Changes in the Chemical and Mineralogical Properties of Mt. Talang Volcanic Ash in West Sumatra during the Initial Weathering Phase

Eruptions from Talang volcano on 12 April 2005 distributed volcanic ash over portions of the Solok District of West Sumatra, Indonesia. Unleached and leached pristine volcanic ash were collected immediately after the eruption, and the third sample was collected after 2 years. The mineralogy and chemical properties of pristine volcanic ash and volcanic ash deposits that were weathered for 2 years from the 2005 eruption of Mt. Talang, Sumatra, were studied to characterize the volcanic ash, identify the primary minerals present, and determine its chemical properties. Results showed that the volcanic ash contained 30% noncrystalline minerals (or volcanic glass); the remaining ash is composed of crystalline minerals such as labradorite, hypersthene, augite, hornblende, olivine, opaque ferromagnetic minerals, and rock fragments. Notable differences in pH values were observed as the pH tended to become more acidic from the unleached, leached, and weathered volcanic ash, but the ash did not give much response to the sodium fluoride (NaF) test. Total sulfur gradually decreased from 3.28% in unleached ash to 1.93% after 2 years. Available phosphorus (P) in the unleached volcanic ash was 68 mg kg^?1, and this value was decreased by 15 % after 2 years of being exposed to the atmosphere, while phosphate retention ranged between 52.8% and 66.8%. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) was low with the value of 10 cmol_c kg^?1 although base saturation was high, exceeding 75%. The low acid oxalate–extractable silicon (Si), aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe) values of 0.07%, 0.25% and 1.17%, respectively, show the scarcity of secondary amorphous compounds in the ash. Total elemental analysis indicated that no differences were found in total silica oxide (SiO₂) content of all samples, with a value about 56%, and this volcanic ash can be classified as basaltic andesite. We observed that removal of chemical elements by leaching was large for calcium oxide (CaO), magnesium oxide (MgO), and sodium oxide (Na₂O) as the values decreased in time. Solid-state ²⁹Si and ²⁷Al magic angle spinning (MAS) nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) studies indicated that Al occurred in both tetrahedral and octahedral forms. Silicon was not present in the tetrahedral layer. An intense peak at ?92 ppm was indicative of the presence of aluminosilicates.     

中国滨海湿地碳储量估算

滨海湿地生态系统碳汇功能强大,探究其固碳能力对于降低温室气体浓度,缓解全球气候变暖具有重要意义。基于谷歌地球引擎（Google Earth Engine, GEE）提供的1987—2020年Landsat遥感数据及已发表的滨海湿地碳密度数据,使用遥感定量反演与生命地带法相结合的方法,研究中国滨海湿地30多年来碳储量时空变化,结果表明：（1）盐沼湿地主要分布于沿海北部区域,光滩主要分布于沿海东部区域,红树林湿地主要分布于沿海南部区域;（2）中国南部滨海湿地碳密度明显高于北部和东部滨海湿地;（3）中国滨海湿地总碳储量整体呈降低趋势,沿海北部区域与东部区域总碳储量大于南部区域。气候、植被与土地利用变化共同影响了滨海湿地碳储量的时空动态,以围填海为主的人类活动是影响滨海湿地碳储量变化的主要因素。研究结果可为有效评估滨海湿地的碳汇能力,制定减排增汇措施,应对气候变化提供理论依据,也可为我国滨海湿地生态系统管理和退化湿地生态恢复提供决策支持。     

黑龙江省大庆地区植被和土壤碳氮储量的最新估算

利用1978年MSS多光谱数据、2008年中国资源卫星数据和野外实验数据,对黑龙江省土壤退化典型地区大庆地区的植被和土壤碳氮储量进行了估算。结果表明:大庆地区的植被平均碳密度1978年为0.58 kgm-2,2008年为0.67 kgm-2;土壤平均碳氮密度分别为(8.18±1.65)kgm-3和(0.37±0.11)kgm-3,土地覆被平均土壤碳氮密度分别为(7.53±2.16)kgm-3和(0.33±0.16)kgm-3。1978和2008年植被碳储量分别为9.38×106 t和1.04×107 t,30年期间植被碳储量增加了1.02×106 t;全区土壤总碳量为(1.65±0.33)×108 t,总氮量为(7.55±2.15)×106 t;全区土地覆被土壤总碳量为(1.52±0.44)×108 t,总氮量为(6.74±3.32)×106t。大庆地区的植被和土壤平均碳密度都低于中国的平均水平,应加强土地保护,防止土壤的进一步退化。     

