CaCl_2对棉花幼苗抗旱性的效应

用０．０１ｍｏｌ·Ｌ－１ＣａＣｌ２浸种和喷叶能减缓土壤干旱条件下棉花幼苗叶片相对含水量（ＲＷＣ）和水势（ψＷ）的降低，明显提高棉花的抗旱性。经ＣａＣｌ２浸种和喷叶的棉花幼苗叶片，在土壤干旱条件下，叶绿素含量、光合速率和呼吸速率下降幅度明显高于对照；超氧物歧化酶（ＳＯＤ）活性和过氧化氢酶（ＣＡＴ）活性下降幅度较小；丙二醛（ＭＤＡ）含量和细胞质膜相对透性增加幅度较小。说明ＣａＣｌ２浸种和喷叶都可以提高棉花叶片的保水能力，增强各种生理活动，并能稳定膜结构和维持膜完整性等方面起着重要的作用，从而提高棉花的抗旱性。     

双低油菜的磷钼营养效应研究

在西藏东南地区土壤有效磷、钼缺乏条件下进行磷钼不同水平组合对双低油菜影响的田间试验。结果表明：（１）油菜籽粒产量及含油量随施磷量递增而极显著提高;磷钼互作或单施钼肥对籽 产量亦具有极显著或显著增产效应,对籽粒粗脂肪含量则无明显影响。各处理中以Ｐ２Ｏ５２２５．０ｋｇ／ｈｍ＾２、Ｍｏ１．０％组合的籽粒产量及粗脂肪含量最高,分别较对照增加１７０．９％和２１．６％。（２）磷钼互作对油菜产量构成因素特别是角     

香草兰根腐病生防菌筛选及防治试验

室内平板对峙培养测定显示,枯草杆菌（Ｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ ｓｕｂｔｉｌｉｓ（ＯＢＳ－２和１．９３６菌株对尖镰孢香草兰专化型（Ｆｕｓａｒｉｕｍ ｏｘｙｓｐｏｒｕｍ ｆ．ｓｐ．ｖａｎｉｌｌａｅ）和腐皮镰孢（Ｆ．ｓｏｌａｎｉ）产生明显的拮抗带。在盆栽生防试验中,ＯＢＳ－２菌株水剂浸根＋ＯＢＳ－２甘蔗渣制剂或稻杆制处理３０ｄ的防效分别为８２．１％和９３．７％,１．９３６菌株作同样处理的防效分别是５４．１％和４     

不同形态无机磷对不同大豆磷利用效率的影响

在水培条件下,分别以Ｋ—Ｐ、Ｃａ２—Ｐ、Ｃａ３—Ｐ、Ｃａ１０—Ｐ、Ｆｅ—Ｐ和Ａｌ—Ｐ作为单一磷源,研究不同形态无机磷酸盐对大豆作物的有效性以及大豆不同品种对其吸收利用的差异。结果表明,大豆对这些无机磷的利用率（％）为Ｋ—Ｐ＞Ｃａ２—Ｐ＞Ｆｅ—Ｐ＞Ａｌ—Ｐ＞Ｃａ３—Ｐ＞Ｃａ１０—Ｐ,而不同形态磷对大豆干物质生产的有效性为Ｃａ２—Ｐ＞Ｋ—Ｐ＞Ａｌ—Ｐ＞Ｆｅ—Ｐ＞Ｃａ３—Ｐ＞Ｃａ１０—Ｐ。大豆品种间的吸收利用率存在差异,湘春９１—１００对４种迟效态磷的利用率比其它品种高０．４～６．３个百分点。磷的利用效率也存在品种间差异,湘春９１—１００、双峰红豆和涟源泥冬黄豆高于湘春３号和桂阳傲泉黄豆。     

生物钾肥在棉花上的应用研究

据在江苏垦区不同土壤类型的６个农场４ａ试验，棉花施用生物钾肥平均增产皮棉６１．５ｋｇ·ｈｍ￣（－２），增产幅度为８．２１％。生物钾肥施用后，棉田土壤中速效钾和速效磷的含量增加，棉株的营养条件改善，生长健壮，结铃增加，铃重提高，增加收益５９４～８２２元·ｈｍ￣（－２）。     

大豆品种磷素积累和利用效率的基因型差异

在酸性红壤的立培条件下，16个南方春大豆品种磷积累量存在极显著差异。不施磷处理，品种间磷积累量最高的比最低的增加48．3％；施磷处理则增加33．9％。施磷后品种间磷积累量增加15．75～21．97mg／株，磷肥利用率为10．9％～15．6％。大豆磷积累量与品种生育期相关性不显著，但不施磷条件下与苗期叶片酸性磷酸酶活性是显著正相关。不施磷时，品种间籽粒产量磷利用效率相差143．73mg／mgP，生物学产量磷利用效率相差406.78mg／mgP；施磷时，分别相差64．51mg／mgP和110．95mg／mgP。     

