农业废弃物制备的生物质炭对红壤酸度和油菜产量的影响

利用自行研制的生物质炭化炉在田间条件下制备花生秸秆炭和油菜秸秆炭,采集秸秆气化站产生的稻壳炭,研究了这3种生物质炭对酸性土壤的改良效果和对油菜产量的影响。结果表明:施用稻壳炭、花生秸秆炭和油菜秸秆炭均可提高土壤p H,降低土壤交换性酸含量,效果随施用量的增加而增强。生物质炭对酸性土壤的改良效果主要决定于其本身的含碱量,施用花生秸秆炭和油菜秸秆炭显著增加土壤交换性盐基阳离子、有效磷、有效阳离子交换量和盐基饱和度,并提高油菜籽产量。田间条件下施用花生秸秆炭和油菜秸秆炭3年后土壤p H仍明显高于对照处理,说明生物质炭对土壤酸度的改良具有持续性。因此,花生秸秆炭和油菜秸秆炭是优良的酸性土壤改良剂。     

不同施肥结构对酸性黄棕壤修复效果研究

利用3年田间定位试验,研究了不同施肥结构对酸性黄棕壤酸性、交换性能以及微生物区系的影响。结果表明:连年施用有机肥以及配施石灰和白云石粉均能显著降低土壤中交换性酸和交换性Al~(3+)的含量,提高土壤pH,且不同施肥结构对修复黄棕壤酸性的效果为有机肥配施石灰有机肥配施白云石粉有机肥;连年施用有机肥以及配施石灰主要提高了土壤中交换性Ca~(2+)含量,而配施白云石粉则主要提高了土壤中交换性Mg~(2+)含量;有机肥配施石灰和白云石粉均降低了土壤中真菌的数量,但提高了土壤中细菌/真菌比、放线菌/真菌比以及细菌和放线菌数量,改善了土壤微生物群落结构,增加了烟叶的产量和产值。     

Potential of Chemically Labile Fractions to Measure Mineralizable Soil Nitrogen

Nitrogen (N) in the soil is largely organic and is available to crops only after it is mineralized to inorganic N by microbial or enzyme action. To develop a soil test for guiding N applications, a method to predict the relative amount of organic N that will mineralize in a growing season is necessary. Several chemical analysis methods proposed in the literature to measure mineralizable N were examined for chemical interference, measurement precision, response to procedure modifications, and ability to distinguish differences among soils. The chemical analyses examined involved various acid or alkaline hydrolysis, with the resulting inorganic ammonium N measured by steam distillation and manual or automated diffusion. A gelatinous precipitate in the filtered and neutralized 6 M hydrochloric acid (HCl) hydrolysis solution interfered with magnesium oxide (MgO) diffusion traditionally used to measure inorganic ammonium N. Removing the precipitate appeared to circumvent the interference. The precipitate did not appear to interfere with the sodium hydroxide (NaOH) diffusion. The 6 M HCl hydrolysis extracted 34 to 103% of clay‐fixed ammonium in the soils. Steam distillation was shown to be an acceptable alternative to diffusion for measuring NaOH‐labile N. The vigor of NaOH measurement conditions caused differences in results, showing that precise and reproducible conditions are necessary. Several methods were closely correlated (r² > 0.62) with N mineralized during aerobic incubations and could be considered for further evaluation for soil N testing. This study showed that modifications are required to several proposed analytical methods to improve their potential to estimate mineralizable N for fetilizer or other amendment recommendations for crop production     

Soil and Rice Responses to Phosphate Fertilizer in Two Contrasting Seasons on Acid Sulfate Soil

Acid sulfate soils (ASS) are characterized by low pH, aluminum (Al), and iron (Fe) toxicity and are typically deficient in phosphate (PO₄). The application of phosphorus (P) fertilizer could help reduce the level of exchangeable Al and Fe, thereby improving the rice growth and yield. Five levels of P (0, 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg phosphorus pentoxide (P₂O₅)/ha) were tested with rice varieties MTL560 in the wet season and MTL480 in the dry season. The optimum rate of P was 60 kg P₂O₅/ha for rice in the dry season and 80 kg P₂O₅/ha in the wet season. Soil testing showed at the start of the season that there was sufficient P in the soil. At the end of the season there was a reduction in soil Al and Fe in plots that had P rates above 40 kg P₂O₅/ha. It is therefore likely that P application reduced Al and Fe toxicity through precipitation and formation of Al-P and Fe-P compounds, which boasted yield, rather amending a soil P deficiency.     

