曹娥江流域河流污染特征对土地覆被的响应

This study addressed the relationship of river water pollution characteristics to land covers and human activities in the catchments in a complete river system named Cao-E River in eastern China.Based on the hydrogeochemical data collected monthly over a period of 3 years,cluster analysis(CA) and principal component analysis(PCA) were adopted to categorize the river reaches and reveal their pollution characteristics.According to the differences of water quality in the river reaches and land use patterns and average population densities in their catchments,the whole river system could be categorized into three groups of river reaches,i.e.,non-point sources pollution reaches(NPSPR),urban reaches(UR) and mixed sources pollution reaches(MSPR).In UR and MSPR,the water quality was mainly impacted by nutrient and organic pollution,while in NPSPR nutrient pollution was the main cause.The nitrate was the main nitrogen form in NPSPR and particulate phosphorus was the main phosphorus form in MSPR.There were no apparent trends for the variations of pollutant concentrations with increasing river flows in NPSPR and MSPR,while in UR the pollutant concentrations decreased with increasing river flows.Thus dry season was the critical period for water pollution control in UR.Therefore,catchment land covers and human activities had significant impact on river reach water pollution type,nutrient forms and water quality responses to hydrological conditions,which might be crucial for developing strategies to combat water pollution in watershed scale.     

在伊朗中部源于第三纪沉积物的土壤上影响坡缕石的发生因素研究

Limited information is available on the distribution and origin of palygorskite in soils developed on Tertiary sediments as the major soil parent materials in central Iran and other Middle Eastern countries. The objectives of this study were to determine the distribution and origin of palygorskite in soils developed on Tertiary sediments, and to identify the major soil properties that influence palygorskite distribution in the soils studied. Sixteen soil profiles developed on Paleocene, Eocene, Oligocene, Oligocene-Miocene, Miocene and Pliocene sediments were studied by X-ray diffraction analysis, transmission electron microscope, and scanning electron microscopy. Physicochemical characteristics of the soils and sediments including particle size distribution, pH, electrical conductivity, organic carbon, gypsum, carbonates, and soluble Si, Ca and Mg were determined. The principal component analysis was used to establish the relationships between palygorskite and the physicochemical characteristics of the soils studied. Results showed that clay fraction of all the soils in the study area was dominated by palygorskite. The highest amount of palygorskite was found in horizons where simultaneous accumulation of both carbonates and gypsum occurred. Limited amount of palygorskite was found in salic and calcic horizons. Palygorskite seemed to be of eolian origin in the surface horizon of all the soils. Using principal component analysis, the soluble Mg/Ca ratio, pH, soluble Si and gypsum contents were identified as the most important factors affecting the distribution and genesis of palygorskite in the soils studied. Results might suggest the neoformation of palygorskite by precipitation from solutions in which evaporation fluxes were very high. However, palygorskite in soils developed on Tertiary sediments in central Iran seems to be of both inherited and pedogenic origins.     

中国东北农田土壤质量评价的最小数据集选择

Soil quality assessment provides a tool for agriculture managers and policy makers to gain a better understanding of how various agricultural systems afect soil resources.Soil quality of Hailun County,a typical soybean (Glycine max L.Merill) growing area located in Northeast China,was evaluated using soil quality index(SQI)methods.Each SQI was computed using a minimum data set(MDS) selected using principal components analysis(PCA)as a data reduction technique.Eight MDS indicators were selected from 20 physical and chemical soil measurements.The MDS accounted for 74.9% of the total variance in the total data set(TDS).The SQI values for 88 soil samples were evaluated with linear scoring techniques and various weight methods.The results showed that SQI values correlated well with soybean yield (r=0.658**) when indicators in MDS were weighted by the regression coefcient computed for each yield and index.Stepwise regression between yield and principal components (PCs) indicated that available boron(AvB),available phosphorus (AvP),available potassium (AvK),available iron (AvFe) and texture were the main factors limiting soybean yield.The method used to select an MDS could not only appropriately assess soil quality but also be used as a powerful tool for soil nutrient diagnosis at the regional level.     

