Determination of the Trace Element Contents in Plants Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

The aim of the study is to investigate the contents of trace element Se,Cd,Pb in three plants including burdock,ginkgol and garlic via graphite furnace atomic absorption and standard addition method. The results show that Se in burdock stem,skin and leaf are 32.40,48.63,38.10 μg/g,respectively; Cd in burdock stem,skin and leaf are 0.160 0,0.300 0,0.140 0 μg/g,respectively; Cd in burdock stem,skin and leaf are 2.020,3.960,2.410 μg/g,respectively. In the ginkgo and ginko leaf,Se contents are 17.63 and 16.91 μg/g,respectively; for Cd are 0.181 0 and 0.202 0 μg/g,respectively; for Pb are 3.572 and 4.021 μg/g,respectively. In garlic,Se,Cd and Pb are 73.900 0,6.900 0 and 0.390 0,respectively. All the standard deviations of measured results are below 2.3%,recovery rate are from 99% to 101%.     

陕蒙高速公路两旁粮食作物中重金属含量分析(英文)

To understand the effect of the running of Shaanxi Inner Mongolia Expressway on food crops planted along the sides, we determined the heavy metal contents(Zn, Pb, Cu and Cb) in the digestion solutions of the root, stem and leaf from rice and corn. The results showed that highway promoted the accumulation of heavy metal elements in corn and rice. Compared with the CKs(crops produced where no highway extend), contents of heavy metal elements in two crops tested from two sampling sites were both over standard. This indicates that food crops planted within 100 m away from the highway are been polluted by heavy metals, which is directly related with the running of Shaanxi Inner Mongolia Expressway. Based on this, the areas within 100 m away from the highway are not suggested to cultivate food crops.     

Accumulation and bioavailability of heavy metals in a soil-wheat/maize system with long-term sewage sludge amendments

A long-term field experiment was carried out with a wheat-maize rotation system to investigate the accumulation and bioavailability of heavy metals in a calcareous soil at different rates of sewage sludge amendment. There are significant linear correlations between the contents of Hg, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in soil and sewage sludge amendment rates. By increasing 1 ton of applied sludge per hectare per year in soil, the contents of Hg, Zn, Cu, Pb, and Cd in soil increased by 6.20, 619, 92.9, 49.2, and 0.500 μg kg–1, respectively. For Hg, sewage sludge could be safely applied to the soil for 18 years at an application rate of 7.5 t ha–1 before content exceeded the soil environmental quality standards in China(1 mg kg–1). The safe application period for Zn is 51 years and is even longer for other heavy metals(112 years for Cu, 224 years for Cd, and 902 years for Pb) at an application rate of 7.5 t ha–1 sewage sludge. The contents of Zn and Ni in wheat grains and Zn, Cu, and Cr in maize grains increased linearly with increasing sewage sludge amendment rates. The contents of Zn, Cr, and Ni in wheat straws and Zn, Cu, and As in maize straws were positively correlated with sewage sludge amendment rates, while the content of Cu in wheat straws and Cr in maize straws showed the opposite trend. The bioconcentration factors of the heavy metals in wheat and maize grains were found to be in the order of ZnCuCdHgCr=NiPbAs. Furthermore, the bioconcentration factors of heavy metals in wheat were greater than those in maize, indicating that wheat is more sensitive than maize as an indicator plant. These results will be helpful in developing the critical loads for sewage sludge amendment in calcareous soils.     