Phosphorus and Carbon Fraction Concentrations in a Cambisol Soil as Affected by Tillage

Abstract: Changes of soil phosphorus parameters (SPP) and soil organic matter (SOM) fractions were investigated in a Cambisol of medium‐heavy texture. Soil sequential samples were taken from a minimum (MT) and conventional (CT) tillage field in Sitzenhof (Germany). For the CT soil, concentrations of available forms phosphorus (P) were stable to ～0.3‐m depth, below which they rapidly decreased to relatively low values. In contrast, the decrease in the MT soil profile was gradual from the surface layer; available forms of P concentrations were higher and sorption index values were lower than in the CT soil in corresponding depths. Concentrations of SOM fractions were higher in the MT than CT treatment soil along the whole soil profile, especially below the 0.3‐m depth. The correlations between SPP and SOM fraction concentrations were closer in the MT than in the CT, particularly below 0.3‐m depths.     

不同生物炭对湿地松各组分生物量和碳储量的影响

通过将不同生物质原料(木屑和鸡粪)放置在低温(400°C)无氧条件下进行裂解,形成不同生物炭,研究了不同生物炭对湿地松不同组分(树叶、树皮、树枝和树干)生物量、碳密度、碳储量以及碳素年净固定量的影响。试验结果表明:以木屑和鸡粪为原料制备而成的两种生物炭p H和养分含量等性质差异显著;生物质裂解后,木屑p H由8.25降到木屑炭的7.46,而鸡粪炭p H为10.48,高于鸡粪的9.35;同时,C、N、P和K元素在两种生物炭中均出现富集,鸡粪生物炭N、P和K含量显著高于木屑生物炭,但两种生物炭速效P和速效K占总P、总K的比例与原料相比均出现显著降低。经过一年试验,鸡粪生物炭还田处理显著提高湿地松各个组分生物量,其中湿地松地上部分生物量增量是对照的4.92倍,而木屑炭处理对湿地松各个组分生物量影响不显著;木屑炭和鸡粪炭处理改变湿地松生物量增量在树叶和树皮中的分配比例,但对湿地松各个组分的碳密度影响不显著;鸡粪炭处理能显著提高湿地松各个组分碳素年净固定量,该处理湿地松地上部分碳素年净固定量(99.64 g/棵)分别是木屑炭处理(19.85 g/棵)和对照处理(25.77 g/棵)的5.02倍和3.87倍。由此可见,鸡粪炭可以作为提高林木土壤肥力的改良剂。     

我国南方毛竹林生态系统碳储量的估算

竹林在我国南方分布广、生长快、再生能力强,具有很高的固碳潜力。但是对于区域尺度竹林生态系统碳储量的估算方面仍然存在精度差、缺乏机理模型的不足。本研究针对福建、湖南、江西和浙江4省的毛竹林生态系统,通过野外调查,基于植被生长与温度、水分等因子的相关性原理分析毛竹林生态系统单位面积碳储量与纬度和海拔的关系,构建二元线性回归模型;采用数字高程模型(digital elevation model,简称DEM)和省级毛竹统计面积数据,基于纬度和高程梯度划分统计单元,估算我国南方4省毛竹林生态系统的碳储量。结果表明,36个采样点毛竹林生态系统单位面积碳储量为C 78.7~252.6 t/hm2,其中土壤层(0~60 cm)的碳储量是主体,占66.9%~87.0%;由模型估算,2009年我国南方区域毛竹林生态系统碳储量的总和为C 409.0 Tg,福建、湖南、江西和浙江的碳储量分别为C 109.1、102.1、88.6和109.2 Tg;这4省毛竹林生态系统平均单位面积碳储量分别为C 122.0、122.3、109.5和136.5 t/hm2。     

