物多样性只在施用了理论施氮量的150%后显著下降。因此,在有机质丰富的土壤上栽培甜瓜,建议采用施氮量减少50%、配施木霉菌剂的高产优质可持续的施肥技术。     

Yellow melon yield in response to mineral or organic fertilization

Although current recommendations in Brazil suggest the application of mineral and organic fertilizers, there is little information regarding the interaction between them in melon plants. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of mineral and organic fertilization in the plant development, nutritional status, and fruit yield of yellow melon. The following fertilizations were evaluated: mineral fertilization; bovine manure; bovine manure associated with mineral fertilization; poultry litter; and poultry litter associated with mineral fertilization. Bovine manure and poultry litter were applied at rates equivalent to 15 m³ ha^?1 and 5 m³ ha^?1, respectively. Phosphorus and potassium were applied based on the results of the soil analysis and nitrogen based on the expected yield of 20 to 30 t ha^?1 of fruits. Phosphate and organic fertilizers were applied at the time of preparation of the beds, while nitrogen and potassium were supplied daily through irrigation water. Goldex F1 melon hybrid seedlings were used in the experiment. Plants were collected to evaluate the dry matter production at beginning of flowering, beginning of fruiting, fruit growth, and fruit harvest. Leaves were collected at flowering stage to evaluate the nutritional status of plants. Harvest was made when the fruits reached the intense yellow coloration. Organic fertilizers alone and combined to mineral fertilizer did not affect the dry matter yield of leaves, stems, fruits and shoot, the concentrations of macro and micronutrients in melon leaves, the nitrogen accumulation in the plant, and the yield of the yellow melon. The application of bovine manure associated to mineral fertilization showed the lowest values of nitrogen recovery applied. Bovine manure application resulted in increase of nitrogen organic forms in soil.     

适宜有机肥氮替代化肥氮比例提高甜瓜养分吸收、产量和品质

  【目的】  新疆有丰富的有机肥养分资源,我们研究了不同有机肥替代化肥比例对甜瓜氮磷钾养分吸收、积累及产量和品质的影响。  【方法】  2016和2017年连续进行了两年田间试验,供试甜瓜品种为‘黄皮9818’。试验设置不施氮肥(CK)、单施化肥(CF),和以100%、75%、50%、25%羊粪有机肥氮替代化肥氮素6个处理,对照除不施氮肥外,磷钾肥同其他处理,其他处理的氮磷钾养分投入量相同。在甜瓜主要生育期,取样分析了氮磷钾积累量,成熟期测定了甜瓜产量和可溶性固形物含量。  【结果】  与单施化肥相比,施用100%有机肥氮降低了甜瓜各生育期的氮磷钾积累量;施用75%有机肥氮降低了果实膨大期前的氮磷钾阶段积累量,但总积累量没有明显降低;施用25%和50%有机肥氮,除伸蔓期外,氮磷钾阶段积累量没有显著降低,总积累量甚至明显高于单施化肥处理。从阶段氮磷钾吸收量占全生育期的比例看,施25%～50%有机肥氮增加了伸蔓期—花果期磷钾积累量的占比和果实膨大期—成熟期氮素吸收量的占比,比单施化肥处理更能满合甜瓜对氮磷钾养分吸积累的需求。施25%～50%有机肥氮处理甜瓜产量和可溶性糖含量与单施化肥处理相比没有显著差异,而施用75%～100%有机肥氮与单施化肥处理相比显著降低了甜瓜产量。  【结论】  在新疆甜瓜生产中,有机肥氮超过总氮量的75%不能满足甜瓜对氮磷钾养分的吸收和积累需求,会不同程度地降低甜瓜产量和品质。施用25%～50%的有机肥氮(羊粪)替代化肥氮,其对养分的供应与甜瓜氮磷钾养分的吸收积累规律吻合,既可保证甜瓜营养生长期对磷钾的需要,又可促进果实膨大期后对氮素的吸收积累,进而提高甜瓜产量和品质。     

微生物菌肥菌剂对番茄生长发育和产量品质的影响

为了探究微生物菌肥和微生物菌剂对番茄生长发育和产量品质的影响,以"桃星"番茄为试验对象,设置普通商品有机肥+灭菌后的微生物菌剂(CK)、普通商品有机肥+微生物菌剂(T1)、微生物菌肥+灭菌后的微生物菌剂(T2)、微生物菌肥+微生物菌剂(T3)4个处理.在膨果初期测定番茄植株株高、茎粗和叶片SPAD值,膨果期计算番茄每层...     