伊朗中部伊斯法罕地区土地利用对石灰性土壤磁性质和重金属的空间分布的影响

Anthropogenic activities have caused the accumulation of heavy metals in the soil environment. Pollution of the soils significantly reduces environmental quality and affects human health. In many recent studies, magnetic susceptibility measurements have been used for pollution monitoring. The objective of this research was to determine the spatial variability of magnetic properties and selected heavy metals and the effects of land use on their variability in the surface soils of the Isfahan region, Central Iran. A total of 158 composite surface (0-5 cm) samples of calcareous soils were collected from an area of about 700 km2, located along a cross-border transect from Isfahan City to a steel plant, covering urban, industrial, agricultural and uncultivated land uses. Concentrations of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), chromium (Cr), and cobalt (Co) and magnetic parameters, magnetic susceptibility at low frequency (χlf), natural remanent magnetization (NRM), saturation isothermal remanent magnetization (SIRM), and isothermal remanent magnetization at the field of 100 mT (IRM100mT) and the backfield of 100 mT (IRM-100mT), were measured in all the soil samples. Results showed that magnetic susceptibility in the urban and industrial land topsoils (0--5 cm) samples was significantly higher than that in the agricultural and uncultivated land soils in the study area. Concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Mn, and Fe were positively correlated with magnetic properties (χlf, IRM100mT, SIRM, IRM-100mT, and NRM), which could be attributed to their inputs from traffic emissions and industrial activities at the study sites. Ni and Cr concentrations showed significant negative correlations with magnetic properties. No significant correlation was found between Co concentration and magnetic parameters. The Tomlinson pollution load index (PLI) showed significant correlation with the magnetic properties (χlf, IRM100mT, SIRM, IRM-100mT, and NRM). The spatial distribution of the selected heavy metals and χlf in the study area suggested that activities at the urban and industrial land sites caused greater pollution as compared to that at the study sites of other land uses. The concentrations of Cu and Zn seemed to have been affected by anthropogenic sources, whereas Ni, Cr, and Co were mainly controlled by natural sources in the study area. Moreover, the concentrations of soil Pb and Fe in the study area could be affected by both lithologic and anthropogenic sources. The magnetic parameters appeared to be a proxy measure for the degree of heavy metal contamination and could be a potential method for the detection and mapping of contaminated soils.     

混合施用微咸水和氮肥对甜高粱生物量和产糖量的影响

Soil salinization and non-point source pollution are among the most important and widespread environmental problems in European Mediterranean regions. Sweet sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench var. saccharatum) is a moderate to high salinity tolerant crop with low water and nutrient needs, seen as an alternative to grow in the water scarce regions. A three-year multifactorial study was conducted in southern Portugal to evaluate the combined effects of saline water and nitrogen application on the dry biomass (total, stems, and leaves), sugar content (total reducing sugars and sucrose contents), and sugar yield (here defined as the product of total reducing sugars and stems dry biomass) functions of sweet sorghum. Sorghum dry biomass and sugar yield showed diminishing returns for each incremental change of nitrogen. The use of saline irrigation waters also led to yield reduction. Exception was sucrose content which increased with increasing levels of sodium in the soil. Nitrogen need decreased as the amount of sodium applied increased. Stem dry biomass, sucrose content, and sugar yield progressively increased with progress in the experiment. The effect could be attributed to the increase of the amount of irrigation applied throughout the years, thus increasing the leaching fraction which promoted salt leaching from the root zone, reduced the salinity stress, increased plant transpiration, nitrogen uptake and biomass yield.     