Kinetics of selenium absorption in ligated small intestinal loops of chicks

Selenium(Se) is an essential trace element that has a large number of biological functions for broilers. However, the absorption kinetics of Se from sodium selenite in the small intestine of broilers remains unclear. Therefore, two experiments were conducted with 28-d-old commercial male broilers to study the kinetics of Se absorption in ligated small intestinal segments. In experiment 1, the Se absorption in duodenal, jejunal, and ileal segments at different post-perfusion time points(0, 20, 40, 60, 80, 100 and 120 min) were compared. In experiment 2, a kinetic study of Se absorption was conducted with the duodenal, jejunal, and ileal loops perfused with solutions containing 0, 0.0375, 0.075, 0.15, 0.30, or 0.60 μg mL–1 of Se as sodium selenite, and Se contents in perfusates were determined at 100 min after perfusion. The results from experiment 1 showed that the Se absorption increased in an asymptotic response(P0.0001) to post-perfusion time within 120 min in all the small intestinal segments, but increased linearly(P0.0001) at less than 100 min after perfusion in duodenal and ileal segments, while more than 96.0% of the maximum Se absorption occurred at 100 min after perfusion in each small intestinal segment. In experiment 2, there was no difference(P0.05) in the Se absorption rate among different ligated small intestinal segments perfused with solutions containing 0.0375–0.15 μg mL–1 of Se, however, the Se absorption rate was higher(P0.05) in the jejunum than that in the duodenum perfused with solutions containing 0.30–0.60 μg mL–1 of Se. The kinetic curves of Se absorption demonstrated that the Se absorption was a saturated carrier-mediated process in the duodenum, and the maximum absorption rate was 1 271 pg min–1 cm–1; whereas the Se absorptions were a non-saturated diffusion process in the jejunum and ileum, and the diffusive constants were 2 107 and 1 777 cm2 min–1, respectively. The results from the present study indicate that the jejunum is the main Se absorption site, and the Se absorption is a saturated carrier-mediated process in the duodenum, but a non-saturated diffusion process in the jejunum and ileum of broilers.     

A possible mechanism of mineral responses to elevated atmospheric CO2 in rice grains

Increasing attentions have been paid to mineral concentration decrease in milled rice grains caused by CO2 enrichment, but the mechanisms still remain unclear. Therefore, mineral(Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn and Mn) translocation in plant-soil system with a FACE(Free-air CO2 enrichment) experiment were investigated in Eastern China after 4-yr operation. Results mainly showed that:(1) elevated CO2 significantly increased the biomass of stem and panicle by 21.9 and 24.0%, respectively, but did not affect the leaf biomass.(2) Elevated CO2 significantly increased the contents of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn in panicle by 61.2, 28.9, 87.0, 36.7, and 66.0%, respectively, and in stem by 13.2, 21.3, 47.2, 91.8, and 25.2%, respectively, but did not affect them in leaf.(3) Elevated CO2 had positive effects on the weight ratio of mineral/biomass in stem and panicle. Our results suggest that elevated CO2 can favor the translocation of Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, and Mn from soil to stem and panicle. The CO2-led mineral decline in milled rice grains may mainly attribute to the CO2-led unbalanced stimulations on the translocations of minerals and carbohydrates from vegetative parts(e.g., leaf, stem, branch and husk) to the grains.     

Effects of selenium and sulfur on antioxidants and physiological parameters of garlic plants during senescence

A hydroponic study was conducted to determine the effects of selenium(Se: 0, 3, 6 μmol L~(-1)) on senescence-related oxidative stress in garlic plants grown under two sulfur(S) levels. We evaluated the yields of plants harvested at 160 and 200 days after sowing. Plants grown under a low Se dose(0.3 μmol L~(-1)) at low S level showed higher yields(12.0% increase in fresh weight yield, 13.7% increase in dry weight yield) than the controls, despite a decrease in chlorophyll concentration. Compared with control plants, the Se-treated plants showed lower levels of lipid peroxidation. The Se-treated plants also showed higher activities of glut athione peroxidase and catalase, but lower superoxide dismutase activities. Changes in F_v/F_m values and proline contents were affected more strongly by S than by Se. On the basis of our results, we can conclude that Se plays a key role in the antioxidant systems in garlic seedlings. It delays senescence by alleviating the peroxide stress, but it can be toxic at high levels. A high S level may increase tolerance to high Se concentrations through reducing Se accumulation in plants.     

Variations of DON Content in Grain during Wheat Tempering at Different Temperatures

