饲用麦类作物的生物量积累和营养品质动态变化规律

为了探究饲用麦类作物生物量积累和营养品质动态变化规律,2016-2018年在华北平原的河北衡水测定了黑麦、冬性饲用小黑麦、冬小麦、粮饲兼用型小黑麦、燕麦、青稞和春性饲用小黑麦7类麦类作物从拔节期至蜡熟期的生长发育进程、生物量和营养成分含量动态变化。结果显示：黑麦、冬性饲用小黑麦、冬小麦和粮饲兼用型小黑麦一般在5月中下旬达到乳熟期,而燕麦、青稞和春性饲用小黑麦一般在6月上旬。7类麦类作物的平均生物量从拔节期的2.72×10³ kg·hm^-2增长到蜡熟期的10.19×10³ kg·hm^-2,其中冬性饲用小黑麦在各个生育期生物量均显著高于其他6类麦类作物（P<0.05）,较其他6类麦类作物平均提高61.4%。7类麦类作物的粗蛋白含量随着生育期进程逐渐降低,淀粉含量逐渐升高,酸性洗涤纤维和中性洗涤纤维含量在开花期前逐渐升高,开花期后略有下降。采用Milk 2006综合评价7类麦类作物饲用品质显示,冬小麦从孕穗期后饲用品质优于其他6类麦类作物,吨干物质产奶量较其他6类麦类作物平均提高6.9%。综合生物量和饲用品质及生育期,冬性饲用小黑麦拔节期至蜡熟期hm²产奶量均显著高于其他6类麦类作物（P<0.05）,较其他6类麦类作物平均提高46.3%,综合表现好,适于在华北平原大面积推广种植。     

攀西地区冬闲田种植晚熟型燕麦的最佳刈割期研究

本试验以科纳燕麦为研究对象,在拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期与乳熟期刈割,测定其产草量和营养成分等指标,探讨攀西地区冬闲田种植晚熟型燕麦的最佳刈割时期。通过研究发现随着刈割时间的推移,科纳燕麦的干重呈现逐渐积累的趋势。乳熟期干草产量最高,显著高于拔节期和抽穗期(P0.05),与灌浆期差异不显著。随着刈割期的推迟粗蛋白含量逐渐下降,乳熟期和灌浆期显著低于拔节期和抽穗期(P0.05)。酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量随着刈割时期的推迟表现为先升后降,不同刈割期的RFV值表现为先降后升的趋势。乳熟期的酸性洗涤纤维、中性洗涤纤维含量低于抽穗期、灌浆期,RFV值为108.63,高于抽穗期、灌浆期。综合产草量和营养品质得出,攀西地区种植晚熟型燕麦最佳刈割时间应为乳熟期,但考虑到届时恰逢雨季,为获得较高产量同时不影响下茬作物的生长以选择灌浆期刈割为宜。     

生育期和品种对饲用谷子的产量及营养价值的影响

试验旨在研究饲用谷子(Setaria italica L.)的生育期和品种对其产量和营养品质的影响,以赤峰草谷子、118、大白谷等3个饲用谷子品种为试验材料,测定拔节期、抽穗期、灌浆期、乳熟期和蜡熟期的株高、产量及营养品质。结果显示：赤峰草谷子株高达122.94 cm;118鲜草总产量达28 200.00 kg/hm²,显著高于赤峰草谷子和大白谷(P<0.05)。3个品种乳熟期株高达123.43 cm,显著高于拔节期,灌浆期的鲜草产量显著高于拔节期和蜡熟期(P<0.05),为27 066.67 kg/hm²。大白谷的干物质(DM)含量显著高于118 (P<0.05),可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量显著低于118 (P<0.05)。拔节期谷子的粗蛋白质(CP)含量显著高于其他生育期,拔节期谷子的WSC含量显著低于其他生育期(P<0.05)。灌浆期谷子的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)含量显著高于其他生育期(P<0.05)。研究表明,综合产量和营养品质,118适宜作为饲用谷子品种在内蒙古四子王旗地区推广种植,饲用谷子进入...     