Interactive Influences of Salinity Stress and Leaf Thinning on the Growth,Yield, Water use Efficiency,and Fruit Quality of Cherry Tomatoes

This research has experimentally investigated the interactive influences of salinity stress and leaf thinning on the growth, yield, water use efficiency, and fruit quality of cherry tomatoes cultivated under soilless conditions. The experiment was conducted in a plastic house (width of 5 m and length of 11 m) located in Gifu University. The seedlings were transplanted in a randomized complete block design with six plants per treatment, and a total of 36 plants in 18 pots (two plants per pot). The experiment received salinity treatment (no-salinity and salinity with electrical conductivity (EC) of 0.8 dS m^?1 and 3.0 dS m^?1, respectively) and leaf thinning treatment (no leaf thinning, basal leaf thinning and intersegment leaf thinning except the closest two). The experimental results showed that salinity stress negatively affected the growth, yield, marketable yield and water use efficiency of cherry tomatoes, but positively affected the fruit quality. Basal leaf removal significantly decreased the biomass, chlorophyll, and yield but significantly improved the fruit quality; that basal leaf removal coupled with salinity stress showed no influence on plant growth, but reduced the yield and greatly improved the fruit quality. Besides, tender leaves around truss removal significantly decreased the biomass, chlorophyll, yield, and water consumption, but improved the fruit quality; that tender leaves around truss removal coupled with salinity stress greatly decreased the biomass, chlorophyll, yield, and water consumption, but significantly improved the fruit quality.     

Antioxidant, sugar, mineral, and phytonutrient concentrations across edible fruit tissues of orange-fleshed honeydew melon (Cucumis melo L.)

Orange-fleshed, non-netted honeydew ( Cucumis melo L.) is a relatively new melon in the marketplace and has shown a lot of potential as an alternative to netted muskmelons (cantaloupes), which are often prone to surface contamination by enteric bacteria. Orange-fleshed honeydew is a cross between orange-fleshed cantaloupe and non-netted, green-fleshed honeydew. This glasshouse study investigated the nutritional profile (phytonutrient and sugar contents) in different tissues of mature orange-fleshed honeydew melon fruit. The equatorial mesocarp of ripe fruit was segmented into hypodermal (subpeel), outer, middle, and inner (near the seed cavity) tissues and then assayed for total sugars, mineral nutrients, phytonutrients, total proteins, and enzymatic antioxidant activities. The concentrations of soluble solids, sucrose, total sugars, beta-carotene, and 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid increased in an inward direction from the subpeel mesocarp tissues toward the seed cavity. The activities of ascorbate peroxidase, catalase, and superoxide dismutase also increased in an inward direction. The concentrations of calcium, iron, magnesium, manganese, and sodium all decreased in the inward direction. When expressed on a dry weight basis, the concentrations of ascorbic acid, boron, copper, fructose, glucose, phosphorus, potassium, and zinc were higher in the subpeel region compared to the inner mesocarp tissues, but the reverse was true when data were expressed on a fresh weight basis. These data reveal that there is considerable variation in sugars, minerals, and phytonutrients across the mesocarp regions and that expressing the data on a fresh or dry weight basis can alter interpretations of the nutritional significance and health benefits of fruit. The data also confirm that orange-fleshed honeydew melon can be a rich source of many human health-related nutrients.     