[Objective] The aim of this study was to observe variations of DON content in grain of two wheat cultivars during tempering at different temperatures, and explore the possible causes of the variations. [Method] Two naturally Fusarium-infested wheat samples Youmai 3 and Yangmai 14 were selected as experimental materials. Tempering was carried out at different temperature(15, 25 and 35 ℃) for 48 h. During tempering, wheat grain samples were collected every 8 h. DON contents in tempered grain were measured by HPLC coupled with UV detector. [Result] For Youmai 3, DON contents were in the ranges of 3.94-12.49, 4.26-6.11 and 3.41-7.91 μg/g during tempering at 15, 25 and 35 ℃, respectively. The highest DON contents were observed at the 32ndhour at 15 ℃, the 8thhour at 25 ℃ and the 32ndhour at 35 ℃, respectively. After tempering for 48 h, DON contents in grain were increased by 175.1%, 27.5% and 7.2%, respectively. For Yangmai 14, DON contents were in the ranges of 0.55-1.56, 0.39-0.77 and 0.57-3.17 μg/g during tempering at 15, 25 and 35 ℃, respectively. The highest DON contents were observed at the 24thhour at 15 ℃, the 40thhour at 25 ℃ and the 48thhour at 35 ℃, respectively. After tempering for 48 h, DON contents in grain were increased by 94.5% at 15 ℃ and 456.1% at 35 ℃, respectively, whereas it was decreased by 35.0% at 25 ℃. From the point of view of reducing DON level, 15 ℃ was not reasonable for the tempering of both wheat cultivars, and tempering at 35 ℃ for 16 h and tempering at 25 ℃ for 24 h appeared to be desirable for Youmai 3 and Yangmai 14, respectively. [Conclusion] The results suggested controlling the tempering temperature and time would be helpful to reduce DON level in grain.     

Characteristic analysis of tetra-resistant genetically modified rice

In this study, the characteristic of three transformants named as B1 C106-1, B1 C106-2, and B1 C106-3 were studied that carried three innate resistant genes Bph14, Bph15, and Xa23, and two enthetic resistant genes Cry1 Ca# and Bar. The five resistant genes were all verified by PCR and the two enthetic genes were identified in single copy insertion by Southern blot. At tillering stage, the Cry1 C and PAT(phosphinothricin acetyl transferase) protein contents in leaf, sheath, and stem of T2 generation were in the similar pattern: leafstemsheath, and showed significant difference(P0.01) among three organs. The average contents of Cry1 C protein in plant of B1 C106-1, B1 C106-2, and B1 C106-3 were 12.95, 6.57, and 11.30 μg g–1, respectively, and showed significant difference(P0.01) among them. However, the average contents of PAT in plant of B1 C106-1, B1 C106-2, and B1 C106-3 were 28.54, 27.66, and 28.02 μg g–1, respectively, and there were no significant difference among three transformants. The glufosinate tolerable concentration of three transformants of T3 generation reached at least 6 g L–1, and the mortality of rice leaf rollers were above 97.4% in 5 days after being fed with fresh transformants' leaves. The Cry1 C protein toxicity was also assessed by silkworms, and the mortality of silkworms feeding mulberry leaves smeared with Cry1 C protein extracts of leaves of B1 C106-1, B1 C106-2, and B1 C106-3 were 90, 67.8, and 87.8%, respectively, that were positive correlation(r=0.993) with Cry1 C protein contents in plant of three transformants. The three transformants also maintained high resistance to brown planthopper and bacterial blight as the original version. The above results indicate the tetra-resistant rice germplasm was well-developed by pyramiding innate and enthetic resistant genes in an elite line to provide with resistances of glufosinate, rice leaf roller, brown planthopper, and bacterial blight.     

Relationship Between Leaf C/N Ratio and Insecticidal Protein Expression in Bt Cotton as Affected by High Temperature and N Rate

Expression of insecticidal protein for transgenic Bacillus thuringiensis （Bt） cotton is unstable and related to nitrogen metabolism. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between leaf carbon nitrogen ratio （C/N） and insecticidal efficacy of two Bt cotton cultivars. C/N ratio and Bt protein content were both measured at peak square period and peak boll period respectively under 5-7 d high temperature and different nitrogen fertilizer rates on the Yangzhou University Farm and the Ludong Cotton Farm, China. All plants were grown in field. The results showed that the C/N ratio enhanced slightly and the Bt protein content remained stable at peak square period, but significant increases for the C/N ratio and decreases markedly for the leaf Bt protein concentration were detected at the peak boll period. The similar patterns at the two growth periods were found for the leaf C/N ratio and Bt protein content by different N fertilizer treatments. When nitrogen rate was from 0 to 600 kg ha-l, the C/N ratio was reduced by 0.017 and 0.006 for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3 at peak square period, compared to the 1.350 to 1.143 reduction for Sikang 1 and Sikang 3 at peak boll period, respectively. Correspondingly, the leaf Bt protein contents were bolstered by 2.6-11.8 and 26.9-36.9% at the two different growth periods, respectively. The results suggested that enhanced C/N ratio by high temperature and nitrogen application may result in the reduction of inseetiocidal efficacy in Bt cotton, especially in peak boll period.     

