竹下脚料制备吸附黄金用活性炭

以竹下脚料为原料,通过正交试验法制取不定形颗粒炭,经检测其强度好,碘吸附值高,优于LY/T1125-1993《提取黄金用颗粒活性炭》标准A类(椰壳原料)指标,可作为椰壳活性炭的替代品用于黄金吸附,为黄金生产提供了新的活性炭品种。     

发展中的活性炭生产

发展中的活性炭生产郭晓毅，李云（北京光华木材厂北京１０００２２）活性炭是一种具有独特气相吸附功能和液相吸附功能的产品，受到国内外广泛关注。北京光华木材厂３０年来研制开发了黄金炭，味精炭、维尼纶炭、烟用活性炭和酒用活性炭等近３０个品种。其产品广泛用于化...     

竹节制备提金活性炭及其表征

以竹节为原料,采用水蒸气活化法制备提金活性炭,研究温度、保温时间、水蒸气流量等因素对活性炭性能的影响,并对其孔隙结构进行表征.结果表明:随着温度和保温时间的增大,活性炭的吸附性能总体呈上升趋势;随着水蒸气流量的增加,活性炭的吸附性能呈先升后降的趋势;N_2吸附等温线的分析表明,竹节活性炭具有发达的微孔、中孔、大孔结构.在较佳的试验条件下,活性炭的强度、亚甲基蓝吸附值、碘吸附值、比表面积、总孔容积和微孔容积分别为97.5%,262 mg·g~(-1),1 072.7 mg·g~(-1),1 334.2 m~2·g~(-1),0.671 mL·g~(-1)和0.574 mL·g~(-1).     

活性炭吸附法在处理工业废水中的应用

指出了活性炭吸附法利用活性炭将工业废水中的污染物吸附在吸附体上,进而起到处理工业废水的作用,具有处理工业废水效率高、干净清洁以及环保安全等优点。分析了活性炭吸附法在工业废水中的处理与应用。     

油茶壳制活性炭的研究

以油茶壳为原料，用物理法(水蒸汽为活化剂)制备活性炭。研究了活化温度、活化时间、水蒸汽用量等对活性炭的得率、碘吸附值和亚甲基蓝吸附值的影响。确定了用油茶壳制备活性炭适宜的工艺条件为：活化温度为850℃、活化时间为2．5h，水蒸汽用量为210g。在此工艺条件下所制取的油茶壳活性炭的得率为33．7％。活性炭的碘吸附值968mg／g，亚甲基蓝吸附值180mg／g，比表面积935m^2／g。     

迎头色谱程序升温脱附法测定活性炭的吸附热

提出一种迎头色谱程序温脱附快速测定活性炭吸附热的新方法，本方法是基于Ｐｏｌａｎｙｉ吸附势理论结合程序升温脱附曲线，通过微机采样和数据处理，详细介绍了测定的系统装置，控制条件和操作步骤；测定了许多活性炭对各种有机试剂的微分吸附热与填充度的关系曲线，其结果与前人文献的结果基本一致，测定周期短，操作简易。     

竹节制备高比表面积活性炭的研究

以竹节为原料，采用KOH化学活化法制备高比表面积活性炭。研究了炭化温度、活化温度和KOH与生节炭的质量比对活性炭的收率和吸附性能的影响，并对所得活性炭的比表面积和微孔结构进行了初步探讨。结果表明：在炭化温度为700℃、碱/炭质量比为4、活化温度为900℃、活化时间为1h时可制表面积为2610m^2/g的高比表面积活性炭，其碘吸附值为2300mg/g、亚甲基基蓝值为570mg/g，均为普通活性炭的2-3倍。     

微波辐射磷酸法制备竹材活性炭及表征

以竹屑为原料,采用微波辐射磷酸法制备活性炭。讨论了微波功率、活化时间及磷酸质量分数等工艺条件对竹材活性炭吸附性能的影响。研究结果表明,在磷酸质量分数、活化时间和微波功率3个因素中,微波活化时间对活性炭质量指标影响最大,延长时间可以提高其产品的吸附性能;微波辐射磷酸法制备竹材活性炭的较优工艺条件为:微波功率600 W、活化时间16 min、磷酸质量分数50%。在此条件下制得的活性炭的碘吸附值850.6 mg/g、亚甲基蓝吸附值233.8 mg/g、比表面积920.5 m2/g。     