室内恒温条件下稻田土壤中菌渣的分解过程及CO2释放特征

菌渣是栽培食用菌后的下脚料,可作为有机肥再利用。本文通过实验室条件下培养不同比例的菌渣和稻田土壤混合物[不施用菌渣(TS),土壤与菌渣质量比为10∶1(SM1)、5∶1(SM2)和2∶1(SM3),全部菌渣(TM)],研究不同处理有机碳和全氮的变化,探讨菌渣在稻田土壤中的分解过程,并分析CO_2释放特征,为菌渣合理利用提供参考。结果表明,在相同培养时间,添加不同比例菌渣处理有机碳和氮含量均比TS处理高,其中TM处理的有机碳和全氮分别比TS处理提高了10.7倍和11.0倍。有机碳、氮含量的提高量主要依赖于菌渣的添加量。总体来说,各处理随培养时间的延长,由于碳氮的分解,有机碳、氮均有下降趋势;在35 d后TM处理有机碳氮下降较快。添加菌渣越多,有机碳残留率也越大。在培养63 d后,菌渣有机碳(YC)和氮(YN)的分解残留率与菌渣添加量(X)的关系式分别为:YC=71.26X-0.607 5,r2=1.000 0**和YN=74.039X-0.413 3,r2=0.999 9**。各处理土壤CO_2释放速率均表现出先增后降然后趋于稳定趋势。菌渣用量越高,CO_2释放速率越高,各处理在不同培养时间CO_2释放速率均表现为TMSM3SM2SM1TS。在第7 d时各处理CO_2释放速率最高,在第14 d时渐渐处于平稳下降状态,培养35 d后,各处理土壤有机碳矿化强度很小,大部分有机碳被固定在土壤中,其中TM处理有机碳矿化强度最小。总之,还田菌渣越多,土壤中被固定的碳越多。     

Interactions of Salinity Stress and Flower Thinning on Tomato Growth,Yield, and Water Use Efficiency

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of salinity stress and flower number on growth, yield, water use efficiency (WUE), and fruit quality of cherry tomatoes cultivated under soilless conditions. The experiment was conducted in a plastic house (5-m wide × 11-m long) located in Gifu University. The seedlings were transplanted in a randomized complete block design with six plants per treatment (NT1 and ST1 were with four plants), giving a total of 44 plants in 22 pots (two plants per pot). Two different salinity levels [no-salinity and salinity with electrical conductivity: 0.8 and 3.0 dS m^?1, respectively] and four flower number treatments (8, 13, 18, and free per truss) were investigated in the experiment. The results showed that salinity stress negatively affected tomato growth, yield, and marketable yield, but improved tomato fruit quality. The number of flowers had no effect on tomato growth variables and WUE, but the yield significantly increased with increasing flower number. However, the fruit quality was decreased with increased flower number. A reasonable control for fruit load can increase marketable yield in commercial cultivation. Under salinity stress conditions, properly increasing the number of flowers can avoid yield reduction.     

基于气象条件的巴彦淖尔市河套蜜瓜的品质区划

河套蜜瓜属农业部确定的优质产品,近年来被盲目扩种,既扰乱了市场又影响了该品牌的声誉。为确定该品牌的适宜种植范围,利用磴口河套蜜瓜含糖率资料与相应年代气象资料进行相关分析,筛选出影响含糖率的农业气象指标,采用逐步回归方法建立含糖率综合评估模式,利用细网格推算模型,在CtityStar4.0平台上进行了河套蜜瓜品质的区划,为当地蜜瓜发展提供参考。     

Carotene and novel apocarotenoid concentrations in orange-fleshed Cucumis melo melons: determinations of β-carotene bioaccessibility and bioavailability