酸性紫色土的阳离子交换特征及其对酸缓冲容量的影响

明确酸性紫色土的交换性阳离子组成特征及其对土壤后续酸化进程的影响有助于评估紫色土的潜在酸化风险。为此,在重庆市合川区采集了38个酸性紫色土,进行了理化性质分析与酸缓冲容量测定,探讨了阳离子交换特征对土壤酸缓冲容量的影响。结果表明:部分紫色土的酸化程度较为严重,但酸性紫色土仍具有较高的交换性盐基阳离子含量和阳离子交换量(CEC)。紫色土的交换性Ca²⁺和交换性Mg²⁺含量分别为红壤的5.9倍和3.9倍。紫色土CEC也显著高于红壤和砖红壤。丰富的黏土矿物组成,尤其是较高的蒙脱石含量,是紫色土具有较高盐基阳离子含量和高CEC的主要原因。酸性紫色土的酸缓冲容量大小为3.18～25.6mmol·kg^–1·pH^–1。酸缓冲容量与交换性盐基总量和CEC间均呈极显著的正相关性。较高的盐基阳离子含量和CEC有助于增加紫色土的酸缓冲容量,减缓土壤的酸化速度。因此,尽管部分紫色土酸化较为严重,但受成土母质和发育程度的影响,丰富的盐基阳离子含量能对进入土壤中的酸进行缓冲,减缓紫色土酸化速度。这是紫色土相对于其他地带性酸性土...     

Extraction and Analysis of Soil Solution of Phosphate Rock and Acid Treated Soil

Abstract

Increasing basic phosphate rock (PR) rates and acid loads were applied to an acidic sandy soil in a laboratory experiment. ‘Total’ amounts of potentially toxic elements in the soil and PR samples were determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectrometry after acidic, microwave digestion. Soil solution was extracted from wet soil by centrifugation with a speed corresponding to the suction power exerted by plants at the conventional wilting point. Addition of PR generally decreased rather than increased metal concentrations in the soil solution because of its pH elevating, immobilizing effect. Except for Pb, the extreme acid treatment compensated for the immobilizing effect of PR. Release of Cd (expressed as soil solution concentration in percentage of the total amount in soil+PR) was generally highest among elements at every treatment, and Cr was the least mobile metal. The one‐time, high rate of PR application did not make a direct environmental risk probable.     

聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)在土壤改良中的应用进展

聚丙烯酰胺（PAM）是一种新型的高效土壤结构改良剂,属高分子聚合物,具有很强的絮凝性,近年来一直是人们研究的热点。详细论述了国内外PAM的研究进展状况,综合分析得出PAM今后在农业领域应用前景广阔。     

应用水解聚丙烯腈改良黄绵土的效果研究

该文通过采用土壤结构改良剂水解聚丙烯腈处理黄绵土，以探讨幼林地土壤管理的有效措施，试验结果表明：土壤结构改良黄绵土的效果非常显著。它的使用促进了团粒结构的形成，降低土壤容重，提高土壤渗透性，而且在浓度为０．０５％￣０．４０％的范围内，对黄绵土的改良效果随其浓度的增大而升高。还初步表明：幼林地使用土壤结构改良剂，可提高土壤水分，因此，在劣质立地幼林抚育管理中应用土壤结构改良剂是适宜的。     

模拟酸雨组成对棉花根际土壤水解酶活性的影响

本文模拟酸雨离子组成,运用恒温恒湿连续培养的方法,考察了外源酸对棉花根际土壤脲酶、转化酶、磷酸酶活性的影响。结果表明:低酸度对脲酶、中性磷酸酶产生一定的激活效应,进而转为抑制;而在[H+]0～55mmol/kg范围内,外源酸对转化酶与酸性磷酸酶活性表现为明显的激活效应。三种水解酶活性随培养时间的延长均表现为激活-抑制的变化规律。相关分析表明,脲酶、中性磷酸酶活性与[H+]呈极显著负相关;而转化酶、酸性磷酸酶活性与[H+]正相关。     

不同种植年限酸化果园土壤微生物学性状的研究

土壤微生物学指标能够反映土壤质量,是敏感的土壤质量指标。本文以山东果园土壤急剧酸化为背景,研究了山东5个不同种植年限酸化果园(5a～30a)土壤pH值、土壤的微生物数量、土壤微生物量和酶活性的变化,分析果园土壤微生物学性状与土壤pH值的相关性。结果表明:随着种植年限的延长,除真菌、磷酸酶活性只在一定范围内呈现波动趋势外,土壤pH值与微生物数量,土壤微生物量、土壤酶活性呈现不同程度下降。其中酸化果园土壤pH值与微生物量碳、蔗糖酶、过氧化氢酶之间都存在着极显著相关,相关系数分别为0.92、0.97和0.94。土壤微生物数量、土壤微生物生物量、土壤酶活性之间也存在着某种关联,集中体现在土壤酶活性之间及与土壤微生物生物量之间。     

