鸡卵黄抗体对产肠毒素埃希氏大肠杆菌纤毛的亲和力

利用产毒素埃希氏大肠杆菌灭活苗或提纯Ｋ９９毛免疫鸡和奶捉后制备鸡卵黄抗体，奶牛血清抗体和乳清抗体，用ＥＬＩＳＡ竞争法测定鸡或牛体内产生的抗Ｋ９９纤毛抗体的亲和力，卵黄抗体能对免疫奶牛血清和乳清抗体产生强烈的竞争，抑制４０－８０％抗体的吸附，结果表明免疫鸡抗体与免疫奶牛抗体的亲和力有差异，因此，免疫鸡卵黄抗体，除了可预防某些传染病外，还可通过亲和层析法提纯某些生物活性物质（如纤毛抗原）的有效配体。     

鸡新城疫—减蛋综合征蜂胶佐剂灭活二联苗的研究

首次用蜂胶作为佐剂，研制出鸡新城疫－减蛋综合征（ＮＤ－ＥＤＳ）二联灭活 ，在开产前１个月左右，用该苗按０．５ｍｌ／只的剂量皮下或肌肉注射免疫蛋鸡，接种后２０ｄ测ＮＤ抗体（ＨＩ法）效价为６．２５－７．０（ｌｏｇ２，）ＥＤＳ－７６抗体（ＨＩ法）效价为６．５－８．０，用ＮＤ－ＥＤＳ油乳剂灭活二联苗做对照，进行免疫持续期平行测定对比试验，免疫后１８０ｄ，蜂胶苗免疫组鸡的ＮＤ抗体滴度为８．５－８．７，ＥＤＳ     

禽脑脊髓炎油乳剂灭活苗的现场应用试验

以分离到的禽离脑脊髓炎病毒（ＡＥＶ）野毒接种ＳＰＦ鸡胚，取其病料用福尔马林灭活并制成油乳剂苗。免疫种鸡的试验结果表明，这种灭活苗应激反应小，对产蛋时的鸡基本无影响，免疫后的鸡产生的抗体较快，用间接免疫荧光反应检测（ＩＦＡ），第５天即可检出特异的抗体，琼扩抗体可在２０～３０天查出。田间试验的初步结果表明，这种灭活苗的免疫效果稳定，３０天和４５天后的琼扩抗体检出率分别为４／４和６０／６０，免疫鸡的后代均被有效保护不发生ＡＥ。     

鸡减蛋综合征蜂胶佐剂灭活苗免疫期的试验研究

用三批减蛋综合征（ＥＤＳ）蜂胶佐剂灭活苗（９４０９１２、９４１０２４、９４１１２１）分别免疫成年产蛋母鸡，定期采血，连续检测ＨＩ抗体动态变化，这三批苗６个月的平均ＨＩ抗体滴度分别为７．７、８和７．７（Ｌｏｇ２）；用鸭胚做ＥＤＳＶ血清中和试验，其保护率均为１００％（５／５，５／５，５／５）；用ＥＤＳ２０６油苗和ＥＤＳ白油苗同时分别免疫蛋鸡，做平行对比ＨＩ抗体检测，其６个月的平均ＨＩ抗体效价分别为７．     

新城疫—传染性支气管炎—减蛋综合征三联油乳剂苗免疫对比试验

用血凝抑制试验（ＨＩ）监测自制ＮＤ－ＲＩＢ－ＥＤＳ，ＮＤ－ＫＩＢ－ＥＤＳ三联油剂灭活苗免疫鸡的抗体水平，并进行相应强毒攻击，同时以ＮＤ－ＥＤＳ二联，ＲＩＢ，ＫＩＢ等自制油苗和进口，ＮＤ－ＲＩＢ－ＥＤＳ三联油苗作对照，在此基础上，用自制三联苗免疫产物鸡４批共３８５２只，进行了田间免疫试验，结果表明：１．用各种疫苗免疫后，第２０天鸡体ＨＩ抗体达峰值，维持３个月左右，至免疫后３６０天，ＮＤ抗体仍维持在８     

提纯的马立克氏病肿瘤相关表面抗的在鸡体内的免疫应答

应用本瓜蛋白酶消化法，从马立克氏病病毒（ＭＤＶ）人工感染鸡的淋巴细胞瘤表面提取马立克氏病相关肿瘤表面抗原（ＭＡＴＳＡ）。所获得的抗原与从肿瘤细胞表面洗脱的抗ＭＡＴＳＡ抗体在ＥＬＩＳＡ中呈阳性反应。将这种抗原与白油佐剂乳化，给２０日龄鸡肌注免疫３次，应用间接ＥＬＩＳＡ对被免疫鸡的ＭＡＴＳＡ抗体进行了监测。结果表明，免疫前正常鸡的血清中无ＭＡＴＳＡ抗体存在，而用这种抗原免疫后１０天即可形成抗体应答，Ｅ     