14种热带粗饲料营养价值评价

测定14种热带粗饲料主要营养成分含量,并进行营养价值评价.结果表明:14种热带粗饲料主要营养平均含量为有机物94.16％、粗蛋白15.09％、粗脂肪2.91％、酸性洗涤纤维37.78％和中性洗涤纤维49.67％.通过隶属函数法综合评价,热带粗饲料营养价值由低到高为千斤拔(营养期)＜假地豆(结英期)＜毛排钱草(花期)＜短叶决明(结英期)＜葫芦茶(花期)＜克拉豆(营养期)＜绒毛山蚂蝗(花期)＜含羞草决明(结英期)＜链英豆(结英期)＜柄腺山扁豆(结英期)＜羊蹄英(营养期)＜假木豆(结英期)＜刺桐(营养期)＜洋金凤(结英期).     

7个饲草谷子品种不同生育期不同部位养分分布格局

对江苏地区7个饲草谷子品种在抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期茎秆、穗、叶片和全株中的营养成分含量进行测定,结果显示:张杂谷10号、张杂谷13号和大同37的茎秆、叶片和全株中粗蛋白质(CP)含量抽穗期显著高于灌浆期和成熟期(P0.05);赤谷16、张杂谷16、豫谷18和衡饲1号的茎秆、穗和全株中CP含量灌浆期显著高于抽穗期和成熟期(P0.05)。大同37的茎秆中可溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量抽穗期和成熟期显著高于灌浆期(P0.05),其它6个品种茎秆中的WSC含量均为成熟期最高;穗中的WSC含量7个参试品种均为成熟期最低;叶中的WSC含量7个参试品种均为抽穗期最低。7个参试品种全株的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)和酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)含量均为抽穗期最高。7个参试品种穗和全株的干物质体外消化率(IVDMD)抽穗期显著高于成熟期(P0.05)。综合分析表明,供试饲草谷子品种在抽穗期、灌浆期和成熟期茎秆、穗、叶片和全株中的各营养成分含量差异达显著水平(P0.05),抽穗期张杂谷13号茎秆、穗及全株中的CP含量高于其它品种,NDF和ADF含量显著低于其他品种,品质较好;灌浆期张杂谷16和豫谷18全株中CP含量高于其它品种,NDF含量显著低于其他品种,品质较好。     

饲草藜麦不同采收期饲用价值分析及对肉牛生长性能的影响

本文旨在分析藜麦不同采收期的饲用价值差异及对肉牛生长性能的影响。试验一：选择忻藜5号作为试验藜麦品种，播种后分别采集出苗期、开花期、灌浆期和成熟期的藜麦，测定各阶段和各部位的养分组成。结果：干物质含量随着藜麦生长阶段的变化逐渐升高，CP、EE的含量逐渐降低（P＜0.05），NDF和ADF的含量呈先上升后降低的趋势（P＜0.05），而钙、磷的含量则呈现先降低后上升的趋势（P＜0.05）。藜麦各生长阶段各部位的养分差异较大，在4个生长阶段中，干物质、CP、NDF和ADF在各个部位中的含量差异显著（P＜0.05），EE只在成熟期各部位中含量差异显著（P＜0.05）。藜麦出苗期的相对饲喂价值最高，其次为灌浆期、开花期和成熟期。试验二：选择年龄和体重相近的40头健康西门塔尔杂种肉牛，随机分为4组，试验1、2、3组分别用开花期、灌浆期和成熟期的藜麦替换对照组50%的玉米青贮，为期30?d。结果：试验1、2组的肉牛ADG较对照组分别提高23.8%、29.7%（P＜0.05），且均高于试验3组（P＜0.05），试验2组的肉牛ADMI显著提高7.6%（P＜0.05）。试验1、2、3组肉牛FCR较对照组分别显著降低18.7%、17.0%、7.5%（P＜0.05），其余指标未达显著水平。综上所述，藜麦各生长阶段和各部位中的养分差异较大，部分替代玉米青贮能有效提高肉牛生长性能，饲喂价值灌浆期＞开花期＞成熟期。 [关键词]藜麦|饲用价值|采收期|肉牛|生长性能     