改良剂对土壤酸碱度和烤烟生长及烟叶中重金属含量的影响

为筛选出高效安全的酸性植烟土壤改良剂,采用盆栽试验研究了不同改良剂(生石灰、白云石粉和熟石灰,用量为0.66 g/kg风干土)对酸性土壤p H、烟株生长和烟叶重金属吸收的影响。结果表明,施用石灰和白云石粉均能提高土壤p H,其中生石灰提高的幅度达到0.52单位;改良剂能够促进根系的生长,增加烟株干物质的积累,生石灰、白云石粉、熟石灰处理旺长期烟株总干重分别增加了13%、9%和17%;白云石粉处理增加了烟叶总糖、还原糖含量和糖碱比,石灰处理则降低了总糖和还原糖含量;白云石粉处理显著增加了烟叶的Cd含量,而石灰处理则降低了烟叶的Cd含量,但各处理烟叶中重金属含量均较低。综合考虑改良剂的效果和烟叶的安全性,石灰是烟区酸性土壤改良、提高烟叶产量和安全性的有效技术措施。     

工业副产品对红壤酸度改良的研究

选择4种工业副产品(粉煤灰、碱渣、赤泥和磷石青),通过室内培养实验研究了它们对酸性红壤的改良效果.结果表明碱渣和赤泥能降低土壤溶液中的毒性形态的Al、可溶性Al以及交换性Al,增加土壤pH、交换性盐基和ECEC,可成为石灰的替代品作为酸性土壤的改良剂,且长期施用不会像石灰那样加剧土壤Mg、K的缺乏.粉煤灰的改良效果不太理想,而磷石青虽然能增加土壤交换性盐基和ECEC,降低土壤的交换性Al,但增加土壤溶液中的毒性形态的Al和可溶性Al,因此不利于表层土壤酸化的改良.加入质子消耗量与土壤交换性酸量等当量的碱渣和赤泥时,红壤pH升高到5.81～6.26,土壤Al的饱和度降低到15%以下,即可消除Al的毒害.根据碱渣和赤泥的质子消耗容量和红壤的交换性酸量来确定改良剂的施入量是估算改良剂用量的可行方法.     

Production and Emission of Nitrous Oxide and Responsible Microorganisms in Upland Acid Soil in Indonesia

Incubation and field experiments were conducted to determine emission and production of nitrous oxide (N₂O) and responsible microorganisms in an upland acid soil of Indonesia. The results showed that N₂O productions in the soil samples were affected by ammonium and urea amendments compared with control. N₂O production reached the highest peak at the first week then decreased until 4 weeks incubation in the potato and tea soil samples. However, more N₂O production was found in tea soil than potato soil. Pine forest soil produced N₂O more at second week incubation than first week, then decreased until 4 weeks. These results further confirmed that the N₂O emitted in the field, which was higher in tea garden than other fields. The both ammonium and nitrate contents in the tea soil were higher than potato and pine soils. The number of ammonium oxidizers in the pine and potato soils was not significantly different, but it was lower in the tea soil. Number of nitrite oxidizers was almost the same in the potato and tea soils, however it was lower in the pine soil. The number of denitrifiers was 1–3 orders magnitude higher in the tea soil than the potato and pine soils.     

水稻和两种野生植物对酸性硫酸盐土耐性及矿质元素吸收

酸性硫酸盐土是发育于还原性硫化物成土母质的一种恶劣土壤类型,虽然其分布区气候条件十分有利于水稻生长,但由于土壤条件限制,水稻生产潜力难以发挥。为筛选出适应该土壤的水稻品种,在酸性硫酸盐土(pH 3.69)上种植了240个水稻品种,但是所有水稻品种均未获得经济产量,却发现两种野生植物在该土壤中生长茂盛。经形态和分子鉴定,两种野生植物为野荸荠(Eleocharis kuroguwai)和五棱飘拂草(Fimbristylis quinquangularis)。进一步分析了水稻和两种野生植物的根际和非根际土壤性质、根部和地上部矿质元素含量。结果表明,根际土壤pH、交换性铝和有效锰含量不能解释水稻和两种野生植物耐性差异,锰毒和缺氮亦不是酸性硫酸盐土限制植物生长的关键因子,而植物地上部矿质元素含量与植物耐性差异相关。铝毒、铁毒和较低的养分(磷、钾、钙、镁)吸收是酸性硫酸盐土中水稻生长不良的主要因子。相反,两种野生植物对铝毒和铁毒的耐性较强,对养分吸收能力较强,所以生长良好。     

Amelioration of Acidic Soil and Production Performance of Cowpea by the Application of Different Organic Manures in Eastern Himalayan Region,India

Acidic soils are limiting the production potential of the crops because of low availability of basic ions and excess of hydrogen (H⁺), aluminium (Al³⁺), and manganese (Mn²⁺) in exchangeable forms. Therefore, a field study was conducted to know the ameliorating effect of organic manures on acidic soils and production performance of cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L., Walp.) by using different locally available organic manures. Growth and yield attributes were observed to be significantly greater with vermicompost (VC) followed by poultry manure (PM). Porosity, maximum water-holding capacity (MWHC), and organic carbon were greater with farmyard manure (FYM) and cow dung manure (CDM). However, water retention at field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP), bulk density (BD), pH, and availability of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) were greater with VC. However, physical and chemical properties were deteriorated in control plots.     