不同氮水平下有机碳对蕹菜碳氮代谢及生长的影响

碳是植物必需的首要营养元素,但在植物营养、平衡施肥等理论和技术层面上长期被忽略,碳营养已成为影响作物高产优质的短板。本研究分别在三个氮水平下,研究了外源喷施两种不含氮的有机碳对蕹菜鲜重、干重、分枝数、碳氮代谢及营养品质指标的影响。结果表明,在不同氮水平下喷施有机碳有促进蕹菜生长的作用,效果因不同的氮水平及有机碳源而异。中氮(100 mg kg~(-1))水平下,以丙三醇的效果最好,其鲜重、干重、全碳含量及全氮含量与CK相比均有显著提高,增幅分别为12.88%、15.48%、7.05%和8.33%,且铁(Fe)含量与CK相比也显著提高,增幅高达16.2%,亚硝酸盐及钾(K)含量显著降低。高氮(120 mg kg~(-1))水平下,以α-酮戊二酸的效果最好,其鲜重、干重、全碳及全氮与CK相比均差异显著,增幅分别为17.97%、20.91%、7.97%和9.56%,蕹菜中的锌(Zn)与CK相比也显著提高,增幅高达16.18%,亚硝酸盐及K含量显著降低。在试验的三种氮水平下,有机碳处理可使蕹菜叶片中水溶性碳占全碳的百分比(WC/TC)及水溶性氮占全氮的百分比(WN/TN)下降,表明外源有机碳可促进蕹菜碳氮的合成代谢,从而促进生长,改善品质。研究结果提供了一条通过施肥补碳调控碳氮平衡实现蔬菜高产优质的新途径。     

封育对草地深层土壤碳储量及其固持速率的影响

为了揭示长期封育草地深层土壤碳、氮固持及固持速率,采用空间序列代替时间序列的方法,研究了黄土高原宁夏固原云雾山自然保护区长期封育草地土壤有机碳(SOC)、土壤全氮(STN)储量及其固持速率的变化特征。结果表明封育30年草地0—500cm各土层SOC储量显著高于封育10年草地和放牧草地,封育10年草地不同深度SOC储量与放牧草地并无差异;封育30年、10年和放牧草地STN储量在各土层无统计学上的差异,而封育30年不同深度STN储量显著高于封育10年和放牧草地;封育30年SOC,STN固持主要发生在10~30年间,0—500cm固持量分别为(482.5±39.3)Mg/hm~2,(27.7±2.4)Mg/hm~2,封育前10年有机碳、全氮固持量小,分别为(42.8±6)Mg/hm~2,(3.4±2.1)Mg/hm~2;封育30年0—500cm土层SOC和STN固持分别为(525.3±62.0)Mg/hm~2,(25.0±3.0)Mg/hm~2,固持速率分别为(17.5±2.1)Mg/(hm~2·a),(0.83±0.3)Mg/(hm~2·a);碳氮比随着封育年限增加而增大,随土层深度增加而降低。封育草地深层土壤有巨大固碳潜力,评估碳氮固持不仅要时间尺度,也要考虑深层土壤碳氮固持,以达到对生态系统碳氮储量评估的无偏估计。     

土壤数据源和制图比例尺对旱地土壤有机碳储量估算的影响

明确不同来源土壤剖面数据建立的大、中、小系列制图比例尺对旱地有机碳储量估算的影响对于全球碳循环研究具有重要意义。以江苏北部(简称"苏北地区")3.9×106多hm2旱地为例,系统分析了我国目前常用《县级土种志》、《地级市土种志》、《省级土种志》和《中国土种志》中记录的土壤剖面数据分别建立的1∶5万、1∶25万、1∶50万、1∶100万、1∶400万和1∶1 000万数据库对有机碳储量估算的影响。结果表明,与数据最详细、记录有983个土壤剖面的《县级土种志》1∶5万尺度有机碳密度和储量相比,其他土壤数据源建立的不同制图尺度数据库相对偏差分别在1.94%~23.53%与0.02%~22.86%之间,T检验表明大多数制图尺度土壤数据库的估算结果与《县级土种志》1∶5万尺度之间存在极显著差异(p0.001),这说明在今后国家或区域尺度土壤有机碳储量估算中选择适宜的土壤数据源和制图尺度是非常重要的。     