利用体外产气法及康奈尔净碳水化合物和蛋白质体系评价不同生育期老芒麦营养价值

本试验旨在利用体外产气法及康奈尔净碳水化合物和蛋白质体系(CNCPS)对不同生育期老芒麦营养价值进行评定。采用体外产气法测定抽穗期、开花期、灌浆期、乳熟期4个生育期老芒麦的体外发酵产气量及发酵参数;用CNCPS测定相应组分含量,评价老芒麦营养价值;并比较研究体外产气法和CNCPS 2种方法评价结果的相关性。结果表明:1)随着老芒麦的生长,粗蛋白质(CP)和可溶性蛋白质(SOLP)含量降低,中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)和酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)含量增加,中性洗涤不溶性蛋白质(NDFIP)、酸性洗涤不溶性蛋白质(ADFIP)含量减少,抽穗期和开花期与灌浆期和乳熟期差异显著(P0.05)。2)体外发酵至72 h结束时,产气量以开花期最高,显著高于其他各期(P0.05)。3)随着老芒麦的生长,碳水化合物(CHO)组分中,CHO、缓慢降解碳水化合物(CB2)含量呈递增趋势,而快速降解碳水化合物(CA)、非结构性碳水化合物(CNSC)含量则相反;蛋白质组分中,抽穗期的不可利用蛋白质(PC)和开花期的非蛋白氮(PA)含量显著高于其他生育期(P0.05)。4)CNSC、CA、中速降解碳水化合物(CB1)、CB2、不可利用纤维(CC)、PA、慢速降解真蛋白质(PB3)、PC含量分别与不同时间点产气量存在显著或极显著的相关性(P0.05或P0.01),通过这几种组分与体外产气量的相关性建立了回归关系。综上所述,老芒麦于开花期营养价值最高,抽穗期、灌浆期和乳熟期依次次之,体外产气法和CNCPS评价牧草价值具有相关性,用体外产气量估测牧草CNCPS组分具有可行性和实用价值。     

内蒙古乌拉盖天然草原不同放牧区混合牧草营养成分和瘤胃发酵特性的研究

【目的】评价内蒙古乌拉盖天然草原不同放牧区混合优势牧草营养价值，确定放牧家畜营养供给和最佳放牧区。【方法】测定和分析内蒙古乌拉盖天然草原 8 个主要放牧区青草期混合优势牧草营养成分、结构性碳水化合物、体外瘤胃发酵特性，并对其营养价值进行综合评定。【结果】乌兰察布嘎查放牧区混合牧草粗蛋白(CP)含量显著低于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)，乌拉盖水库放牧区混合牧草粗灰分 (Ash)含量显著高于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)，乌兰察布嘎查放牧区和斯仁音昭村放牧区混合牧草钙 (Ca)和磷(P)含量显著高于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)，而宝克牧场放牧区混合牧草可溶性碳水化合物 (WSC)含量最高(P＜0. 05)；乌兰察布嘎查放牧区混合牧草酸性洗涤纤维(ADF)、纤维素含量显著高于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)，查干哈达村放牧区混合牧草中性洗涤纤维(NDF)、酸性洗涤木质素(ADL)、 半纤维含量显著低于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)；瘤胃体外发酵 12~48 h，发酵液 pH 无明显变化，查干哈达村放牧区混合牧草产气量(GP)、体外干物质降解率(DMD)和体外中性洗涤纤维降解率(NDFD)随时间增加呈现递增趋势，均显著高于其他放牧区(P＜0. 05)。【结论】内蒙古乌拉盖天然草原查干哈达村放牧区混合牧草营养价值最佳。     