Muskmelons, both cantaloupe (Cucumis melo Reticulatus Group) and orange-fleshed honeydew (C. melo Inodorus Group), a cross between orange-fleshed cantaloupe and green-fleshed honeydew, are excellent sources of β-carotene. Although β-carotene from melon is an important dietary antioxidant and precursor of vitamin A, its bioaccessibility/bioavailability is unknown. We compared β-carotene concentrations from previously frozen orange-fleshed honeydew and cantaloupe melons grown under the same glasshouse conditions, and from freshly harvested field-grown, orange-fleshed honeydew melon to determine β-carotene bioaccessibility/bioavailability, concentrations of novel β-apocarotenals, and chromoplast structure of orange-fleshed honeydew melon. β-Carotene and β-apocarotenal concentrations were determined by HPLC and/or HPLC-MS, β-carotene bioaccessibility/bioavailability was determined by in vitro digestion and Caco-2 cell uptake, and chromoplast structure was determined by electron microscopy. The average β-carotene concentrations (μg/g dry weight) for the orange-fleshed honeydew and cantaloupe were 242.8 and 176.3 respectively. The average dry weights per gram of wet weight of orange-fleshed honeydew and cantaloupe were 0.094 g and 0.071 g, respectively. The bioaccessibility of field-grown orange-fleshed honeydew melons was determined to be 3.2 ± 0.3%, bioavailability in Caco-2 cells was about 11%, and chromoplast structure from orange-fleshed honeydew melons was globular (as opposed to crystalline) in nature. We detected β-apo-8'-, β-apo-10', β-apo-12'-, and β-apo-14'-carotenals and β-apo-13-carotenone in orange-fleshed melons (at a level of 1-2% of total β-carotene). Orange-fleshed honeydew melon fruit had higher amounts of β-carotene than cantaloupe. The bioaccessibility/bioavailability of β-carotene from orange-fleshed melons was comparable to that from carrot (Daucus carota).     

不同氮处理对温室膜下滴灌甜瓜产量和品质的影响

【目的】针对我国设施农业肥料利用效率偏低的现状,采用滴灌施肥技术,以甜瓜为试验材料,研究不同施氮量和施氮频率对甜瓜氮磷钾吸收量、产量和品质的影响,在保证甜瓜产量的前提条件下,减少化肥的施用量,达到提高肥料利用效率的目的。【方法】以甜瓜品种‘一品天下208’为试材,在温室内进行了覆膜滴灌种植试验。根据温室内收集的气象资料,应用Penman-Monteith修正公式确定灌水量,采用1.0ETc进行灌水。试验设置3个氮肥水平,85 (N₁)、125 (N₂)、160 kg/hm2 (N₃);3个施氮频率,5 d (F₅)、10 d (F₁₀)、15 d (F₁₅),共9个处理,完全随机区组设计。膨大期测定甜瓜叶片净光合速率,成熟期测定干物质累积量、氮磷钾吸收量、产量及品质。【结果】在同一施氮水平下,甜瓜净光合速率随施氮频率的增加而增大,高频次施氮处理 (F₅) 的净光合速率均大于中频次施氮处理 (F₁₀) 和低频次施氮处理 (F₁₅),平均增加了17.4%和56.1%。在同一施氮频率下,高氮处理 (N₃) 的叶片净光合速率均高于低氮处理 (N₁) 和中氮处理 (N₂),平均增加了22.6%和9.8%。在低氮 (N₁) 和中氮 (N₂) 条件下,提高施氮频率能够促进甜瓜干物质累积及氮磷钾吸收量,而在高氮 (N₃) 条件下,F₅和F₁₀处理下的甜瓜产量差异不显著 (P < 0.05)。在相同施氮频率条件下,高氮处理 (N₃) 的产量为25.30 t/hm2,均高于低氮处理 (N₁) 和中氮处理 (N₂),平均增加了7.2%和0.4%,但是高氮 (N₃) 处理与中氮 (N₂) 处理间差异不显著 (P > 0.05)。在同一施氮频率下,中氮处理 (N₂) 的果肉品质最佳,施氮量不足或者过量都不利于甜瓜品质的改善;在同一施氮水平下,中频次施氮处理 (F₁₀) 下的果肉品质均高于高频次施氮处理 (F₅) 和低频次施氮处理 (F₁₅)。【结论】施氮量和施氮频率控制在125 kg/hm2和10天时,甜瓜的品质最佳,产量略低于施氮量160 kg/hm2 和施氮频率5天。但从化肥减量和降低人工成本角度考虑,N₂F₁₀是最佳的处理组合。      