农田和果园土壤有机碳氧化稳定性和储量差异

不同土地利用方式下有机碳的含量和性质变化越来越受到人们的关注。以黄土高原南部高原沟壑区(长武地区)塬面上农田以及不同树龄的果园为对象,研究了土壤总有机碳、易氧化有机碳和难氧化有机碳含量,比较了不同利用方式下土壤有机碳的氧化稳定系数(Kos)和有机碳密度差异。结果显示,该区域果园表层土壤总有机碳的整体水平与农田相当,但果园总有机碳、易氧化有机碳随果园年限增长有降低的趋势。在土壤剖面中,总有机碳、易氧化有机碳及难氧化有机碳都随深度下降而下降的趋势;而Kos值随剖面深度和果园年限增长而呈升高的趋势。0～2 m土壤剖面有机碳储量从高到底顺序是:农田>新果园(小于5年果园)>盛果期果园(10～15年果园)>老果园(15年以上果园)。以农田为基准,在0～200 cm厚度土层中,新果园有机碳储量下降了6.1%,盛果期果园下降了9.3%,老果园有机碳储量下降了22.4%。说明随着果园年限的增长,土壤有机碳储量降低。     

施肥管理对农田黑土土壤水分动态变化的影响

东北黑土区属"雨养农业",水分是该地区农业生产中的主要限制因子。施肥管理通过影响土壤理化性质和作物生长调控土壤水分。以中国科学院海伦农田生态系统野外科学观测研究站内的水分平衡观测场为研究对象,基于10年的观测数据,分析研究区域内长期的施肥管理对土壤水分垂直变化和季节性变化的影响。研究结果表明不同的施肥管理方式显著影响了0~90 cm土层的土壤水分含量,表现为与无肥(CK)相比,化肥(NP)和有机肥+化肥(NPM)处理的0~90 cm土层土壤含水量分别减少了1.53%和3.45%。不同施肥管理方式下剖面土壤含水量的季节性变化为土壤含水量差异的最大时期出现在8月5日,表现为CK>NP>NP。根据土壤储水量的季节性变化,将作物生长季内土壤水分划分为三个时期,分别为相对稳定期(4月30日~5月30日),水分消耗期(5月30日~6月30日)和水分恢复期(6月30日~10月5日),其中NP和NPM处理土壤储水量一直处于较低水平。土壤水分被消耗的最大时期出现在6月末。     

流动沙丘造林对土壤物理组分有机碳分配的影响

(1)根据中国知网(CNKI)的《中国学术期刊影响因子年报(自然科学与工程技术.2010版)计量指标统计表》,《水土保持通报》综合统计源统计的总被引频次为3 446次(2009年版中为1 358次);复合影响因子为0.955;期刊综合影响因子为0.568(2008年为0.493),在所统计     

施肥对黑土密度分组中碳、氮的影响

以中国科学院海伦农业生态实验站的长期定位施肥土壤为基础,研究长期施肥对黑土密度分组中碳和氮的影响。结果表明:氮肥能够增加土壤有机碳和全氮含量,但不如NPKOM效果明显。土壤中各组分有机碳含量的变化趋势为重组>游离态轻组>闭蓄态轻组,三者之间差异达极显著水平(p<0.01),重组有机碳的含量最大值为23.72 g/kg,而闭蓄态轻组有机碳的平均值仅为0.69 g/kg;全氮的含量的变化呈重组最大,且极显著大于闭蓄态轻组和游离态轻组,后两者之间无明显差异。不同组分中有机碳浓度和全氮浓度的变化规律一致,为游离态轻组>闭蓄态轻组>重组,且游离态轻组明显大于其它两个组分。NPKOM处理的闭蓄态轻组和重组组分中的有机碳浓度和全氮浓度大于其它施肥处理。碳氮比的变化趋势为游离态轻组>闭蓄态轻组>土壤>重组,重组和土壤中,NPKOM处理的碳氮比最低,CK处理的碳氮比最大,可见有机肥的施用加快了土壤碳的周转速度。     