利用体外产气法和CNCPS法对不同生育期虉草营养价值的评价研究

为了评定不同生育期虉草的营养价值,分析体外产气法和CNCPS法两种营养评价方法的相关性。采用体外产气法测定抽穗期、开花期、灌浆期、乳熟期4个生育期虉草的体外发酵产气量、发酵参数(a、b、c)、DM消化率、NDF和ADF降解率,用康奈尔净碳水化合物和蛋白质体系(cornell net carbohydrate and protein system,CNCPS)分析方法测定相应组分,评价其营养价值,并比较研究两种方法评价结果的相关性。结果表明,体外发酵至72 h结束,累计总产气量和产气参数a以开花期最高(122.68 和4.46 mL),显著高于各组(P<0.05),且从抽穗期、灌浆期、乳熟期有降低的趋势;抽穗期和开花期的DM消化率、NDF和ADF降解率分别显著高于灌浆期和乳熟期(P<0.05)。随着虉草生育期的延长,CP和SOLP呈递减趋势,即抽穗期和开花期显著高于灌浆期和乳熟期(P<0.05);NDF、ADF和ADL呈递增趋势,但NDFIP、ADFIP呈递减趋势。灌浆期和乳熟期的CHO含量显著高于抽穗期和开花期(P<0.05),而CA和CNSC含量则相反,且CC含量同样以灌浆期与乳熟期较高;蛋白质组分中,PA与CA及CC与PC组分呈现同样的趋势。虉草CNSC、CA、CB₁、CB₂、PA、PB₃组分含量与不同时间点产气量呈显著或极显著的相关性(P<0.05或P<0.01)。因此,开花期虉草营养价值最高,其次为抽穗期、灌浆期和乳熟期,产气法和CNCPS评价牧草具有相关性,用体外产气量估测牧草CNCPS组分是可行的。     

川西北不同品种(品系)羊茅青贮品质初探

以花期羊茅(Festuca ovina)为研究对象,探讨川西北高寒牧区不同品种(品系)羊茅青贮品质.结果表明:中华羊茅青贮饲料的pH值和氨态氮/总氮比值显著低于紫羊茅(P＜0.05),乳酸和有机酸含量显著高于紫羊茅(P＜0.05),干物质含量、可溶性碳水化合物含量和粗蛋白含量较高(P＞0.05),中性洗涤纤维含量和酸性洗涤纤维含量较低(P＞0.05);青贮后,紫羊茅2的发酵品质较好,营养成分损失较低.中华羊茅和紫羊茅2调制出优质的青贮饲料.     

白术、微米白术和白术多糖对断奶仔猪生长性能和肠道形态及微生态区系的影响

试验选用96头平均体重14.82 kg左右的杜×长×大断奶仔猪,随机分成4组,每组3栏,每栏8头(公母各半)。对照组饲喂基础日粮,试验1、2、3组分别添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖和1%微米白术。试验期30 d。结果表明:在生长性能方面,与对照组相比,1%微米白术添加组可显著提高日增重(P0.05)、降低饲料增重比和腹泻率,而且效果优于1%80目白术组和0.2%白术多糖组,在肠道形态和肠道微生态区系方面,与对照组相比,日粮添加1%80目白术、0.2%白术多糖、1%微米白术均可不同程度的提高十二指肠和空肠的绒毛高度,加深十二指肠和空肠的隐窝深度,并且增加肠道微生态区系的多样性,其中以1%微米白术添加组的效果最佳。     

Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia

Sissay, M.M., Uggla, A. and Waller, P.J., XXXX. Prevalence and seasonal incidence of nematode parasites and fluke infections of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia. Tropical Animal Health and Production, XXXX. A 2-year abattoir survey was carried out to determine the prevalence, abundance and seasonal incidence of gastro-intestinal (GI) nematodes and trematodes (flukes) of sheep and goats in the semi-arid zone of eastern Ethiopia. During May 2003 to April 2005, viscera including liver, lungs and GI tracts were collected from 655 sheep and 632 goats slaughtered at 4 abattoirs located in the towns of Haramaya, Harar, Dire Dawa and Jijiga in eastern Ethiopia. All animals were raised in the farming areas located within the community boundaries for each town. Collected materials were transported within 24 h to the parasitology laboratory of Haramaya University for immediate processing. Thirteen species belonging to 9 genera of GI nematodes (Haemonchus contortus, Trichostrongylus axei, T. colubriformis, T. vitrinus, Nematodirus filicollis, N. spathiger, Oesophagostomum columbianum, O. venulosum, Strongyloides papillosus, Bunostomum trigonocephalum, Trichuris ovis, Cooperia curticei and Chabertia ovina), and 4 species belonging to 3 genera of trematodes (Fasciola hepatica, F. gigantica, Paramphistomum {Calicohoron} microbothrium and Dicrocoelium dendriticum) were recorded in both sheep and goats. All animals in this investigation were infected with multiple species to varying degrees. The mean burdens of adult nematodes were generally moderate in both sheep and goats and showed patterns of seasonal abundance that corresponded with the bi-modal annual rainfall pattern, with highest burdens around the middle of the rainy season. In both sheep and goats there were significant differences in the mean worm burdens and abundance of the different nematode species between the four geographic locations, with worm burdens in the Haramaya and Harar areas greater than those observed in the Dire Dawa and Jijiga locations. Similar seasonal variations were also observed in the prevalence of flukes. But there were no significant differences in the prevalence of each fluke species between the four locations. Overall, the results showed that Haemonchus, Trichostrongylus, Nematodirus, Oesophagostomum, Fasciola and Paramphistomum species were the most abundant helminth parasites of sheep and goats in eastern Ethiopia.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Y‐chromosomal variation of local goat breeds of Turkey close to the domestication centre

