Impact of Poultry Manure Application on Phosphorus Desorption in Some Calcareous Soils

Laboratory experiments were conducted to study the kinetics of phosphorus (P) desorption in different calcareous soils of Hamadan Province of Iran. Soils were fertilized with poultry manure at 50 ton ha^–1 and incubated at 25 ± 1 °C at 15% moisture for 6 months. The release rate of P was studied by successive extraction with 0.5 M sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) over a period of 1–1752 h. Also, available P was determined. The results showed that available P in fertilized and unfertilized soils ranged from 13.3 to 55.1 and 10.0 to 50.1 mg kg^–1, respectively. Phosphorus desorption from the fertilized and unfertilized soils began with a fast initial reaction, followed by a slow secondary reaction. The amount of P released after 1752 h in fertilized and unfertilized soils ranged from 319.2 to 623.9 and 309 to 586.7 mg kg^–1, respectively. The amount of P released was significantly correlated with available P. The kinetics of cumulative P release were evaluated using the five kinetic equations. Phosphorus desorption kinetics were best described by the parabolic diffusion law, first order, and power function equations. Rate constants of these equations different in fertilized and unfertilized soils.     

磷肥和有机肥对不同磷水平土壤磷渗漏影响研究

采用土柱培养的模拟试验方法研究了在不同磷水平土壤上大量施用磷肥和有机肥对土壤测试磷、土壤磷渗漏的影响及影响机理。结果表明,不同磷水平土壤施用磷肥或有机肥土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷均显著增加;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加土壤各形态磷量随土壤磷水平的增加而增大;随着磷肥或有机肥用量的增加,单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加各形态磷量也逐渐增大,差异均达到显著和极显著水平。在施用磷肥的基础上增施有机肥可以提高土壤CaCl2-P、Olsen—P含量和土壤渗漏液中可溶性磷的增长幅度。土壤磷的渗漏量与土壤测试磷呈显著正相关;单位量磷肥或有机肥所增加的土壤渗漏磷量随着磷肥或有机肥用量以及土壤磷水平的增加而增加。Olsen—P含量与土壤磷吸持指数（PSI）呈显著负相关关系,与土壤磷的吸附饱和度（DPS）呈显著正相关关系。     

有机肥对设施菜地土壤磷素状况的影响

以辽宁沈阳市郊某设施菜地土壤为研究对象,通过设置不同有机肥用量处理(0,20,60thm-2)的小区实验,系统研究不同有机肥处理对不同本底肥力设施菜地土壤全磷、速效磷含量变化的影响。研究结果表明,有机肥能够提高不同肥力设施菜地土壤0～20cm土层全磷含量,其中P1全磷含量与CK相比增加2.7～19.5%,P2增加7.6～33.6%。土壤0～20cm速效磷含量也随有机肥施用量的增加而明显增加,P2即有机肥施用量60thm-2时,不同肥力设施菜地土壤在黄瓜拉秧期速效磷含量与CK、P1之间均达显著差异(P<0.05)。本实验条件下,施用有机肥20thm-2,可保持施肥当季中肥力与高肥力设施菜地土壤磷素水平;当地常规有机肥施用量60thm-2可显著提高设施菜地土壤全磷与速效磷含量,从而加剧高肥力土壤磷素的累积,并对环境造成压力。     

Effect of Drying on Phosphorus Distribution in Poultry Manure

Abstract

Laboratory drying may alter manure phosphorus (P) distribution. The effects of freeze, air (22°C), and oven (65°C) drying on sequentially fractioned poultry manure P were examined. Higher drying temperatures resulted in lower percentage of dry matter. Increased H₂O‐ and decreased sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃)‐extractable P with drying provided evidence that drying increases poultry manure P solubility. Labile fractions were predominantly inorganic P (P_i), whereas sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and hydrochloric acid (HCl) fractions had significant amounts of organic P (P_o). Drying altered H₂O‐ and NaHCO₃‐extractable P_i but had no consistent effect on P_o in these fractions. This work suggests that variations due to drying should be taken into consideration when evaluating manures for P availability or when comparing data in which different drying methods have been utilized.     