Response of axillary bud development in garlic(Allium sativum L.) to seed cloves soaked in gibberellic acid(GA_3) solution

Gibberellins(GAs) are important phytohormones that regulate many developmental processes in plants. Clove, as the reproductive organ of garlic, dramatically affected garlic bulb development. Considering the potential of gibberellins in plant development and our previous studies, we investigated the effect of soaking two types of seed cloves(seed clove-I: without root/shoot sprouting; seed clove-II: with root/shoot sprouting) in GA_3 solution on axillary bud development and examined the effect of soaking seed cloves in GA_3 solution on bulb development, phytohormone level and sugar content in this study.Results indicated seed clove types, soaking liquids and their interaction significantly affected the number of cloves per bulb and the rate of single-clove bulb. Moreover, soaking seed cloves in 1 mmol L~(–1) GA_3 solution for 24 h not only promoted axillary bud formation and secondary plant growth(equal to tillering or branching), but also slightly increased the number of cloves per bulb and changed bulb structure with a low yield and marketable quality. On the 40 th day after GA_3 treatment(at axillary bud outgrowth stage), zeatin riboside(ZR) and soluble protein in stem were sharply increased with the increase of GA_3, sucrose, fructose and soluble protein in leaf. However, GA_3, indole~(-3)-acetic acid(IAA), soluble sugar and sucrose in stem(3.52 ng g~(–1) fresh weight(FW), 19.88 ng g~(–1) FW, 237.3 mg g~(–1) FW, and 8.24 mg g~(–1) FW, respectively) were significantly decreased on the 40 th day after GA_3 treatment, compared to the control of water treatment(5.56 ng g~(–1) FW, 32.96 ng g~(–1) FW, 263.6 mg g~(–1) FW, and 10.37 mg g~(–1) FW, respectively). To our knowledge, these novel results indicate seed cloves soaked in GA_3 solution promotes axillary bud formation and outgrowth that caused the changes in plant architecture and bulb structure. Meanwhile, our findings suggest that the level of endogenous plant hormone(GA_3, IAA and ZR) cooperates with the content of sugar(sucrose and fructose) in leaf and stem to regulate axillary bud outgrowth in garlic.     

原子吸收分光光度法测定植物中微量元素的研究

采用原子分光光度法测定牛蒡、银杏、银杏叶和大蒜中Se、Cd、Pb含量,以期为该法用于植物微量元素测定提供参考。     

Determination of the Trace Element Contents in Plants Using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer

The aim of the study is to investigate the contents of trace dement Se, Cd, Pb in three plants including burdock, ginkgol and garlic via graphite fumace atomic absorption and standard addition method. The results show that Se in burdock stem, skin and leaf are 32.40, 48.63, 38.10 μg/g, respec-tively; Cd in burdock stem, skin and leaf are 0. 160 0, 0.300 0, O. 140 0 isg/g, respectively; Cd in burdock stem, skin and leaf are 2.020, 3.960,2. 410 μg/g, respectively. In the ginkgo and ginko leaf, Se contents are 17.63 and 16.91 la.g/g, respectively; for Cd are 0.181 0 and 0.202 0 μg/g, respec-tively ; for Pb are 3.572 and 4.021 μg/g, respectively. In garlic, $e, Cd and Pb are 73. 900 O, 6.900 0 and 0.390 0, respectively. All the standard devi-ations of measured results are below 2.3%, recovery rate are from 99% to 101%.     