水稻土Fe2+氧化耦合硝酸根异化还原成铵(DNRA)及其对氧气存在和碳源添加的响应

以江苏常熟和湖南桃源水稻土为研究对象,通过室内15N示踪实验研究水稻土中Fe²⁺氧化耦合硝酸根异化还原成铵(Dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium,DNRA)过程及其对氧气存在和碳源添加的响应。结果表明,两种水稻土中均存在Fe²⁺氧化耦合DNRA过程,常熟和桃源水稻土中DNRA的速率分别为0.38±0.15和0.36±0.21nmol·g^–1·h^–1(以N计),当体系中Fe²⁺浓度为500μmol·L^–1时,DNRA速率有所提升但并不显著,当Fe²⁺浓度为800μmol·L^–1时,DNRA速率提升显著(P <0.05),分别提升至2.35±0.30和0.81±0.22 nmol·g^–1·h^–1。在800μmol·L^–1 Fe²⁺浓度下,常熟水稻土中Fe²⁺     

天津市滨海新区1979-2013年土地利用及土壤有机碳储量空间变化

[目的]分析土地利用变化对土壤有机碳分布的影响,为科学评估区域生态系统碳储量的变化提供依据。[方法]利用遥感影像获取滨海新区1979与2013年土地利用变化数据,针对不同土地利用类型均匀布设样点采集2013年表层土壤,试验监测土壤有机碳含量。结合第二次土壤调查数据,计算分析研究区1979—2013年土壤有机碳储量的变化及其空间分布变化。[结果]研究期内土地利用变化明显,耕地、滩涂、未利用地等土地利用类型大量转变为建设用地,同时土壤有机碳密度和储量均相应降低,其中土壤有机碳储量从1979年的1．23×107 t 减少到2013年的9．97×106 t 。[结论]随着人类对土地利用程度的加强,碳储量空间分布由高碳储量分布为主转变为低碳储量分布为主的碳储量分布格局。     

Growth and Nitrogen Uptake in Sorghum Plants Manured with Leucaena leucocephala Leaves as Affected by Nitrogen Rate and Time of Application

A pot experiment was conducted to determine the effect of four rates of nitrogen (N) in the form of leucaena leaves and the time of application on the performance of sorghum plants using the ¹⁵N isotopic dilution technique. Results showed that leucaena green manure (LGM) increased dry matter and N yield of sorghum. Nitrogen recoveries of LGM ranged between 23 and 47%. An additional beneficial effect of LGM was attributed to the enhancement of soil N uptake. The best timing of LGM incorporation for obtaining more N derived from LGM, less soil N uptake, and greater dry matter and N in sorghum leaves seemed to be at planting. However, the appropriate timing and rate of LGM to obtain greater dry matter and N yield in panicles, as well as in the whole plant of sorghum, appeared to be at 30 days before planting, particularly a rate of 120 kg N ha^?1.     

不同有机肥输入量对黑土密度分组中碳、氮分配的影响

为阐明不同有机肥施用量对黑土密度组分中碳、氮分配特征的影响,探讨合理调控土壤质量的施肥模式。以黑龙江省海伦国家野外科学观测研究站上进行了10年的田间定位试验土壤为研究对象,采用密度分组和腐殖质化学分组相结合的方法,探讨和分析不同有机肥施用量下土壤各密度组分中有机碳、氮的消长变化以及重组中腐殖物质的组成特征。结果表明:与试验初期相比,经过10年单施化肥处理,土壤总有机碳和全氮、各密度组分中有机碳氮以及腐殖物质各组分的含量均显著下降,而有机无机配施能够提升土壤总有机碳和全氮的含量水平,改善密度组分中有机碳氮的分配特征,土壤总有机碳、全氮和各密度组分中有机碳氮对不同有机肥施用量的响应有所差异。随着有机肥施用量的增加,土壤总有机碳和全氮的含量呈逐渐升高的趋势,二者与有机肥施用量之间达到极显著的线性相关(P<0.01);低量有机肥(7.5,15t/(hm2.a))配施化肥仅增加了土壤游离态轻组有机碳、氮的含量,并未造成闭蓄态轻组和重组中有机碳、氮的积累,而高量有机肥(22.5t/(hm2.a))配施化肥后,促进了土壤各密度组分中有机碳、氮的形成和积累;此外,低量有机肥有利于土壤富里酸的积累,高量有机肥有助于胡敏酸和胡敏素的积累,从而提高了土壤有机质的腐殖化程度,增强了土壤有机质的稳定性。在东北黑土区,加大有机肥的施用量是提高土壤肥力和土壤固碳能力的有效途径。     