热应激对鸡免疫应答的影响

用ＩＳＡ蛋雏研究２７～３８℃昼夜节律高温对新城疫（ＮＤ）疫苗和传染性法氏囊病（ＩＢＤ）疫苗活苗免疫后体液免疫反应的影响，结果表明：ＮＤ苗或ＩＢＤ苗免疫后立即产生热应激，不论ＮＤ的ＨＩ抗体水平还是ＥＬＩＳＡ抗ＩＢＤ抗体滴度在整个实验过程中均受到显著抑制（Ｐ＜０．０５）；应激后立即免疫ＮＤ疫苗或ＩＢＤ疫苗的鸡，ＨＩ抗体水平在免疫后第５和１４天和ＥＬＩＳＡ抗体滴度在免疫后第９天和１６天与对照组相比显著降低（Ｐ＜０．０５）；应激后２４小时免疫，或免疫后２４小时至若干天遭受高温应激的鸡，抗ＮＤ和ＩＢＤ抗体水平分别在免疫后第１４天和１６天均受到显著抑制（Ｐ＜０．０５）。试验组免疫器官与体重之比与对照组间无显著性差异，但免疫器官的组织学结构都有明显的坏死和萎缩性变化     

用不同鸡新城疫病毒株制备油乳剂苗的研究

应用４种鸡新城疫病毒Ｌａ－Ｓｏｔａ,Ｕｌｓｔｅｒ,Ｂ１和ＰＭＶ－Ⅰ分别作为抗原,制备ＮＤ油苗。每组苗颈部皮下接种非免疫来航鸡,每隔１～２周采血检测ＨＩ抗体一次,直至免疫后第８周。用同源抗原检测ＮＤ苗免疫的ＨＩ抗体滴度普遍高于非同源抗原检测的ＨＩ抗体滴度（Ｌａ－Ｓｏｔａ油苗除外）,不同ＮＤ毒株油苗中,Ｕｌｓｔｅｒ油苗和Ｂ１油苗的ＨＩ抗体水平最高,其次是Ｌａ－Ｓｏｔａ油苗,ＰＭＶ－Ⅰ油苗ＨＩ抗体水平最     

接种IBDV雏鸡在接种ND疫苗后免疫器官组织抗体生成细胞的变化

无ＩＢＤＶ母源抗体的健康滨白１日龄公雏接种ＩＢＤＶ，同时设健康对照鸡。接种鸡及对照鸡均分成两组。接种鸡中的一组在１４日龄时经点眼，滴鼻免疫接种ＬａＳｏｔａ苗，对照鸡的一组也同样免疫，称为感染一次免疫鸡和对照一次免疫鸡；感染鸡的另一组在首次免疫（１４日龄）后２周（２８日龄）进行ＮＤ二次免疫，对照鸡的另一组也进行同样处理，称为感染二次免疫鸡和对照二次免疫鸡。在免疫后不同时期检测各组鸡氏囊，胸腺，脾脏，     

应用马立克氏病肿瘤细胞表面洗脱的抗体制备肿瘤表面抗原的内映像

从马立克氏病病毒（ＭＤＶ）人工感染鸡的淋巴细胞瘤表面洗脱抗马立克氏病相关肿瘤表面抗原（ＭＡＴＳＡ）的抗体。以此作为Ａｂ１免疫家兔，成功地制备了ＭＡＴＳＡ的内映像（Ａｂ２β）。将纯化的Ａｂ２β与白油佐剂乳化，给３０日龄鸡肌注免疫，应用间接ＥＬＩＳＡ对免疫鸡ＭＡＴＳＡ抗体的消长进行了监测。结果表明：正常鸡的血清中无ＭＡＴＳＡ抗体的存在，而用这种Ａｂ２β于第１次免疫后１０ｄ即可形成明显的抗体应答，ＥＬＩＳＡ的ＯＤ值（ｘ）为０．２０；至第３次免疫后１０ｄ，ＯＤ值（ｘ）为０．３３，达峰值，以后则呈下降趋势。研究结果表明，应用来自ＭＤＶ感染鸡肿瘤细胞表面的抗ＭＡＴＳＡ的抗体，可以用作肿瘤表面抗原内映像的制备，从而为抗肿瘤独特型疫苗的研究提供了一种新途径     