活性炭的Zeta电位对其吸附各种染料规律的影响2．活性炭对阴离子染料酚红的吸附

通过在不同ｐＨ下活性炭吸附阴离子染料酚红规律的研究，发现ｐＨ对活性炭吸附酚红的影响，一方面是ｐＨ不同时活性炭表面ζ电位的带电性不同；另一方面是酚红的溶解度随ｐＨ而变化，这两个因素决定了活性炭对酚红的吸附性能。当ｐＨ小于活性炭的ｐＨ＿ｚｐｃ时活性炭表面ζ电位带正电，随着ｐＨ的降低，ζ电位增加，对阴离子酚红的吸附量随之增大。反之，当ｐＨ大于ｐＨ＿ｚｐｃ时，随着ｐＨ的增大，ζ电位降低以及酚红溶解度的增大，吸附量很快下降直至趋于零。此外还通过活性炭对阴离子染料酚红在不同ｐＨ下的吸附动力学和吸附热大学参数的估算，进一步揭示了活性炭在不同ｐＨ下对酚红的吸附机理。     

磷酸法自成型木质颗粒活性炭孔隙结构分析及其甲烷吸附性能

以杉木屑为原料,在不额外添加粘结剂的工艺下,采用磷酸活化法制备自成型颗粒活性炭,并对其活化工艺、孔隙结构和甲烷吸附性能进行了分析。结果表明:随着活化温度的升高,颗粒活性炭的吸附性能先升后降,450℃时吸附性能最佳,强度不断升高;浸渍比的增加有利于颗粒活性炭吸附性能的提高,不利于其强度的增大。氮气吸附等温线和压汞法分析表明:颗粒活性炭具有发达的微孔、中孔和大孔结构,浸渍比的增加有利于颗粒活性炭比孔容积的增加,不利于堆积密度和表观密度的增加。在活化温度450℃,压力3.4 MPa时单位质量和单位体积的颗粒活性炭的甲烷吸附值在浸渍比1.25时达到最大,分别为125.6 m L/g和115.2 L/L。     

无患子有效化学成分的分析研究

为了加大无患子的利用率,作者对无患子果皮的化学成分进行研究,分别测定其果皮的三萜皂苷、脂肪油、蛋白质的含量。结果表明:无患子果皮其脂肪含量约为0.212%,总皂苷含量约为5.330%,蛋白质含量约为0.980%。皂苷及苷元均具有很强的表面活性作用,利用现代科学技术制成无患子洗涤产品,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Domestication potential of Marula (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Sclerocarya birrea</Emphasis> subsp. <Emphasis Type="Italic">caffra</Emphasis>) in South Africa and Namibia: 3. Multiple trait selection

An understanding of the inter-relationships between the traits characterising tree-to-tree variation in fruits and kernels is fundamental to the development of selected cultivars based on multiple trait selection. Using data from previously characterised marula (Sclerocarya birrea) trees in Bushbuckridge, South Africa and North Central Region of Namibia, this study examines the relationships between the different traits (fruit pulp, flesh/juice mass, and nut shell and kernel mass) as a means to determine the opportunities to develop cultivars. Strong and highly significant relationships were found between fruit mass and pulp mass in trees from South Africa and Namibia, indicating that size is a good predictor of fruit pulp production. However, fruit size is not a good predictor of nut or kernel production, as there were weak relationships between fruit and nut and/or kernel mass, which varied between sites and landuses. Generally, the relationships between fruit mass and kernel mass were weaker than between fruit mass and nut mass. Relationships between kernel mass and shell mass were generally weak. The lack of strong relationships between fruit and kernel mass does, however, imply that there are opportunities to identify trees with either big fruits/small nuts for pulp production, or trees with large kernels in relatively small fruits for kernel oil production. However, within fruits from the same tree, nuts could contain 0–4 kernels, indicating that even in trees with an inherent propensity for large kernels, improved pollination may be required to maximise kernel mass through an increase in kernel number. Finally, the relationships between percentage kernel oil content and the measured morphological traits were also very weak. The conclusions of these results are that there is merit in identifying different combinations of traits for the selection of trees producing either pulp or kernels. Consequently, fruit and kernel ‘ideotypes’ are presented as guides to the selection of elite trees for cultivar development. These results have important implications for the domestication of the species as a producer of fruits or kernels for food/beverages or cosmetic oils.     