太湖地区地表水氮污染源的评论

The nitrogen （N） pollution status of the 12 most important rivers in Changshu, Taihu Lake region was investigated. Water samples were collected from depths of 0.5-1.0 m with the aid of the global positioning system （GPS）. The seasonal variations in the concentrations of different N components in the rivers were measured. Using tension-free monolith lysimeters and ^15N-labeled fertilizer, field experiments were carried out in this region to determine variations of iSN abundance of NO3^- in the leachate during the rice and wheat growing seasons, respectively. Results showed that the main source of N pollution of surface waters in the Taihu Lake region was not the N fertilizer applied in the farmland but the urban domestic sewage and rural human and animal excreta directly discharged into the water bodies without treatment. Atmospheric dry and wet N deposition was another evident source of N pollutant of the surface waters. In conclusion, it would not be correct to attribute the N applied to farmlands as the source of N pollution of the surface waters in this region.     

人类活动对贵州喀斯特石漠化地区的影响

贵州喀斯特山区石漠化现象已经成为制约该区经济增长和人民生活水平提高的最重要因素。由于其独特的形成条件导致破坏易而治理难的现象。在综合前人研究的基础上,提出人口的控制和人口素质的提高是解决该区人地矛盾的重点,并提出要充分发挥人的主观能动性,分步骤、有计划的进行石漠化防治工作。     

中国和日本农业活动对流域氮素收支的影响

To analyze the effect of agricultural activity on nitrogen(N) budget at the watershed scale,a comparative study was conducted at two Japanese watersheds,the Shibetsu River watershed(SRW) and Upper-Naka River watershed(UNRW),and one Chinese watershed,the Jurong Reservoir watershed(JRW).The total area and the proportion of agricultural area(in parentheses) of the watersheds were 685(51%),1 299(21%),and 46 km 2(55%) for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The main agricultural land use in SRW was forage grassland,while paddy fields occupied the highest proportion of cropland in UNRW(11% of total area) and JRW(31% of total area).The farmland surplus N was 61,48,and 205 kg N ha 1 year 1 for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The total input and output for the whole watershed were 89 and 76,83 and 61,and 353 and 176 kg N ha 1 year 1 for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The proportion of discharged N to net anthropogenic N input was 31%,37%,and 1.7% for SRW,UNRW,and JRW,respectively.The two watersheds in Japan showed similar proportions of discharged N to those of previous reports,while the watershed in China(JRW) showed a totally different characteristic compared to previous studies.The high N input in JRW did not increase the amount of discharged N at the outlet of the watershed due to high proportions of paddy fields and water bodies,which was an underestimated N sink at the landscape scale.     

川中丘陵区典型小流域治理对地表水水质的影响

为探讨小流域治理后地表水水质的时空变化规律,对川中丘陵区典型小流域截流村小流域综合治理后流域上游、中游和下游地表水的p H值、总氮(TN)、氨氮(NH+4-N)、总磷(TP)、高锰酸盐指数(CODMn)进行了测定,并采用综合污染指数法对水质进行了评价。测定结果显示,截流村小流域上游和中游地表水中TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度雨季大于旱季,下游TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度旱季大于雨季;地表水TN、NH+4-N和TP浓度空间上旱季为上游中游下游,雨季为下游上游中游;地表水CODMn浓度旱季和雨季均表现为上游大于中游和下游,但不同部位之间差异不显著。综合污染指数法评价表明,截流村小流域地表水水质均属于轻度污染,污染程度旱季下游中游上游,雨季中游上游下游。研究表明农田面源污染是川中丘陵区小流域地表水的主要污染源,建议加大流域内梯田和防护林建设力度。     