南方春大豆不同生育期干物质积累与氮磷钾含量的变化

本研究对两个南方春大豆品种分别于分枝期，始花期，结荚期，鼓粒期，成熟期取植株与籽粒进行化验分析的结果表明：（１）结荚到鼓粒期为干物质积累最快的时期，干物质积累占总积累量的４０．１３％，始花至结荚期是干物质积累较快的时期，干物质积累占总积累量３１．８８％。（２）分枝至结荚期氮，磷均以叶中含量最高，氮为３．７００％－４．１０９５，磷为０．２８％－０．２８５％；钾一般以茎的含量较高，为１．６９０％－１。     

中棉所29需肥规律及最佳施肥技术

１９９８年在本所中壤质褐土试验地，土壤有机质含量１．０３％，全氮含量０．０６７％，速效磷（Ｐ２Ｏ５）含量２６ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１，速效钾（Ｋ２Ｏ）含量１４５ｍｇ·ｋｇ－１。属磷、钾较丰富，施氮肥有效的中等地力棉田。试验小区随机排列，四次重复，小区面积６６．...     

“控氮增磷钾”对高海拔低气温地区水稻经济性状的影响

高海拔，低气温地区特殊生态条件决定了在一定量氮肥前理年，重在增施磷，钾肥，使Ｎ，Ｐ，Ｋ三者之比达１：２：２为最优选择，一般不少于１．０：１，１．０－１．２：０．９－１．３，能有效改善水稻经济性状，增产２０％以上。     

抗真菌蛋白Rs—AFPs基因克隆与序列分析

从开花后５０－９０ｄ的萝卜种子中提取总ＲＮＡ,逆转录合成ｃＤＮＡ第一链,通过ＰＣＲ反应,得到Ｒｓ－ＡＦＰ１和Ｒｓ－ＡＦＰ２基因扩增产物。采用Ｔ－载体克隆技术,将二分别插入ｐＢｌｕｅｓｃｒｉｐｔ／ＥｃｏＲＶ－Ｔ克隆载体,得到重组质粒ｐＧＲ－１和ｐＧＲ－２用其转化宿主菌Ｅ．ｃｏｌｉ ＤＨ５α,从阳性菌落制备测序用质粒ＤＮＡ样品,在ＡＢ１３７０Ａ ＤＮＡ测序仪上测序。     

福建省典型茶园土壤硒含量及其影响因素研究

采集了福建省60份典型茶园表层土壤(0~20 cm),测定了土壤全硒和有效硒含量,分析了土壤类型、植茶年限和海拔对土壤硒及有效硒含量的影响,并探讨其受土壤理化性质的影响。结果表明,福建省茶园土壤全硒含量范围为0.22~2.20 mg·kg^-1,均值为0.73 mg·kg^-1,有86.67%的茶园土壤硒含量达到富硒土壤标准(>0.4 mg·kg^-1);茶园土壤有效硒含量为5.21~448.86 μg·kg^-1,均值为62.98 μg·kg^-1;土壤硒活化率为1.10%~31.64%,均值为8.76%,硒有效程度较低。砂砾岩和凝灰岩发育的茶园土壤硒和有效硒含量较高,紫色砂岩和河流冲积物发育的茶园土壤硒含量较低;山地草甸土茶园土壤全硒和有效硒含量最高,潮砂土和水稻土硒含量较低;成龄茶园和老茶园土壤全硒和有效硒含量较高,新垦茶园硒含量较低;中高海拔地区茶园土壤全硒及有效硒含量较高,低海拔地区茶园土壤硒含量较低。相关分析表明,茶园土壤硒及有效性主要受土壤有机质和全氮的影响,pH对有机质含量较低的红壤茶园和幼龄茶园有显著影响,有效磷对成龄茶园和中高海拔茶园有显著影响。总体而言,该区域茶园富硒土壤为发展天然富硒茶提供了物源保证,但硒有效程度不高,应针对不同类型茶园采取相应栽培措施(增施有机肥、改良剂和钙镁磷肥)来提高土壤有效硒。     

The Chemistry and Agronomic Effectiveness of Phosphate Fertilizers

Summary

Plants take up P from soil solution, so water-soluble P fertilizers are generally more effective than poorly soluble forms. The original sources of P used for agriculture were poorly soluble materials, including manures, bones, guano and phosphate rock. In contrast, highly soluble monocalcium phosphate, monoammonium phosphate and diammonium phosphate are the major compounds present in modern, manufactured solid fertilizers containing water-soluble P. This paper describes how the water-soluble P fertilizers are made, the dissolution of P in the granules of the fertilizers, the reactions of the fertilizer solution with the soil as P moves out of the granule into the soil, the agronomic effectiveness of the fertilizer in the year of application, and in the years after application (residual value).     