施磷对滨海盐土无机磷组分的动态影响

采用蒋柏藩、顾益初提出的土壤无机磷组分测定方法,在50d的培养过程中对滨海盐土的各无机磷组分进行了跟踪测定。结果表明:施入盐土中的无机磷在短期内主要增加土壤中的Ca2-P和Ca8-P的含量,而对A1-P、Fe-P和O-P的影响较小;施入盐土的无机磷首先转化成Ca2-P,然后再向Ca8-P、Ca10-P、Al-P、Fe-P和O-P转化;培养过程中,水分和温度的有利条件促进了土壤微生物的活动,加强了微生物对无机磷的固定。     

Influence of Soil Properties and Manure Sources on Phosphorus in Runoff during Simulated Rainfall

Runoff from agricultural fields amended with animal manure or fertilizer is a source of phosphorus (P) pollution to surface waters, which can have harmful effects such as eutrophication. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of soil P status and the P composition of manure sources on P in runoff and characterize the effects of manure sources on mass loss of dissolved reactive P, total dissolved P, and total P in runoff. Soil boxes set at 5% slopes received 7.5 cm h^?1 of simulated rainfall for 30 min. Study soils included a Kenansville loamy sand (loamy siliceous subactive thermic Arenic Hapludults, a Coastal Plain soil) and a Davidson silt loam (kaolinitic thermic Rhodic Kandiudults, a Piedmont soil). Soil test P concentrations ranged from 16 to 283 mg P kg^?1. Sources of P included broiler litter, breeder manure, and breeder manure treated with three rates of aluminum sulfate (Al₂(SO₄)₃) 0, 3.9, and 7.8 kg m^?2, di-ammonium phosphate (DAP), and an un-amended control. All manure sources were surface applied at 66 kg P ha^?1 without incorporation. Water extractable P represented an average of 10 ± 6% total P in manure. Runoff samples were taken over a 30-min period. Piedmont soil contained greater amounts of clay, aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe) concentrations, and higher P sorption capacities that produced significantly lower dissolved reactive P, total dissolved P, and total P losses than the Coastal Plain soil. Runoff P loss did not differ significantly for low and high STP Coastal Plain soils. Water extractable P in manures accounted for all dissolved reactive P lost in runoff with dissolved reactive P correlating strongly with water extractable P concentration (r² = 0.9961). Overall, manures containing the highest water extractable P concentrations contributed to the largest amounts of dissolved reactive P in runoff. Manure treated with 3.9 and 7.8 kg m^?2 of Al₂(SO₄)₃ (alum) decreased dissolved reactive P in runoff by 29%. While this soil box runoff study represents a worst-case scenario for P loss, highly significant effects of soil properties and manure sources were obtained. Management based on these results should help ameliorate harmful effects of P in runoff.     

Effect Of The Sequential Application Of Liquid Organic Manure And Phosphorus On Maize Agronomic Traits And P Uptake In Some Tropical Soils

Improving phosphorus (P) fertility is challenging in tropical soils because of the fixation of P by soil components. The trial investigated the effect of the sequential application of poultry manure extract (tea) and P fertilizer on maize agronomy and P uptake, through screen house and field experiments. Results indicated that poultry manure tea is rich in nutrients but low in P and could be applied with phosphorus fertilizer to enhance P availability and reduce fixation. Application of P before manure tea produced taller maize plant on the field and the highest P uptake in the screen house and on the field. Manure tea also increased maize dry matter and grain yield. Combined application of poultry manure tea and P fertilizer had positive complementary and synergistic effects. It was concluded that manure tea enhances P availability and reduces P fixation by soil aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe) oxides irrespective of the sequence of application.     

Chemical Characterization and Stability of Poultry Manure Tea and Its Influence on Phosphorus Sorption Indices of Tropical Soils

This study characterized poultry manure extract (tea) and investigated the effects of integrated use of tea and the sequence of phosphorus (P) application [P added before (PBT), after (TBP), or jointly (PT) with tea] on P-sorption characteristics on acidic, alkaline, and neutral tropical soils. Results indicated that diluted tea contained 400 mg nitrogen, 155.80 mg potassium, and 10.48 mg P L^?1 and the nutrients were greatest after 2 weeks. Soil P sorption conformed to the Freundlich model, indicating that soil P affinity was less than the aqueous solution at low solution P concentration. Freundlich index (k) in neutral soil was 78 and 94% greater than in acidic and alkaline soils, respectively. The lowest P sorption efficiency and greatest phosphate requirement were in acidic soil. Poultry manure tea could enhance P availability and reduce P fixation irrespective of the sequence of application of tea and P.     