广西人类活动对土壤侵蚀的影响

选取农业人口密度、土地开垦率、人均粮食产量、种植指数、单位面积第一产业产值、单位面积GDP、15°坡耕地面积等7个人类活动指标,采用灰色系统理论关联度指数定量分析各指标对土壤侵蚀的影响程度,用干扰度指数分析人类活动对土壤侵蚀的干扰。结果表明,影响广西土壤侵蚀的人类活动干扰度指数范围为0.47~2.36,从综合干扰度分析土壤侵蚀的人地关系,把影响土壤侵蚀的人类活动划分为微度干扰区、轻度干扰区、中度干扰区、重度干扰区、极重度干扰区,基于各干扰区提出有针对性的土壤侵蚀预防措施,减轻人类活动对土壤侵蚀的影响,为广西土壤侵蚀治理提供人类活动响应的科学依据。     

太湖上游大溪水库流域营养盐输移时空特征分析

大溪水库位于太湖上游地区,是溧阳市的重要饮用水源地之一,近年来流域内湖（库）体水质有下降趋势。基于2008—2009年对入湖主要支流水质营养盐浓度监测数据,实地考察流域内的主要污染源以及耕作制度等因素,并以2009年航空遥感影像解译获得的土地利用数据为基础,结合季节气候变化以及农业活动等环境影响因子,分析流域内营养盐时空分异特征及原因,为改善和治理饮用水源地水质工作提供科学依据和保障。结果表明,大溪水库流域不同支流水质营养盐浓度空间差异显著,表现为临湖东岸的氮磷营养盐浓度普遍高于西岸及上游的洙漕河流域,是大溪水库流域氮磷营养盐主要的源;各流域的TN、DTN、NO3--N浓度逐月变化趋势基本一致,TP、DTP季节间浓度变化趋势不明显。进入大溪水库流域的氮素主要以可溶性氮素为主,TN平均浓度为1.82mg·L^-1;磷素主要以非溶解态磷素的形式输移,TP平均浓度为0.116mg·L^-1;总体水质属于Ⅳ水质。营养盐输移时空差异的原因与各小流域土地利用状况、农业活动及降雨季节变化关系密切。     

太湖流域非点源污染负荷估算系统的设计与应用

非点源污染是太湖流域水环境污染的主要来源,定量研究太湖流域非点源污染负荷,可为非点源污染的预报与防治提供决策依据.传统非点源污染负荷研究中GIS与非点源污染模型松散式结合的方式存在数据管理与转换工作量大的问题,尝试采用嵌合模式设计和开发太湖流域非点源污染负荷估算系统.介绍了系统的结构与功能,分析了系统主要功能模块-SCS模型、USLE模型和非点源污染负荷模型的实现流程.基于该系统进行了无锡市2005年非点源污染TN负荷的估算,结果显示其负荷总量为8 014.43 t.农业生产和生活污水的排放是该区非点源污染的主要来源.系统的应用表明其简化了模型计算的复杂过程,结果能够较客观地反映研究区域的非点源污染状况及其与土地利用的关系,具有较强的实用性.     

中国原油污染区重金属空间分布模式及其潜在来源研究

Twenty-two soil samples were collected at the subregional scale （50 km2） around Gudao Town, a typical oil-producing region of the Shengli Oilfield in the Yellow River Delta, China to determine the spatial distribution patterns and potential sources of heavy metals in soils of crude oil-polluted regions. The concentrations of total petroleum hydrocaxbons （TPHs） and heavy metals as well as other soil properties were determined and the enrichment factor values were calculated for the heavy metals measured. Principal component analysis （PCA） and cluster analysis （CA） were used to estimate potential sources contributing to the concentrations of heavy metals in the soils. The results revealed that the soils were slightly alkaline （pH = 7.33-8.05） and high in salinity （1.43-41.30 g kg-1）, TPHs （0.51 28.40 g kg-1） and organic matter （1.74-31.50 g kg-1）. The mean concentrations of the measured heavy metals Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Cr, Ni and V were 18.4, 78.2, 20.8, 0.19, 56.6, 26.3 and 62.1 mg kg-1, respectively. Although the concentrations of all the metals measured in this study were not high enough to exceed the national control standards, there was a significant enrichment of Cd in the study area and Zn and Ni were in the category of deficiency to minimal enrichment. The spatial distribution patterns of Cu, Cr, Ni and V were similar and partially affected by oil exploitation and petroleum hydrocarbon spills. Potential sources of Cr, Ni, V and Cu in the soils were both natural sources and petroleum hydrocarbon spills, while Zn, Pb and Cd were probably from anthropogenic sources such as farming activities and traffic.     