Protection of turkey poults from Bordetella avium infection and disease by pili and bacterins

The role of pili in protection against Bordetella avium infection in turkey poults was studied. An isolate that produced the largest number of pili under growth conditions developed in our laboratory was used for preparation of pili and bacterin and for challenge. The pili were isolated, purified, examined by electron microscopy, and tested for purity by gel electrophoresis. Poults were vaccinated with oil-adjuvant pili, formaldehyde- or merthiolate-inactivated bacterins, or a commercial bacterin. Poults were vaccinated once or twice subcutaneously at different ages and challenged intranasally with a pathogenic B. avium isolate 5 days following the last vaccination. A few vaccinated birds had very mild clinical signs. B. avium was isolated from the sinuses of a few vaccinated birds, and growth was scanty. The mean colony counts from tracheal sections was significantly higher (P less than 0.1) in unvaccinated challenged poults than in vaccinated challenged poults. It is postulated that B. avium pili are important immunogens in turkey poults.     

Feasibility of using proteins from Salmonella gallinarum vs. 9R live vaccine for the prevention of fowl typhoid in chickens

Proteins from a field strain of Salmonella gallinarum MSG1 were compared with 9R live vaccine strain for their protection against experimental fowl typhoid in chickens. Proteins from S. gallinarum gave better protection than the 9R live vaccine as measured by clearance of challenge organism from internal organs. Proteins given twice with an adjuvant at 200 micrograms/100 g body weight resulted in 95% protection, compared with 60% protection with 9R given orally. The 9R live vaccine produced more hepatic and splenic lesions and, when administered orally as a single dose, was the least protective (60%). In the group vaccinated subcutaneously with a single dose of 9R without an adjuvant, both the challenge strain and the 9R vaccine strain were isolated from the ovaries of some birds. All chickens vaccinated with 9R strain or with proteins developed antibodies detectable by microagglutination test, and in some vaccinated groups as many as 100% of the birds developed antibody levels detected by seroagglutination.     

CpG寡核苷酸对IBDV VP2基因真核表达质粒免疫增效作用

以传染性法氏囊病病毒(IBDV)VP2蛋白基因表达质粒DNA为免疫原，以CpG的寡核苷酸(CpG-0DN)为免疫佐剂，肌肉注射于14日龄SPF鸡，1周后加强免疫1次，2次免疫后15d和21d分别测定血清ELISA抗体效价，并于免疫后21d用IBDV99儿强毒株攻毒和进行病理学观察。结果显示，(1)VP2基因重组质粒DNA与CpG共同免疫组的ELISA抗体水平明显高于VP2重组质粒免疫组；(2)IBD弱毒苗与VP2重组质粒免疫组抗体水平明显高于VP2重组质粒免疫组，且比VP2基因重组质粒DNA与CpG共同免疫组略高；(3)VP2基因重组质粒DNA与CpG共同免疫组及IBD弱毒苗与VP2重组质粒免疫组可明显降低IBDV强毒攻击后引起的急性发病率和死亡率。由此表明，CpG寡核苷酸对IBDV VP2蛋白基因真核表达质粒免疫具有明显增强作用，有很大的应用前景。     

ADMINISTRATION OF A VACCINE PREPARED FROM THE AUSTRALIAN V4 STRAIN OF NEWCASTLE DISEASE VIRUS BY AEROSOL AND DRINKING WATER

SUMMARY An experimental vaccine containing the avirulent Australian V4 strain of Newcastle disease virus was used to vaccinate 3- or 6-week-old chickens by aerosol and drinking water application. The chickens lacked maternally derived antibody to Newcastle disease virus. When the vaccine virus was diluted in tap water more than 90% of the infectivity was destroyed immediately. The addition of 0.25% skim milk prevented this loss and there was no loss in distilled water. Rates of inactivation at 37°C were similar in tap water and distilled water and were unaffected by the addition of skim milk. Both methods of vaccination resulted in the production of haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies which persisted for at least 8 to 12 weeks. The antibody response to aerosol vaccination was significantly better than that following drinking water vaccination. No clinical disease was induced by exposure to vaccine virus. Serum neutralisation antibodies paralleled those detected by haemagglutination-inhibition in chicks vaccinated once by drinking water. After revaccination through the drinking water, haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies were boosted temporarily while neutralising antibodies were maintained at an enhanced level. From chickens vaccinated by aerosol, Newcastle disease virus was recovered for 10 days from lungs and for 7 days from tracheas and caecal tonsils. Peak viraemia was detected 2 and 3 days after vaccination while both neutralising and haemagglutination-inhibition antibodies became detectable 5 days after vaccination.     