Influence of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria on the changes in soil available phosphorus and sugarcane and sugar yields

Influence of application of phosphorus solubilizing bacteria (PSB), Bacillus megatherium var. Phosphaticum, at 10 kg ha⁻¹ of lignite based culture with and without varying amounts of P fertilizer was studied on soil available P changes and sugarcane growth and yield. The PSB application increased the PSB population in the rhizosphere and the plant available P status in the soil. It also enhanced tillering, stalk population and stalk weight, and led to a cane yield increase of 12.6% over no application. When used in conjunction with P fertilizers, PSB reduced the required P dosage by 25%. In addition, it was found that 50% of the costly super phosphate could be replaced by rock phosphate (RP), a cheap source of P, when applied in conjunction with PSB. The PSB improved juice quality and sugar yields. The influence of PSB was greatest when RP constituted a part of the P fertilizers applied.     

酸性硫酸盐土壤上直接施用磷矿粉对水稻生长的影响

1998-2001年在已垦和未垦酸性硫酸盐土壤上连续进行6造磷矿粉肥效试验，4种磷矿粉分别为摩洛哥的CALINE和BRUT磷矿粉，阿尔及利亚磷矿粉，2种速效磷肥分别为过磷酸钙（SSP）和三料过磷酸钙（TSP）。头3造磷肥在水稻移栽前施。从2000年起，每小区平均分成2个小裂区，其中裂区Ⅰ继续按以前用量每造均施，裂区Ⅱ则将后4造肥料1次施用。连续3a的试验结果表明：在未垦地上，施用磷矿粉有促进水稻分蘖和增加穗数的作用，并表现出显的增产效果，4种磷矿粉与SSP之间未表现持续显性差异；在已垦地上，各处理间无显差异，比较磷肥的累积与残留效应，也未表现显差异。累积效应中磷矿粉的RAE值最小相当于TSP的58.2%，在酸性硫酸盐土壤上以磷矿粉作为一种有效的磷肥是切实可行的。虽然缺磷是制约水稻生长的一个关键因素，但在此类土壤上单施矿粉还远不能达到常规产量，因而还存在其他限制因子。     

解磷细菌 Burkholderia 的分离鉴定及对香草兰生长和 P 吸收 的影响

香草兰为喜磷作物，从香草兰种植园中分离筛选到一株解磷微生物——伯克霍尔德氏菌 V-29。在 NBRIP 液体 培养基中摇床振荡培养 5 d 后可溶性磷含量达 475.3 μg/mL，培养基 pH 下降。通过大田试验研究了接种绿色荧光蛋白 标记后的解磷菌株 V-29 及其与有机肥发酵制得的微生物有机肥对香草兰生长和磷素吸收的影响。结果表明：单独接种 V-29 或施用微生物有机肥可显著增加香草兰植株干重、土壤有效磷含量；移栽 4 个月后，标记菌株 V-29 在香草兰根际 土壤中的含量可达 106 cfu/g 土壤。由此可见，伯克霍尔德氏菌 V-29 可单独作为生物菌剂或与有机肥发酵制得微生物有 机肥后用于农业生产中，以减少化肥施用量。     

供磷型土壤调理剂在酸性土壤应用效果研究

我国南方酸性土壤常存在交换性铝含量极高和磷素供应不足的问题,如何有效改良南方酸化土壤,提高土壤活性磷含量是个重要的问题。本文以南方酸性红壤为供试土壤,通过土壤培养试验和玉米盆栽试验探究了基于磷尾矿、磷酸镁铵和石灰等为主要原料的供磷营养型土壤调理剂对酸性土壤的改良效果和对玉米磷素养分利用的影响。采用添加不同原料比例和数量的土壤调理剂进行土壤培养,结果表明施用量在4~8 g/kg时,可使土壤pH升高1.1~1.6个单位,显著降低土壤交换性铝和有效铁含量,增加土壤交换性钙、镁和有效磷含量;盆栽玉米试验结果表明,与空白对照相比,施用C3配方土壤调理剂明显改善玉米苗期生长和植株磷素营养,但是土壤调理剂中辅料(白云石/石灰+膨润土)对促进磷酸二铵的肥效要明显优于土壤调理剂的供磷主料(磷酸铵镁+磷尾矿),说明在供磷方面主料的作用效果优于与辅料相混,辅料在增加土壤酸性改良效果的同时也钝化了主料中的磷素,该调理剂的配方需要进一步调整。      