太湖旱地非点源污染定量化研究

采用田间试验方法,研究了太湖地区旱地氮磷向水体排放的年负荷。结果表明,太湖流域典型旱地氮磷向水体迁移的年负荷分别为12.66,4.05 kg/hm2,分别约占年施肥量的5.6%和4.1%。示范区内旱地氮磷向水体迁移的年总量为3.86 t和1.24 t。NO3-—N和PN是氮流失的主要形式,应重点控制NO3-—N和PN的流失;而PP是磷流失的主要形式,占总磷的76%,是控制的重点。氮磷向水体迁移具有明显的季节特征,夏季和秋季为氮磷高负荷季节,6—11月占全年氮磷输出总量的83.4%和79.8%。在当前的非点源污染治理中,应采取有力措施控制农田养分流失。     

太湖流域农业结构多目标优化设计

该文运用线性规划模型,以农业面源污染削减、粮食及副食品供应安全和农业经济发展为多重目标,设置了流域6大分区农、牧、渔共72个变量,进行了太湖流域农业结构的优化设计。研究结果得到了流域及其6大分区不同农田利用方式、畜禽和淡水养殖结构的优化方案,可以在保证流域粮食及副食品安全和目前产值水平的前提下,达到农业面源污染35.1%的削减率。根据优化设计结果,提出了保持水田面积、旱地栽培大幅压缩,蔬菜生产设施化、园地生产保持稳定、猪与家禽养殖明显压缩、淡水养殖“压中有保”的太湖流域农业结构调整方向,并对不同分区的调整重点进行了分析。     

基于主成分与聚类分析的苹果加工品质评价

为了探讨苹果品种间理化品质的差异,给选育新品种和苹果合理加工利用提供理论支持,采集了30个苹果品种为试材进行模式识别分析。该试验所用苹果在2011年8-10月份按照苹果可采成熟度(九成熟)在辽宁省兴城市国家种质资源圃进行采集。试验测定了单果质量、体积、密度、果皮颜色、硬度、糖酸比、维生素C等20项理化品质指标,采用描述性统计、主成分和聚类分析方法对苹果品种和品质关系进行了分析。结果显示,30个品种苹果的密度、果型指数和含水率3项指标未表现出差异。对剩余17项品质指标进行了主成分分析,依据主成分解释总变量和碎石图提取了6个主成分反映原变量的82.3%的信息。第一主成分主要综合了可滴定酸、糖酸比及固酸比的信息即口尝品质因子;第二主成分主要综合了L值,a值和b值的信息,命名为颜色因子;其余主成分依次为甜度因子、质构因子、内在品质因子和果个大小因子。结合主成分得分图直观地显示了苹果品种和理化指标间关系:辽伏、理想、早金冠和瑞光分布在PC1和PC2的正向区间,糖酸比和固酸比值较大、口感好,但是果皮颜色较绿,是品质较好的早熟苹果;寒富、赤阳和红富士依次落在PC1和PC2第四区间,食用品质好、果皮颜色较红,是较为常见的晚熟苹果。分布在第二区间的普利阿姆,白星,Pvma果皮颜色绿且口感酸涩,不适宜鲜食,这些品种可能较为适宜进行加工。第三区间品种固酸比、甜酸比取值较小但是果皮颜色红,为选育果皮颜色受消费者喜爱且内在品质好的早熟品种提供了理论支持。聚类分析将30个品种苹果分为5类,聚类结果与主成分得分图结果基本一致,该试验初步判定30个品种苹果是否适宜鲜食,为苹果品种选育和加工应用利用提供理论依据。     