Genetic variations in chromosome Y are enabling researchers to identify paternal lineages, which are informative for introgressions and migrations. In this study, the male‐specific region markers, sex‐determining region‐Y (SRY), amelogenin (AMELY) and zinc finger (ZFY) were analysed in seven Turkish native goat breeds, Angora, Kilis, Hair, Honaml?, Norduz, Gürcü and Abaza. A SNP in the ZFY gene defined a new haplotype Y2C. All domestic haplogroups originate from Capra aegagrus, while the finding of Y1A, Y1B, Y2A and Y2C in 32, 4, 126 and 2 Turkish domestic goats, respectively, appears to indicate a predomestic origin of the major haplotypes. The occurrence of four haplotypes in the Hair goat and, in contrast, a frequency of 96% of Y1A in the Kilis breed illustrate that Y‐chromosomal variants have a more breed‐dependent distribution than mitochondrial or autosomal DNA. This probably reflects male founder effects, but a role in adaptation cannot be excluded.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Changes in proportion of canine urinary calculi composed of calcium oxalate or struvite in specimens analyzed from 1981 through 2001

The objective of this report was to characterize 20-year changes in proportion of calcium oxalate (CaOx) calculi and struvite calculi in dogs, and associations with breed, age, and sex. In this retrospective study, results of analysis of urinary calculi from dogs were reviewed for specimens received between July 1, 1981, and December 31, 2001. Breed, sex, age, year of submission of the specimen, and mineral type(s) were analyzed statistically. CaOx or Struvite or both were contained in 18,966 of 20,884 (91%) specimens. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant increase was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained CaOx. The increase in this proportion was greater in females (1% to 31%) than in males (18% to 82%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions may have plateaued, the odds of specimens containing CaOx were markedly higher in 18 breeds, markedly lower in 5 breeds, and not significantly different in 13 breeds compared with crossbreds. For both sexes, a 20-year statistically significant decrease was observed in the proportion of calculus specimens that contained struvite. This decrease in proportion was greater for males (79-16%) than for females (97-68%). From 1998 to 2001, when proportions plateaued, the odds of calculi containing struvite were markedly lower in 20 breeds, markedly higher in 1 breed, and not significantly different in 15 breeds when compared with crossbreds. Breed, age, and sex were associated statistically with CaOx or struvite urolithiasis. In conclusion, there appears to have been a long-term increase in the proportion of specimens of canine urinary calculi that contain CaOx as well as a long-term decrease in the proportion of specimens of calculi that contain struvite for both male and female dogs. The rate of change appeared to begin leveling off in the period 1998 to 2001. The recent proportion of dogs with either CaOx- or struvite-associated urolithiasis may depend on breed, age, and sex, and on interactions among these 3 factors.     

Smart Phone Assisted City-scale Wireless Sensor Network Deployment for Transportation System Monitoring

<正>1.INTRODUCTION Ensuring transportation network security is one Of the most daunting challenges confronting homeland security agencies today.Significant research has been dedicated.To model and analyze the vulnerability of transportation systems,while notably fewer studies propose specific strategies for deploying defensive technologies to safeguard these systems.