Developing and Evaluation of Ecofriendly Fertilizer from Poultry Waste to Enhance Pulse Production in Alfisols of Semi-arid Tropics

Poultry manure (PM) has long been recognized the most desirable organic fertilizer. It improves soil fertility by adding both major and essential nutrients, as well as soil organic matter, which improves moisture and nutrient retention. The present study investigates the effectiveness of different levels of applied poultry-manure compost (PMC) and phospho-poultry-manure compost (PPMC) on the growth and yield of blackgram (Vigna mungo L). A field experiment was conducted to assess the nutrient-supplying capacity and soil health improvement potential of PMC and PPMC at 3.12, 6.25, 9.37, and 12.5 t/ha and to find the optimum dose of PMC as an organic fertilizer to maximize the pulse production in Alfisols of semi-arid tropics. Application of PPMC at 12.5 and 9.37 t ha^?1 increased the seed yield 105% and 102% more than the no-manure plot. Application of PMC at 12.5 t ha^?1 recorded 80% yield increment than no manure applied and the yield difference of PPMC was 20 to 25% greater than PMC alone. Application of PPMC at 12.5 and 9.37 t ha^?1 resulted in desirable soil physical and chemical properties especially 85 and 70% soil-available P improvement and significant role in increasing yield of blackgram. Application of PPMC at 9.37 t ha^?1 was found to be economically viable to the farmers in terms of improvement in soil properties and crop yield.     

石灰性土壤施用不同磷肥对玉米苗期生长和土壤无机磷组分的影响

研究旨在探讨不同磷肥品种对玉米生长发育和土壤无机磷组分的影响,以期为磷肥高效利用提供参考.采用盆栽试验,设置6个处理:磷酸一铵(MAP)、过磷酸钙(SSP)、聚磷酸铵(APP)、氮磷复合肥硝酸磷肥(NiP)、硫酸铵+过磷酸钙混施(SA+P),试验60天后测定了玉米的生物学指标和玉米植株磷素含量,同时测定了土壤有效磷与土...     

Changes of Soil Phosphorus Fractionation According to pH in Red Soils of China: An Incubation Experiment

Phosphorus (P) deficiency is one of the main problems limiting crop growth in red soils of southern China. The primary objective of this study was to examine P availability as a function of soil acidity. Soils were sampled from a long-term fertilization experiment and are referred as low-P (No P fertilization) and high-P (120 kg P₂O₅ ha^–1). Both low-P and high-P treatments were incubated adjusting soil pH to seven levels from 3.0 to 6.5 for 10, 20, 30 and 45 days. The pH, DIP, and Olsen-P were determined after each incubation period, and inorganic P fractions were measured at the end of incubation. For both low-P and high-P treatments, DIP decreased with rising pH value and increased with decreasing soil pH. Olsen-P, Ca-P (Ca₂-P, Ca₈-P, and Ca₁₀-P) and Al-P increased significantly with soil pH in low-P treatment. In high-P, Olsen-P increased with pH between 3.4 and 5.0 and was stable at higher pH. Moreover, Ca-P and Al-P increased significantly but Fe-P decreased with soil pH increase. The redundancy analysis showed that Ca-P, Al-P, and pH had positive effects on Olsen-P, but Occluded-P showed a negative correlation with Olsen-P in both soils. Our results confirmed that soil P availability was influenced by pH and that the changes in DIP and Olsen-P were linked to changes of inorganic fractions from occluded to Ca- and Al-bound forms. Managing soil acidity is a key issue regarding the availability of P in red soils of China and our results suggest that at least a pH of 5.0 should be targeted.     

Effects of Biochar and Phosphorus Fertilizers on Phosphorus Fractions,Wheat Yield and Microbial Biomass Carbon in Vertic Torrifluvents

The present work was carried out to investigate the effect of biochar and phosphorus (P) fertilizer application, on phosphorus fractions, soil microbial biomass carbon in a Vertisol during two seasons for wheat in field experiments. Phosphorus was added at 0%, 50%, 100% and 150% P of recommended P fertilizers, with or without biochar at a rate of 10 t h^?1 arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. Results showed that the wheat grain yield increased by 56% to 69% in plots treated with the interaction of biochar and P mineral during the 2015 and 2016 growing seasons. Co-application of biochar with inorganic P produced up to 1.5 fold more microbial biomass C than either biochar or inorganic P applied alone. Sequential extraction of the biochar-treated with P revealed that HCl-P decreased, whereas others fractions increased with increasing P rate. The inorganic and organic P fractions were increased significantly when the biochar was combined with fertilizer P as compared to the biochar or inorganic P applied alone. The results of this study reveal that the co-application of biochar with inorganic P can be a promising strategy to improve soil productivity and soil quality in alkaline soil.     