Immunogenicity of an Escherichia coli (serotype O1) pili vaccine in chickens

Immunogenicity of an oil-emulsified Escherichia coli (serotype O1) pili vaccine was evaluated in chickens. Chickens were vaccinated with 116 micrograms or 29 micrograms of pili protein and challenged with the homologous E. coli via the posterior thoracic air sac. Unvaccinated chickens were challenged to serve as positive controls or left unchallenged to serve as negative controls. Vaccinated chickens were protected against challenge because they suffered low or no mortality; had mild gross lesions in air sacs, pericardial sacs, and livers, and the scored values were significantly (P less than or equal to 0.05) lower than those in the positive controls; and eliminated E. coli from tissues more efficiently than the positive controls.     

Protective antibody response produced by the chickens vaccinated with green coloured thermostable Newcastle disease virus

The efficacy of green-coloured (GC) I-2 Newcastle disease vaccine was determined in the present study. I-2 vaccine was mixed with a green coloured dye and stored at 4°C for 6 months while assayed for the virus infectivity at a monthly interval. Chickens were vaccinated with the GC vaccine by eye drop. Serum samples were collected from all birds before and after vaccination at weekly interval for 4 weeks and tested for haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) antibody against Newcastle disease virus (NDV). These chickens were challenged with NDV virulent strain four weeks after vaccination. The results showed that there was no difference between the infectivity titres of GC and uncoloured vaccines. However, chickens vaccinated with GC vaccine produced higher HI antibody titres than chickens vaccinated with uncoloured vaccine. Results from the challenge trial showed that all vaccinated chickens survived whereas all unvaccinated chickens died. The findings from this study have shown that the GC vaccine is safe and produced protective antibodies against NDV in vaccinated chickens. Wambura, P. N., 2008. Protective antibody response produced by the chickens vaccinated with green coloured thermostable Newcastle disease virus. Tropical Animal Health and Production.     

The resistance of meat chickens vaccinated by aerosol with a live V4 Newcastle disease virus vaccine in the field to challenge with a velogenic Newcastle disease virus

Meat chickens housed on a commercial broiler farm in Australia were vaccinated once at 10 to 11 days-of-age by aerosol with live V4 Newcastle disease virus (NDV) vaccine. Groups of vaccinated and unvaccinated birds were flown to Malaysia, where they were challenged with a virulent strain of NDV. Survival rates in vaccinated chickens challenged 7, 14, 21 or 31 d after vaccination were 0.47, 0.77, 0.97 and 0.92, respectively. All unvaccinated chickens died due to Newcastle disease (ND) following challenge. Chickens in Australia and Malaysia were bled and the serums tested for haemagglutination-inhibiting (HI) antibody to NDV. Many vaccinated birds with no detectable antibody, and all birds with a log2 titre of 2 or greater, survived challenge. The results showed that this V4 vaccine induced protective immunity in a significant proportion of chickens within 7 d of mass aerosol vaccination. This early immunity occurred in the absence of detectable circulating HI antibody. Non-HI antibody mediated immunity continued to provide protection up to 31 d after vaccination. Almost all vaccinated birds were protected within 3 w of vaccination. It is concluded that the V4 vaccine is efficacious and could be useful during an outbreak of virulent ND in Australia.     

Response of broiler chickens to fowl cholera vaccination at 1 to 6 weeks of age.

Broiler chickens, in groups of 10, received a single vaccination by the stick-wing route at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, or 11 weeks of age with live Clemson University strain of Pasteurella multocida. Twenty non-vaccinates kept in isolation served as controls. Cholera serum antibody titers in all chickens were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay at weekly intervals. Chickens vaccinated once at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 weeks, respectively, attained 25.2%, 28.7%, 34.7%, 46.2%, 51.8%, and 64.6% of the titers of those vaccinated once at 11 weeks of age. Variation in antibody response was greatest in chickens vaccinated at 1 or 2 weeks of age. Additionally, chickens vaccinated at 1 or 2 weeks of age showed the longest response time (5 weeks) to reach maximum antibody titers after a single vaccination. When the original vaccinates were revaccinated at 11 weeks of age, all showed a secondary response equal to or greater than that seen in chickens vaccinated once at 11 weeks of age. Age of the chickens at the time of vaccination and antibody titer were positively correlated (r = 0.997). Overall antibody responses to vaccination were higher and much more uniform as birds increased in age.