石墨炉原子吸收法测定银杏及银杏叶中Se等4种微量元素

[目的]用石墨炉原子吸收法测定银杏及银杏叶中的微量元素,为开发利用银杏及银杏叶提供参考数据。[方法]以银杏及银杏叶为原料,采用HNO3-HClO4湿法消解处理样品,利用石墨炉原子吸收法测定Cu、Se、Cd、Pb微量元素的含量。[结果]HNO3-HClO4湿法消解的最佳比例是:Cu为2:1,Se为3:1,Cd为3:1,Pb为2:1。银杏中Pb含量较高,为3.572μg/g,Cu和Se含量分别为19.310和1.763μg/g,含量最低的是Cd,为0.181μg/g;银杏叶中Pb的含量为4.021μg/g,高于银杏中Pb的含量,Cu含量为8.320μg/g,Se含量为1.691μg/g,Cd含量为0.202μg/g。用石墨炉原子吸收法测定的回收率在99%～101%。[结论]硝酸-高氯酸比例对微量元素的测定有一定影响,当硝酸-高氯酸为2:1时测定的Cu、Pb含量较高些;为3:1时测定的Se、Cd含量较高些。     

硒、硅配施对镉胁迫下杂交稻中镉及矿质元素的影响

硒(Se)、硅(Si)在减少植物对Cd的吸收方面有着积极作用。以籽粒低镉积累杂交籼稻宜香2115和籽粒高镉积累杂交籼稻川谷优2348为材料进行大田试验,研究Se、Si及其配施对杂交籼稻Cd及矿质营养元素含量的影响。结果表明:Se、Si对水稻茎、叶、穗和糙米中Cd、Ca、Cu、Mn、Zn、Se和Si含量有显著影响。川谷优2348中Cd、Ca、Cu、Mn和Zn含量均显著高于宜香2115,Se和Si含量则低于后者。Se、Si降低宜香2115茎秆Cd、Cu、Mn含量、穗部Cu含量及川谷优2348叶片Cd含量,增加了两个品种叶片及川谷优2348茎秆中Ca含量。Si+6μmol/L Se处理显著降低宜香2115茎秆中Zn、叶片中Cd、川谷优2348茎秆Mn以及穗部Ca含量,促进宜香2115叶片Cu、Zn含量的升高;Si+12μmol/L Se处理抑制川谷优2348茎秆Cd、Zn和宜香2115穗部Zn的积累,促进川谷优2348茎秆中Cu和穗部Mn、Zn的积累。所有Se、Si处理均降低宜香2115穗部Cd含量,但高浓度Se处理下川谷优2348穗部Cd含量下降幅度变小甚至略升。宜香2115在单施6μmol/L Se下糙米Cd含量最低,川谷优2348则在Si+6μmol/L Se和12μmol/L Se下糙米Cd含量最低。     

大蒜中部分微量元素的含量分析

[目的]进一步研究开发大蒜中的微量元素组分。[方法]用火焰-原子吸收法、石墨炉-原子吸收法、原子荧光法测定大蒜中Mn、Zn、Cu、Cd、Sr、Fe、Pb、Hg、Se等元素的含量,并进行分析。[结果]试验表明,大蒜中有害元素Hg、Pb、Cd含量较低,Mn、Cu、Fe等有益元素含量较高。[结论]大蒜中含有丰富的微量元素,具有很高的开发利用价值。     

巨菌草的重金属富集特性及对土壤的修复效果

在重度Cd污染农田建立巨菌草土壤修复长期观测点,研究巨菌草吸收、积累重金属的特性及对土壤重金属污染的修复效果。在Cd和Hg复合污染的酸性土壤中迚行巨菌草植物修复试验,设置巨菌草和巨菌草加纳米重金属寈集剂2个处理。结果表明:巨菌草根、茎、叶中Cd含量依次降低,Pb、Cr、Hg含量在根中最高,茎中最低,叶、根、茎中As含量依次降低;茎中Cd积累量大于叶,叶中Cr积累量大于茎,Pb、As和Hg为叶积累型,80%以上积累在叶片中;Cd的初级迁移系数分别是Pb、Cr、As的4.2、7.2、2.4倍,Cd由根向茎的迁移能力最强;Pb、As和Hg的次级迁移系数分别为Cd的8.4、8.8、12.7倍,由茎向叶的迁移能力大于Cd;Cr在巨菌草植株中的移动性最差;巨菌草地上部Cd寈集量为82.96g/hm2,Cd的生物寈集量系数达38231kg/hm2,土壤Cd提取效率为1.699%;修复土壤Cd含量较背景值降低2.90%;添加纳米重金属寈集剂的巨菌草的Cd、Pb、Cr、As的转运量系数分别提高5.09%、30.88%、4.48%、49.72%,次级迁移系数分别提高11.39%、45.25%、59.52%、53.58%,可见,纳米重金属寈集剂促迚重金属元素在植物体内的迁移。在Cd单一污染的酸性土壤中迚行巨菌草植物修复试验,设置巨菌草和空白对照2个处理。结果表明:巨菌草修复土壤As、Hg、Cd、Pb、Cr含量比CK的分别下降6.16%、4.75%、4.91%、2.77%、2.42%,其中Pb、Cr、As、Hg的含量与CK之间的差异有统计学意义(P1%);空白对照土壤Cd、Pb、Cr、As、Hg的含量较背景值分别增长3.89%、1.98%、8.10%、0.74%、20.36%,说明大气沉降等环境因素对农田土壤重金属积累具有重要影响。     