安徽省土壤无机磷组分状况及施肥对土壤磷素的影响

采用石灰性土壤无机磷分级方法，研究了安徽省不同类型土壤无机磷组分含量状况、土壤无机磷组分在土壤剖面中的含量分布以及施用磷肥对土壤无机磷组分含量的影响，结果表明：安徽省土壤无机磷含量高低排序为菜园土〉潮土〉水稻土砂姜黑土〉黄褐土〉黄棕壤〉红壤〉紫色土；土壤无机磷含量的地域分布特征明显，皖北地区土壤无机磷含量明显高于皖南地区。石灰性土壤无机磷组分以Ca—P为主，占土壤无机磷总量的60％左右，其次为O-P，而Fe—P和Al～P含量较少；酸性土壤无机磷组分以O-P为主，占土壤无机磷总量的50％左右，其次为Fe—P和Al—P，Ca—P相对含量小于10％。菜园土无机磷积累特别明显，特别是积累了较多的Ca2—P和Ca8-P。水稻土无机磷组成变化较大，其含量主要取决于水稻土的成土母质。在菜园土的土壤剖面中，上部土层磷素积累明显，菜园土0～20cm土层中无机磷含量与60～80cm土层的比值为4．12，其他类型土壤表土层也有无机磷积累现象。施用磷肥可以明显提高土壤无机磷含量，在作物生长前期，施用的磷主要转化为生物有效性较高的Ca2-,Ca8-P,Al-P和Fe—P，在作物生长后期，O—P和Ca10—P才出现积累。     

Transformation of Phosphorus in Forest and Savannah Agro-Ecological Alfisols incubated with Different Phosphorus Fertilizers,in Ekiti state,Southwestern Nigeria

Experiments on incubation with phosphorus (P) changes in two Nigerian Alfisols, were evaluated on the effectiveness of P sources (ground phosphate rock, GRP-9% P, Pace-setter Organo-Mineral Fertilizer (PR-fortified P-S-OM, 11% P and single superphosphate, SSP-7.7% P, for reference). All samples were adjusted to water tension measured at M Ψ w = 0.03 MPa. Changes in applied P were evaluated at 2, 6, 12 and 24 weeks after which data were analyzed using analysis of variance and correlations. Over 24 weeks of incubation, SSP transformed mostly into iron (Fe)-bound P and GPR produced the highest inorganic phosphate ions and transformed largely into the soluble and more chemically stable residual P, in both soils. This fraction, had high and positive correlations (r = 0.69, p < 0.05) with soil properties and constituted a major source and sinks of plant available P. Thus, GPR contributing beneficial effects of residual phosphates.     

畜禽粪便中磷释放运移特征

随着畜禽粪便农田施用量的增加,畜禽粪便中磷流失也越来越引起人们的重视。采用取样分析和室内土柱模拟的方法,研究了猪粪和鸡粪中磷在水、0.5mol·L^-1NaHCO3和土体中的释放运移特点。结果表明,猪粪经H2O和NaHCO3连续提取后,H2O提取液中无机磷（P）i占猪粪全磷（TP）的21.58%,NaHCO3提取液中Pi占猪粪TP的28.92%;鸡粪经H2O和NaHCO3连续提取后,H2O提取液中Pi占鸡粪TP的18.09%,NaHCO3提取液中Pi占鸡粪TP的17.88%;施用猪粪和鸡粪处理土柱淋溶液中水溶性总磷（TDP）、水溶性无机磷（DRP）和水溶性有机磷（DOP）浓度均随着淋溶次数的增加呈先上升后降低的趋势,施用猪粪处理磷释放速率比施用鸡粪处理快;大量施用猪粪和鸡粪后,0～30cm土体中土壤全磷（TP）和0～60cm土体中土壤速效磷（Olsen-P）的含量显著增加。     

有机肥对棕壤不同粒级有机碳和氮的影响

采集棕壤长期肥料定位试验站不施肥和施用不同用量有机肥的土壤,通过超声波分散—离心分离得到细黏粒(<0.2μm)、粗黏粒(0.2～2μm)、粉粒(2～53μm)、细砂粒(53～250μm)和粗砂粒(250～2000μm)5个颗粒级别后,分析全土及不同粒级中土壤有机碳和氮并进行含量与分布的比较。结果表明,有机质主要分布于黏粒级中,其含量占全土有机碳的42.8%、全氮的58.3%,碳氮比随着粒级的增加而逐渐增大,表明氮易于在小粒级中富集。长期施用有机肥后,全土及各粒级有机碳和氮含量均有显著增加;砂粒级中有机碳和氮的富集系数升高,黏粒级中富集系数降低,粉粒级和砂粒级中的碳氮比降低。增加有机肥的用量加强了全土和各粒级对有机碳和氮的积累,同时加强了粉粒级和砂粒级碳氮比降低的程度。     