有机无机肥配施和根瘤菌接种对拉巴豆生长、品质及养分吸收的影响

选取优良高产豆科牧草拉巴豆为供试材料,研究了接种根瘤菌和有机无机肥配施对拉巴豆结瘤、 生长、 饲料品质、 养分吸收及土壤酶活性的影响。结果表明,F0.5M0.5（50%有机肥+50%无机肥）和F0.75M0.25（25%有机肥+75%无机肥）处理的拉巴豆生长最好,F（纯施化肥）和F0.25M0.75（75%有机肥+25%无机肥）处理次之,M（纯施有机肥）处理较差,CK（不施肥）最差,F0.5M0.5和F0.75M0.25处理比F分别增产19.46%和16.49%。F和CK结瘤数最少,瘤重也最低,但根瘤数量和重量随有机肥施用的比例增加而提高。在施用有机肥的4个处理中,拉巴豆净光合速率相似,介于14.39~15.32 CO2 mol/(m2s)之间,显著高于F和CK处理。此外,施用有机肥显著改善拉巴豆饲用品质,尤以F0.5M0.5和F0.75M0.25处理最显著,并提高过氧化氢酶、 蔗糖酶、 脲酶活性。相关分析表明,拉巴豆根瘤重与地上部生物量、 氮、 磷、 钾吸收量呈显著正相关,相关系数依次为0.6758、 0.7269、 0.9759、 0.9488（n=36）,说明根瘤形成改善了拉巴豆的氮、 磷、 钾营养,促进了生长,提高了品质。在重庆市的拉巴豆栽培实践中,提倡接种根瘤菌和有机无机肥适量配施很有必要。     

调亏灌溉对温室梨枣树水分利用效率与枣品质的影响

以日光温室生长条件下的6年生矮化密植成龄梨枣树为试材，试验设置试验期间充分供水处理，即对照(T1)，开花—座果期轻度调亏处理(T2)，果实膨大期中度调亏处理(T3)和果实成熟期重度调亏处理(T4)，研究调亏灌溉对梨枣树水分利用效率与枣品质的影响。结果表明：温室内外的参考作物蒸发蒸腾量(ET₀)变化趋势相同，温室内的ET₀值高于外部，二者呈极显著的线性关系，R²值达到0.9501；不同调亏处理均降低了相应调亏时期的土壤水分消耗速率，同时也降低了梨枣树的叶片蒸腾速率和光合速率，开花—座果期和果实成熟期调亏处理提高了叶片水分利用效率，而果实膨大期调亏处理降低了梨枣树的叶片水分利用效率；各调亏处理并未对枣品质的所有指标起到提高和改善作用，成熟期未灌水处理在对平均单果重、枣Vc含量和可溶性蛋白含量产生负面影响很小的情况下，提高了枣的有机酸含量和可溶性固形物含量，总体上改善了枣的品质；综合考虑不同调亏处理对梨枣树各项指标的影响，果实成熟期重度调亏处理在减产不显著条件下，改善了枣的品质，明显提高了水分利用效率，是实施调亏灌溉的最佳阶段。     

有机管理对绿洲灌区土壤肥力和甜瓜生产的影响

在石羊河流域下游露地生产条件下,对比研究了不同年限有机管理甜瓜(Cucumis melon Linn.)田的土壤养分、酶活性、微生物数量及甜瓜果实产量和品质,评价有机管理对绿洲灌区土壤肥力和甜瓜生产的影响。结果发现,有机管理可显著提高土壤有机质、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾含量,实施有机管理1年、2年、3年的甜瓜田土壤有机质含量比传统管理农田分别高36.48%、71.54%、124.21%。3年有机管理田耕层土壤碱解氮含量、速效磷含量、速效钾含量显著高于传统管理农田,分别高49.04 mg.kg 1、65.68 mg.kg 1、214.62 mg.kg 1。有机管理田土壤真菌、细菌、放线菌数量显著高于传统管理农田,土壤脲酶活性和碱性磷酸酶活性也显著提高。有机管理田与传统管理田甜瓜果实产量无显著差异,但实施2年以上有机管理的甜瓜果实折光糖含量显著提高。以上结果表明,有机管理能有效改善土壤理化性质、活化土壤养分、促进微生物活动、提高土壤酶活性和提高作物品质。     

Influence of Foliar and Ground Fertilization on Yield,Fruit Quality,and Soil,Leaf, and Fruit Mineral Nutrients in Apple