动态碰撞反应池模式-电感耦合等离子体质谱检测藏药中的微量元素

对电感耦合等离子体质谱（ICP-MS）测定藏药中微量元素As、Sb、Bi、Hg、Cd、Se、Pb进行了研究,优化了仪器在动态碰撞反应池（DRC）模式的测定条件。方法检出限：Se、As、Sb、Bi、Hg、Cd、Pb分别为0.110、0.060、0.026、0.036、0.091、0.043、0.035μg/g,方法精密度RSD为4.9%～14.3%,加标回收率90.0%～110.0%。该方法适用于类似植物样品中微量元素的检测。     

赛曼校正石墨炉原子吸收法测定甘蔗中的镉和铅(英文)

[目的]探索一种简单快捷的利用赛曼校正石墨炉原子吸收法测定甘蔗中的镉和铅的方法。[方法]利用微波消解样品,建立了石墨炉原子吸收法测定甘蔗样品的镉和铅的方法。[结果]镉和铅的校正曲线在0-0.80μg/L浓度范围内呈线性,检出限分别为0.015和0.030μg/L。2个甘蔗样品和1个有证标准物质镉和铅的加标回收率分别为96.7%-98.2%、104.6%-106.7%。[结论]该方法操作简单、灵敏度高、高效,适合甘蔗样品中镉和铅的测定。     

矿区农田土壤小麦体系中重金属污染特征研究

以湖北省大冶典型铜矿区为中心,辐射周边农田,探索农田土壤重金属污染特征及重金属在小麦中的积累变化规律。结果表明,单因子污染指数评价显示,土壤受到重金属不同程度的污染;无论以背景值还是国家二级标准评价,Cd均严重超标。采用国家二级标准评价时,Zn、Pb和Cr未对土壤造成污染;进行内梅罗综合污染指数法评价,发现以土壤背景值为评价标准,各采样点均达到重度污染水平;以国家二级标准评价3、7号采样点土壤属于中度污染水平,而其他采样点土壤属于轻度污染水平。本调查所采的小麦样品各部位重金属含量范围变化幅度较大。除Pb之外其他6种重金属含量分布规律均为根>叶>穗≈茎,Pb含量则是叶>根>穗>茎。小麦穗中Pb、Cd、Zn、Cu的含量均超标,Cd、Pb超标倍数远大于Cu、Zn。富集系数变化规律是:Cd>Zn>Cu≈Ni>Co≈Mn>Pb。     

花生对土壤中铅和镉的吸收分配规律

采用同一土壤条件下大田种植试验,对青岛市8个主栽花生品种植株不同器官中重金属元素Pb和Cd的吸收、富集与分配规律进行了研究。结果表明,供试的8个花生品种籽仁中Pb、Cd含量、富集系数和生物富集量均存在显著性差异,而且8个花生品种籽仁中Cd含量均超过了农业部无公害花生的卫生限量标准。花生植株各器官中Pb和Cd的平均富集系数均为根系＞茎叶＞果壳＞籽仁。花生植株吸收的Pb主要富集分配于茎叶中,其次为果壳、籽仁和根系;Cd主要富集分配于茎叶中,其次为籽仁、根系和果壳。通过筛选和定向培育Pb和Cd含量低的花生品种,可减少花生籽仁中Pb和Cd的含量,从而提高花生产品的安全品质。