Carbon and nitrogen store and storage potential as affected by land-use in a Leymus chinensis grassland of northern China

Understanding the store and storage potential of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) helps us understand how ecosystems would respond to natural and anthropogenic disturbances under different management strategies. We investigated organic C and N storage in aboveground biomass, litter, roots, and soil organic matter (SOM) in eight sites that were floristically and topographically similar, but which had been subjected to different intensities of disturbance by grazing animals. The primary objective of this study was to ascertain the impact of grazing exclusion (GE) on the store and storage potential of C and N in the Leymus chinensis Tzvel. grasslands of northern China. The results revealed that the total C storage (including that stored in aboveground biomass, litter, roots, and SOM, i.e. top 100-cm soil layer) was significantly different among the eight grasslands and varied from 7.0 kg C m⁻² to 15.8 kg C m⁻², meanwhile, the total N storage varied from 0.6 kg N m⁻² to 1.5 kg N m⁻². The soil C storage decreased substantially with grassland degradation due to long-term heavy grazing. 90% C and 95% N stored in grasslands were observed in the SOM, and they were minor in other pools. The limit range of C and N storage observed in these grassland soils suggests that GE may be a valuable mechanism of sequestering C in the top meter of the soil profile.     

Interrelationship of Carbon Sequestration,Soil Fertility,and Microbial Indices as Influenced by Long-Term Land Uses in Lower Himalayan Region,India

The study was conducted to determine the long-term impact of different land uses on carbon sequestration, soil fertility, and microbial indices and to establish their interrelationship in a light-textured hyperthermic Udic Ustochrept. Soil samples were collected from existing land-use systems of (1) Eucalyptus tereticornis, (2) Terminalia chebula, (3) Acacia nilotica, (4) Leucaena leucocephala, (5) Embilica officinalis, (6) Zizyphus spp., and (7) maize–wheat rotation from depths of 0–15, 15–30, and 30–45 cm and examined for pH; organic carbon (OC); electrical conductivity (EC); available nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K); micronutrients; microbial biomass carbon (MBC); microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN); and microbial biomass phosphorus (MBP). High-density plantations of Eucalyptus teriticornis had a greater potential in sequestering aboveground carbon (472.37 Mg ha^?1), compared to widely spaced trees of Acacia nilotica (376.05 Mg ha^?1). Eucalyptus teriticornis exhibited the greatest impact in increasing soil OC in all depths, followed by Acaccia nilotica and Terminalia chebula, and the lowest was in agriculture (0.778, 0.749, 0.590, and 0.471%, respectively, in surface soil). Available zinc and iron contents were greatest under Eucalyptus tereticornis, followed by Acacia nilotica, Zizyphus mauritiana, Embilica officinalis, Terminalia chebula, and Leucaena leucocephala. The MBC and MBN were greatest in Eucalyptus tereticornis, followed by Acacia nilotica, and lowest in agriculture. Correlation matrix revealed significant and positive relationships between carbon sequestered with OC, MBC, MBN, and MBP.     

Carbon mineralization in soils of different textures as affected by water-soluble organic carbon extracted from composted dairy manure

The water-soluble organic C in composted manure contains a portion of labile C which can stimulate soil microbial activity. The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of water-soluble organic C extracted from composted dairy manure on C mineralization in soil with different textures. Three soils with textures varying from 3 to 54% clay were amended with 0 to 80 mg water-soluble organic C kg^–1 soil extracted from a composted dairy manure and incubated for 16 weeks at 23°C. The total amount of C mineralized was greater than the amount of C added in the three soils. Differences in mineralizable C with and without added water-soluble organic C were approximately 13–16 times, 4.8–8 times, and 7.5–8 times greater than the amount of C added to clay, loam, and sand soils, respectively. The results of this experiment suggest that immediately following composted manure applications, C mineralization rates increase, and that most of the C mineralized comes mainly from the indigenous soil organic C pool.CLBRR contribution No. 94-71