中孔高性能粒状活性炭的研制

以果核壳为原料，采用磷酸活化法制备中孔高性能粒状活性炭，制备过程为：粗粒果核壳中加入质量分数为85%的磷酸加热和定时搅拌，使其润胀膨化，直至粘滞性消失，物料呈分散状态，然后炭化，活化、水洗、烘干。用正交试验法考察了润胀膨化，炭化和活人的温度及时间对制品性能的影响，并作了不同处理原料方式的比较试验，样品性能的测试结果：四氯化碳吸附率最高约160%，A法焦糖脱色力最大约130%。强度最高约94%，总也容积最大1.7mL/g，中孔比例约占40%-50%。     

稻壳活性炭的研制

通过对稻壳中碳元素的分析研究，探索综合合理利用稻壳的新途径，提出了新的加工处理路线。首先以磷酸（或氯化锌等）为活化剂，在一定温度下将稻壳加工成活性炭半成品（化学法），然后再以活性炭半成品为原料提取水玻璃。试验证明，该工艺合理而且可行，并对用碱提取水玻璃后活性炭的各项指标进行了分析。     

Fractionation and characterization of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis) as treated by supercritical water

In order to investigate the potential for efficient utilization of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis), supercritical water treatment (at 380°C and 100 MPa for 8 s) was applied to fractionate extractives-free samples into water-soluble portion and water-insoluble portion. The water-insoluble portion was further fractionated into methanol-soluble portion and methanol-insoluble residue. Samples were prepared from various parts of oil palm, i.e., trunks, fronds, mesocarp fibers, shells, empty fruit bunches, and kernel cake. These fractionated products were then characterized analytically. The water-soluble and methanol-soluble portions were determined to be mainly composed of carbohydrate-derived products and lignin-derived products, respectively. The methanol-insoluble residue was mainly composed of lignin (more than 84 wt%) and the phenolic hydroxyl contents determined by the aminolysis method was higher than for untreated oil palm samples. In addition, an alkaline nitrobenzene oxidation analysis indicated that the methanol-insoluble residue contained fewer oxidation products than untreated samples did. These findings imply that the water-soluble portion could be utilized for organic acid production, whereas the methanol-soluble portion and the insoluble residue could be used for the production of phenolic chemicals.     

腾冲红花油茶果实成熟度及堆沤处理对油产量及其品质的影响

选择38个腾冲红花油茶优株,设置八成熟采果、近生理成熟采果与及时脱粒、堆沤12d后脱粒组合而成的4种果实采收脱粒处理,对其主要产量、品质指标进行测定和分析.结果表明:4种处理间产量、品质达极显著差异(P＜0.01);果实八成熟采收导致产量严重损失,其仁油率、籽油率、果油率分别降低11.9％、18.2％和31.7％,籽油酸价亦降低10.5％而利于储存;近生理成熟采收“堆沤”处理与及时脱粒比较,其仁油率降低4.5％,而籽油酸价则提高7.3％;因此,腾冲红花油茶果实宜在生理成熟时采收并及时脱粒.研究结果为确定腾冲红花油茶果实合适采收期和采后处理方式提供了技术依据.     

松根炭制维尼纶载体活性炭的研究

作为维尼纶合成中的载体活性炭，其强度和孔径分布要求十分严格，所以需要使用椰壳活性炭。本研究的目的就是制造一种活性炭来代替它。实验证明，松根炭制成的活性炭可以作为载体活性炭。其关键是粘结剂、辅助试剂和活化条件的选择。     

践行低碳生活的内容与途径探讨

分析了低碳经济的概念及形成背景,探讨了低碳经济与低碳生活的关系,并提出了相应的对策与建议,为推行低碳生活提供参考。     

活性炭细微结构探究

本文介绍了用氯化锌法、焖烧法生产九种活性炭样品进行x-衍射分析和电子显微镜观测的情况,结果认为:活性炭属无定形碳,其结构复杂,除具有以石墨层为基础的微晶结构外,还有无序无定形碳结构成份,活性炭微晶大小平均高10A、宽28A。即由宽为11个碳六角形、2～4层石墨层片组成。