Assessing the Effect of Phosphorus Fertilizer Levels on Soil Phosphorus Fractionation in Rhizosphere and Non-Rhizosphere Soils of Wheat

This study evaluated the effects of phosphorus (P) fertilizer levels on inorganic P fractions. Wheat cultivars (Azadi and Marvdasht) were grown in the soils amended with the four rates of P fertilizer levels (no fertilizer, 10, 15, and 25 mg available P kg^?1 soil). Soils were sampled from rhizosphere and non-rhizosphere areas after 6 weeks. The mean of all P fractions was significantly different in various P fertilizer levels. The smallest and the largest amounts of all P fractions were observed in the soil with no P and in 25 mg kg^?1 soil P level, respectively. The Azadi cultivar, as P-efficient, showed the smallest increase in soil P fractions with increasing soil P levels. The means of all P fractions except Al-phosphates (Al-P) were significantly higher in non-rhizosphere soil. There were differences between these cultivars associated with the more inaccessible fractions at the 15 mg P kg^?1 soil level.     

Dissolution of Dominant Soil Phosphorus Fractions in Phosphorus-Responsive Soils of Bihar,India: Effects of Mycorrhiza and Fertilizer Levels

We investigated the effects of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) fungi and various phosphorus (P) levels on the distribution and availability of P in dominant soils of Bihar, India. Potassium chloride (KCl)-P (labile P), sodium hydroxide (NaOH)-P (Fe-Al-bound P), hydrochloric acid (HCl)-P (Ca-bound P), and residual P (Res-P) fractions were analyzed in the soils under maize plant. Ca-bound P was the most abundant P fraction in the alkaline soils (65% of the total P) followed by neutral soil (35% of the total P), whereas it was less abundant (<4%) in the acidic soil type. Fe-Al-bound P was found to be highest for acidic soil (65% of the total P). Soils under the inoculation with Glomus mossae and control gave the highest and lowest values (15.63 mg kg^?1 and 10.74 mg kg^?1 respectively) for the labile fraction which was similar to the organically bound residual fractions of P (200.17 mg kg^?1 and 193.66 mg kg^?1 respectively. Inoculation of the soils with AM fungi leads to the redistribution of P fractions in different soils which consequently helps in improvement of available P in soil conducive for plant uptake.     

Effect of Poultry Manure on Yield and Nutrient Composition of Sweet Basil (Ocimum basilicum L.)

Poultry manure is one of the best organic fertilizers available and is an extremely valuable resource, organic matter content, exchangeable cations, cation exchange capacity, and percent base saturation. Ocimum basilicum L. (sweet basil) is an essential oil producing crop used in culinary and fragrance applications. The objective of this present study was to evaluate the effects of organic poultry manure and conventional fertilization on plant growth, yield and inorganic matter content of sweet basil. In this context, the different doses of chicken and turkey manure (7.5, 10, 12.5, 15 t ha^?1) with a control (no manure) and conventional fertilization were applied with sowing. The highest fresh and dry weights were obtained from the plants grown with turkey and chicken manure at a rate of 10–12.5 t ha^?1. The most of the nutrient content varied significantly with organic poultry manure applications. Overall, basil plants fertilized with turkey manure at a rate of 10–12.5 t ha^?1 and 7.5 t ha^?1 chicken manure dose accumulated greater concentrations of potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg). The results from this study demonstrated that organic or conventional fertilizer can alter fresh or dry weight, and the nutrient content.     

有机物料对土壤有机磷组分及其矿化进程的影响

通过300天室内恒温(30℃)好气培养实验,研究了不同C/N有机物料(水稻秸秆、玉米秸秆、牛粪、猪粪)掺入土壤后,土壤有机P及各组分含量和有机P的矿化特征。结果表明:有机物料的添加,不同程度地增加了土壤有机P含量;添加有机物料处理,有机P矿化率高于对照处理,且在培养的前30天迅速矿化。掺入有机物料处理土壤有机P各组分含量均有所增加;对照处理有机P各组分的矿化进程都比较平稳,而添加物料处理的活性和中等活性有机P则呈增加或波动状态,中稳和高稳性有机P在腐解初期出现迅速矿化。有机物料的添加,可以促进有机P各组分间的转化,提高土壤P素的有效性。