野葛对红壤坡地水土保持和改良土壤效应的研究

针对红壤坡地水土流失严重的状况,选用横峰野葛、百喜草为材料对红壤坡地水土保持和土壤改良进行了研究。结果表明:横峰野葛和百喜草能有效地提高土壤持水量,降低土壤容重,增大土壤孔隙度,提高土壤PH值,增加土壤有机质和N、P、K含量,大大减少土壤侵蚀量和径流量,达到了较好的水土保持和改良土壤效果,而且野葛的综合效果比百喜草更好。     

施用白云石对酸性黄红壤作物产量及化学性质的影响

白云石改良酸性黄红壤三年定位试验结果表明:酸性黄红壤施用白云石可以降低土壤交换性铝的含量,提高土壤pH值和交换性钙、镁的含量,显著提高作物产量,且有明显的后效。第1—6季作物分别增产10.8%~13.4%、21.5%~48.6%、9.4%~16.2%、10.9%~44.6%、7.9%~22.0%和6.6%~29.8%。白云石施用量为600kg hm-2时,降酸作用可维持3季作物以上;白云石施用量为2500 kg hm-2时,降酸作用可维持6季作物以上。     

高聚物对土壤结构改良的研究 Ⅲ.聚丙烯酰胺对赤红壤的改良研究

研究了不同离子类型 (中性、阴离子和两性 )聚丙烯酰胺对赤红壤的改良作用。实验结果显示 ,聚丙烯酰胺能够提高赤红壤 >0 .2 5mm水稳性团粒结构数量 ,降低土壤容重 ,增大土壤的毛管持水量和渗透系数 ,提高土壤的含水量 ;在施用量为 0 .0 0 5 %— 0 .2 0 0 %的范围内 ,改良剂对赤红壤的改良效果随其施用量的增大而增强 ;聚丙烯酰胺的离子类型和分子量及其施用方式和添加剂对土壤的改良效果有显著影响     

燃煤烟气脱硫副产物在酸性土上的农用研究

燃煤烟气脱硫副产物是工业发电的燃煤脱硫过程产生的一种固体废弃物,本文研究了它的农业利用价值,并进行了酸性土壤上施用的肥效试验和作物的重金属含量检测。结果显示:燃煤烟气脱硫副产物富含南方酸性土壤中普遍缺乏的Ca、S、Si、B、Mo等元素,具极好的农业利用价值;在3种不同类型的赤红壤上,供试作物适量施用脱硫副产物均可获得不同程度的增产和提高品质的效果,若与活化剂配合施用效果更佳;并能有效改善土壤的理化性能;供试物中的重金属含量均没有超过国家的限量标准,故适量施用后,当造作物植株中检出的重金属含量均低于国家限量标准。     

酸性矿石废水短期污染对水稻土的影响

以受酸性矿石废水(ARD)污染1年的水稻田为研究对象,根据“ARD–土壤–水稻”体系中Cu、Cd、Pb和Zn等重金属含量,评价污染风险,分析ARD初期污染土壤中重金属的迁移特性;并分析土壤酸化潜力、理化性质和土壤脱氢酶含量,研究其与土壤重金属间的关系,探讨土壤污染特征,为酸性矿石废水(ARD)短期污染土壤的治理提供依据。结果表明:ARD的p H在2~3,其Cu和Cd分别超过国家V类水标准8.53倍和13倍。受ARD污染1年后,土壤中已有不同程度的Cu的富集,其中污染最严重的污1土壤中Cu(64.0 mg/kg)均超过国家二级标准(50.0 mg/kg),但污染土壤上水稻中的重金属大部分富集在根中,稻米中的重金属均远低于国家食品卫生标准。ARD污染也造成不同程度的土壤酸化和功能衰减,污1样地酸化和功能衰减最严重,其土壤p H和净产酸量(ANG)分别为3.5和H2SO4 12.4 kg/t,土壤脱氢酶活性已降为TBF 0.002 mg/(kg干土?24h)。此外,土壤中重金属含量和土壤酸化及土壤其他理化性质有一定关系,如土壤中总Cu和有效态Cu均和土壤中p H、NAGPH、Fe和SO42–极显著相关(P0.01),而土壤中Cu和Cd均和有效硅和电导率极显著相关(P0.01)。