中国云南滇池流域农田径流磷污染负荷影响因素研究

Effects of factors such as slope, surface soil texture, fertilization and crop cover with different rainfall intensities on phosphorus (P) losses in farmland runoff of the Dianchi Lake Watershed in Yunnan Province of China were studied through a rainfall simulation test using a red soil, one of the most widely distributed soils of the study area. Results showed that the runoff concentrations of total phosphorus (TP) and P losses differed with the slope, being highest when the slope was 18°. At two different rainfall intensities, the runoff TP and P losses had a similar decreasing trend as the surface soil texture became coarser, therefore applying the grit would decrease P in runoff from soils of farmland on slopes with heavier textures. With wheat as a crop cover the runoff TP concentrations and P losses were significantly lower than those of the bare soil. This showed that plant cover would greatly decrease P in runoff from the farmland of the study area. The TP concentration in runoff from the soil two days after fertilization doubled when compared with that from the non-fertilized soil, indicating that fertilization could mean a dramatic rise in P runoff if irrigation or heavy rainfall occurred immediately after application and that no fertilization before a rain and no irrigation immediately after fertilization would reduce runoff P loss from the farmland of the study area.     

太湖地区水稻土中的β-葡糖苷酶活性

The electrical conductivity （EC） of 1：5 soil-water extract （EC1：5） was studied utilizing path coefficient analysis. The study focused on revealing the main chemical factors contributing to EC of soil extracts and their relative importance. Results showed that the most important factors influencing the EC1：5 of coastal salt-affected soils were the concentration of salt in 1：5 soil-water extract （So）, Cl^-, and the sodium adsorption ratio （SAR）, while effects of pH, CO3^2-, HCO3^, soluble sodium percentage （SSP）, and sodium dianion ratio （SDR） were very weak. Though the direct path coefficients between EC1：5 and SO4^2- , Ca^2＋, Mg^2＋, K^＋, or Na^＋ were not high, influence of other chemical factors caused the coefficients to increase, making the summation of their direct and indirect path coefficients relatively high. Evidences showed that multiple regression relations between EC1：5 and most of the primary factors （So, Cl^-, and SAR） had sound reliability and very good accuracy.     

重庆市植烟土壤质量评价指标体系的构建与应用

为准确评价重庆烟田土壤质量特征。以重庆市烟区2513个代表性植烟土壤的理化指标为基础数据,采用聚类分析和主成分分析法建立重庆烟田土壤质量最小数据集,构建重庆市植烟土壤质量评价指标体系。(1)基于主成分分析法建立的土壤质量评价体系更适合对重庆烟区土壤质量进行评价,评价指标从原来16个指标减少为7个指标,具体由土壤pH、有机质、有效磷、有效铁、有效锌、有效硫和水稳性大团聚体组成。(2)重庆烟区土壤酸化程度较为严重,有35.1%的植烟土壤偏酸;土壤氮素较为适宜,而速效磷和速效钾处于过量范围占比分别为62.9%和75.8%,其他元素缺乏和过量并存,水稳性大团聚体处于较低范围占47.2%。(3)重庆植烟土壤质量综合指数(SQI)的半方差函数最优拟合模型为指数模型,交叉验证结果表明模型和参数合理;基于最小数据集计算得到土壤质量指数SQI的平均值为0.61,表明重庆烟区土壤质量总体处于中等偏低水平,重庆烟区有45.04%的烟田急需要改良。(4)土壤质量评价指标隶属度值雷达图得出,土壤pH、速效磷、有效铁、有效硫和水稳性大团聚体隶属度比较小,为重庆烟区的土壤限制性因子。该研究建立了重庆市植烟土壤质量评价指标体系,研究结果可为重庆烟区土壤质量提升、土壤生态系统恢复和烟叶可持续生产提供支撑。