ABSTRACT

The effectiveness of nitrogen (N)+ zinc (Zn) soil and foliar fertilizer applications on growth, yield, and quality of apple (Malus domestic Borkh ‘Golden Delicious’) fruit was studied in the Zanjan province, Iran. There were eight treatments 1) control (no fertilizer), 2) soil applied N, 3) soil applied Zn, 4) soil applied N+Zn, 5) foliar applied N, 6) foliar applied Zn, 7) foliar applied N+Zn and 8) combined soil and foliar applied N+Zn. The N source was urea [CO(NH₂)₂, 46% N] applied at 276 N tree^{? 1} yr^?1 and the Zn source was zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄,7H₂0, 23% Zn) applied at 110 g Zn tree^{? 1} yr^{? 1}. The soil treatments of N and Zn, were applied every two weeks during June through August (total of 6 times/year) in a 1 m radius around the tree trunk (drip line of trees). The foliar solutions of N (10 g l^{? 1} urea) and Zn [8 g l^{? 1} zinc sulfate (ZnSO₄)] were sprayed at the rate of 10 L tree^{? 1} every two weeks at the same times as described for soil applications. The highest yield (49 kg tree^{? 1}), and the heaviest fruits (202 g) were obtained in the soil and foliar combination of N+Zn treatment. The lowest yield (35 kg tree^{? 1}), and the smallest fruits (175 g) were recorded in the control. Nitrogen, and to a lesser extent Zn, foliar application resulted in decreasing fruit quality (caused russeting, and lower soluble solid), but increasing N leaf and fruit concentrations (2.4% DW and 563 mg kg^{? 1}, respectively). There were significant differences among yield and leaf mineral nutrient concentration in different treatments. But there was no significant difference between fruit mineral nutrient concentration (except N). Ratio of N/calcium (Ca), potassium (K)/Ca, and [magnesium (Mg)+K]/Ca in fruits were found suitable for fruit quality prediction. Combining the zinc sulfate with urea in the foliar applications increased the concentration of Zn from 0.7 to 1.5 mg per kg of apple tissue. Leaf N concentration varied during growth season. Foliar applied nutrient can be more efficient than soil applied, but a combination of soil and foliar applications is recommended for apple tree nutrient management.     

有机肥浸提液灌溉频次和灌水量对甜瓜果实芳香物质及纤维素含量的影响

  【目的】  有机肥浸提液可随水灌溉,研究灌溉频次和灌水量对甜瓜果实品质的影响,为有机甜瓜优质高产提供技术支撑。  【方法】  甜瓜小区试验采用随水滴灌施肥方法。所用有机肥浸提液是由腐熟干猪粪、牛粪、羊粪分别与水按1∶10质量比混合浸提72 h过滤后得到,再将3种滤液以4∶1∶1体积比混合,稀释4.3倍用于甜瓜施肥。试验设3个有机肥浸提液灌溉频次:施用8次,每次每株750 mL (F₁);施用12次,每次每株500 mL (F₂);施用16次,每次每株375 mL (F₃)。单株灌水量设两个水平:W₁为果实膨大前按日蒸腾蒸发量的120%灌溉,之后按其140%灌溉,W₂两个时期灌水量分别为日蒸腾蒸发量的140%和160%。果实成熟后用SPME-GC-MS技术测定甜瓜果实挥发性物质成分和相对含量及纤维素含量。  【结果】  甜瓜果实中共检测出71种挥发性成分,其总含量各处理从高到低顺序为F₂W₂ > F₁W₁ > F₃W₁ > F₁W₂ > F₃W₂ > F₂W₁。6个处理中,共有挥发性物质为21种,其含量从高到低顺序与挥发性物质总含量排序一致。在W₁下,果实特征香气物质含量以F₁最高;而在W₂下,其含量随着有机肥浸提液灌溉频次的增加先升高后降低,与前者变化趋势正好相反。相同有机肥浸提液灌溉频次条件下,变化规律不明显。其中,F₂W₂处理特征香气物质含量最高,明显高于其他处理,说明在本试验条件下,中等有机肥浸提液灌溉频次及高灌水量有利于甜瓜果实特征香气物质的形成。而不同处理对果实纤维素含量的影响与前两者不同,在低灌水量条件下,随着有机肥浸提液灌溉频次的增加,果实纤维素含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势;在高灌水量条件下,果实纤维素含量呈现升高的趋势。而随着灌水量的增加,果实纤维素含量明显下降。其中,F₂W₁处理的甜瓜果实纤维素含量最高,为1.3 mg/g,显著高于其他处理,高出8.3%～227.5%。对不同处理甜瓜果实芳香物质及纤维素含量进行隶属函数值法评价,综合排名顺序为F₂W₂ > F₁W₁ > F₃W₁ > F₃W₂ > F₂W₁ > F₁W₂。并且F₂W₂处理的甜瓜产量最高,达到1.8 kg/m2。  【结论】  不同有机肥浸提液灌溉频次及灌水量处理对甜瓜果实各类挥发性物质及含量的影响与对果实特征香气成分及含量的影响规律一致。在本试验条件下,F₂W₂处理可以同时兼顾甜瓜果实芳香物质含量、纤维素含量及产量,为较优处理组合。     