红壤丘陵茶园镁营养调控研究

对湘南红壤丘陵茶园土壤及茶叶中镁素含量进行了测定,结果得到土壤有效镁含量在6.29-25.98 mg/kg,平均为13.02 mg/kg,显示缺镁症叶片的有效镁含量为264.10 mg/kg。在缺镁茶园施用水溶性硫酸镁肥料后,缺镁症逐渐消失,产量比对照平均增长9.8％—13.6％。喷施含镁叶肥试验结果平均增产20.8％。施镁还能显著改善茶叶品质,氨基酸、咖啡碱及水浸出物含量分别比对照提高5.8％,9.2％、2.3％。文章还讨论了我国南方红壤丘陵茶园镁营养的现状及今后镁肥开发的思路。     

The effect of rate and timing of phosphate fertilizer on the yield and phosphate off take of grass grown for silage at moderate to high levels of soil phosphorus

A series of twenty-one trials was undertaken during 1985–1988 to investigate the effect on lowland silage crops of 0, 40 or 80 kg ha⁻¹ phosphate (P₂O₅) fertilizer applied as triple superphosphate (46% P₂O₅) in the autumn, spring or as a split application (spring and after first cut). All sites had moderate to high sodium bicarbonate-extractable soil phosphorus contents (18–34 mg P 1⁻¹ in air-dried soil).
Significant yield responses were obtained at eight of the forty-two individual cuts (two cuts per site). When meaned over all sites, spring or autumn applied phosphate increased dry matter yield at both first and second cut (mean total increase 0·32 t ha⁻¹), though the effect was significant only at the highest phosphate rate. The time of phosphate application had no overall effect on yield. Herbage P concentration and phosphate off take were significantly increased at both cuts by both rates of phosphate. Generally, the most recent application had a significantly greater effect than other timings. These findings indicate that DM yield responses to freshly available phosphate can occur on soils of moderate P status.     

UPLAND GRASS PRODUCTION IN NORTH-EAST SCOTLAND IN RELATION TO SOIL AND SITE CONDITIONS

An experiment involving 24 grassland sites was carried out to measure the influence of a large number of variables on upland yields between 900 and 1450 ft above sea level in western Aberdeenshire. The grass was harvested in mid-July and at the end of October 1966. Few factors were significant in the first harvest yields. In the second harvest yields, aspect and soil parent material were both significant at the 1% level, and available soil phosphate at the 5% level. Total yields (DM) for the growing season were correlated with parent material (2% level), with available soil P (1% level) and with the P and K content of the leaf (1% and 5% levels). Yields were also correlated with sward age (5% level) and sward condition (1% level). A number of variables were highly correlated with sward age and condition, including the leaf content (second harvest) of K, P and crude protein (0.1%, 1% and 1% levels).
The highest yield was 4700 kg/ha/year and the average yield 2585 kg/ha/year, but the results showed that the average could be substantially increased by good management, especially by P fertilizer. The results confirmed that there was no marked fall-off in yields with increasing altitude (r=0.066, 0.194 and 0.112) and there appeared scope for reclamation on suitable sites at higher elevations.     

湖南省茶园土壤养分丰缺指标及配方施肥

对湖南省３６个县（市）６７个茶场的１３６份茶园土样进行了肥力水平测定。结果表明：茶园土壤ｐＨ适宜，钾素较丰富。土壤有机质含量０～２０ｃｍ土层为（２．４±０．０９）％，２０～４０ｃｍ土层（１．６０±０．０６）％。８５％的土样０～２０ｃｍ土层有机质含量超过１．５％，３８％的土样超过２．５％；４９％的土样２０～４０ｃｍ土层的有机质含量超过１．５％。全氮含量０～２０ｃｍ土层为（０．１３３±０．００４）％，２０～４０ｃｍ土层为（０．１００±０．００３）％。碱解氮含量大于１００ｍｇ／ｋｇ土的土样占７６％，２０～４０ｃｍ占４５％。全磷含量低于０．１％的０～２０ｃｍ土层达５３％，２０～４０ｃｍ土层达６２％。速效磷含量低于１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ土的频率，两土层各为４６％和６５％，显示低磷土壤较多。代换性镁含量较低，茶园严重缺镁。依据调查结果，建立了茶园土壤主要养分与茶叶产量之间的数学模型，据此提出了茶园土壤养分的丰缺指标：产量在２２５０ｋｇ／ｈｍ２干茶的茶园土壤０～４０ｃｍ土层全磷（Ｐ２Ｏ５）含量＞０．１２％，碱解氮含量＞１４９ｍｇ／ｋｇ土，速效磷含量＞３２ｍｇ／ｋｇ土，速效钾含量＞１１０ｍｇ／ｋｇ土。通过试验，确定了４种主要土类适?