覆膜滴灌对日光温室甜瓜土壤环境及产量的影响

为探明不同覆膜滴灌条件下,大棚甜瓜土壤水、热等环境因素变化对脲酶及甜瓜产量的影响,该文采用正交试验设计,研究了日光温室内不同覆膜方式(全覆膜、半覆膜、无膜)、灌水下限(田间持水量的60%、70%、80%)、滴灌毛管密度(1管1行、3管4行、1管2行)以及3种因素的交互作用下的土壤水、热、p H值等的变化,以及对甜瓜土壤脲酶活性及甜瓜产量的影响。结果发现,半膜覆盖、80%田间持水量的灌水下限、1管2行滴灌毛管密度等的甜瓜根区土壤水分分布均匀、土壤温度较高、p H值较低,可显著提高土壤脲酶活性;60%田间持水量下限处理脲酶活性在果实膨大期和成熟期高,70%田间持水量下限处理在苗期高,80%田间持水量下限处理在各个生育阶段都最高;半膜覆盖、1管2行和80%田间持水量下限组合和半膜覆盖、3管4行和70%田间持水量下限组合的甜瓜产量分别为34.46、31.27 t/hm2,显著高于全膜覆盖、1管1行和80%田间持水量下限组合的28.02 t/hm2;半膜覆盖、1管2行和80%田间持水量下限组合甜瓜的可溶性糖和可溶性固形物含量高,有机酸含量低。在陕西关中地区的日光温室栽培甜瓜,建议采取半膜覆盖,1管2行的滴灌管密度,灌水量下限分别为苗期70%、开花坐果期80%、果实膨大期80%和成熟期60%田间持水量。     

不同微生物菌剂对旱砂田西瓜生长和微生物区系的影响

为解决连作旱砂田西瓜植株生长性能、产量品质、根际微生物数量下降的问题,以陇科12号为指示品种,设置常规施肥、常规施肥+西瓜专用菌剂、常规施肥+激活土壤专用菌剂、常规施肥+胶质芽孢杆菌、常规施肥+枯草芽孢杆菌、常规施肥+地衣芽孢杆菌、常规施肥+金宝贝微生物菌剂共7个处理,研究了不同微生物菌剂对旱砂田西瓜出苗与成活率、干物质积累、产量品质和根际微生物区系的影响。结果表明,与对照常规施肥相比,尽管施用微生物菌剂对西瓜果实的含糖量无显著影响,但除常规施肥+激活土壤专用菌剂外,其他微生物菌剂的施用均可以提高西瓜成活率和产量,促进干物质积累,增加西瓜根区微生物数量。其中以常规施肥+地衣芽孢杆菌处理的西瓜出苗率、成活率和产量最高,与对照常规施肥比较,出苗率显著提高7百分点;成活率显著提高了14%;产量显著提高了35.98%。团棵期和开花坐果期的干物质积累量也较对照分别显著增加了28.30%和24.01%,干物质转运量和转运率分别显著增加了3.98倍和3.01倍,根区细菌、真菌和放线菌数量分别显著增加61.07%、84.84%、85.31%。因此,生产上可以常规施肥+地衣芽孢杆菌作为最佳施肥方案,有助于改善旱砂田西瓜根际微生物环境,提高作物产量。