马里努阿犬与德国牧羊犬在追踪训练中的比较

马里努阿犬是优秀的工作犬种之一，我们从2001年起就开始尝试训练马里努阿犬进行追踪。为了更好地掌握马里努阿犬在追踪训练中的方法及要点，我们对马里努阿犬与德国牧羊犬在追踪训练中的效果进行了对比，对比数据及结果如下：     

昆明犬、马里努阿犬和德国牧羊犬幼犬警用行为测试分析

德国牧羊犬、昆明犬和马里努阿犬是我国目前主要的警用犬种。本文以德国牧羊犬、昆明犬和马里努阿犬3个品种的幼犬为主要测试对象,测定3个品种幼犬的警用行为表现,以期为受训犬的选择提供数据支持。本文所采用的"幼犬警用行为指标及评分表",是由10余名工作犬技术教学训练教师,根据受训犬受训内容制订的。     

世界名犬——马里努阿犬

马里努阿犬(Belgian Malinois)作为一个品种形成于19世纪末期，是比利时牧羊犬4个变种中的一种，是唯一的短毛品种，颇负盛名，发源于比利时境内的马林附近。     

马里努阿犬生长发育和繁殖性能的观察

马里努阿犬发源于比利时境内的马林附近，由比利时兽医学院的灰比特兄弟于1891年在比利时牧羊犬中选育而成，是世界工作犬种中享有盛名的优良品种，具有机警灵活、胆大凶猛、攻占力强，探求反射强，对物品兴奋     

从马里努阿犬的行为特点谈其训练要点

马里努阿犬产自19世纪的比利时。当时，在比利时的马里地区有一种毛色呈浅黄褐色、红色或红褐色的短毛牧羊犬，后被称为马里努阿犬。     

马里努阿犬的缉毒训练特色

马里努阿犬产自比利时,具有聪慧、勇敢、警惕和忠于主人的优良品质,并且有强烈的占有欲。是一种兴奋性极高的犬种,很适合缉毒训练。     

马里努阿犬的追踪训练

马里努阿犬的追踪训练是在具有良好的服从性和具备简单追踪能力的基础上进行的。     

马里努阿犬在鉴别中易出现的问题及解决办法

不少训犬员认为,马里努阿犬（下称马犬）的警用性能主要体现在其快速的反应能力和敏捷的攻击能力方面,嗅觉能力差于德国牧羊犬（下称德牧）,且其兴奋和抑制之间的阈值比较小。故不宜使用于嗅觉作业性强的气味鉴别。     

马里努阿犬的训练要点

我们通过近十年的对马里努阿犬仔犬、幼犬、成年犬的行为观察,以及有目的地实施各种试验,基本掌握了马里努阿犬的行为特点,总结出“喜好运动、迷恋游戏、反应灵敏、耐力持久”是马里努阿犬综合的行为特点,能够充分地反映出马里努阿犬与其它品种犬的区别。     

马里努阿犬的追踪训练法初探

马里努阿犬具有猎取反射强、对物品的占有欲望高昂,兴奋持久、兴奋抑制转化较快、记忆力强、体力耐力和灵敏性较好等特点。但马犬对外界环境及训犬员的形体语言较为敏感,被动防御强、忍受刺激量小、痕迹反射较重、作业时毛糙急躁等缺点。我们在训练中扬长避短,将马犬     

德国牧羊犬的免疫系统缺陷

相比其它品种犬,德国牧羊犬倾向于发生相当频繁的问题是免疫系统缺陷综合症。该品种有许多个体带有称作IgA的一种特殊免疫球蛋白缺乏症,这个缺陷基因可能与染色体上通常控制免疫的基因非常接近。一些兽医对此类问题的出现并不很了解,忽略了涉及免疫系统的缺陷和对症治疗,导致错误的开出处方药品,或根本无法处理。因此,有必要对犬的免疫介导疾病有所了解和认识。     

Hereditary cataract in the German Shepherd Dog

Primary hereditary cataract is recorded and described in the German Shepherd Dog in the United Kingdom. The cataract is not congenital, it is bilateral and progressive to a certain point and is unassociated with any other ocular abnormality. It is due to an autosomal, recessive gene. The cataract is compared to that described by von Hippel in Germany in 1930 which was congenital and non-progressive and due to a dominant gene. The two types of cataract are therefore dissimilar.     

Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII in a German Shepherd Dog

A 12-week-old male German Shepherd Dog was evaluated because of a 3-week history of a progressive inability to ambulate. Clinical and laboratory findings included skeletal deformities, corneal cloudiness, cytoplasmic granules in the neutrophils and lymphocytes of blood and CSF and glycosaminoglycans in a urine sample (detected via a toluidine blue spot test). Enzyme activity and DNA analyses confirmed mucopolysaccharidosis type VII as a result of severe beta-glucuronidase deficiency; this condition had been identified in a mixed-breed dog (likely of German Shepherd Dog descent) that was reported 20 years earlier and caused by the same missense mutation. Because of the progressive nature of this disease, the puppy was euthanatized and all tissues examined contained evidence of lysosomal storage leading to marked cellular distention. Mucopolysaccharidosis type VII is only one of many hereditary lysosomal storage diseases identified in companion animals. It is important that clinicians recognize the typical signs of lysosomal storage diseases and are aware of the cytologic and urinary screening tests for mucopolysaccharidosis disorders. Furthermore, there are specific blood enzyme and DNA-based tests to distinguish the forms of mucopolysaccharidosis in affected and carrier animals.     

德国牧羊犬与荷兰牧羊犬杂交幼犬行为特点研究

杂交是提高物种生理特性和行为特征的有效途径。近几年来,公安部沈阳警犬基地通过对存栏的德国牧羊犬和荷兰牧羊犬进行了杂交试验,目前已培育出一定数量的德国牧羊犬和荷兰牧羊犬杂交犬。     

德国牧羊犬持久性右主动脉弓的诊治

2009年6月收治1条作为肉犬父本的幼龄德国牧羊犬病犬,通过临床症状观察、血液常规指标检查、主要病原检查和影像学检查,确诊为持久性右主动脉弓。对其进行胸部手术治疗,经术后护理该犬恢复良好。     

遗传基因对德国牧羊犬被毛颜色的影响

随着德国牧羊犬在国内的兴起,德牧犬犬的外貌特征、被毛种类和毛色与基因遗传的关系已经变得越来越受重视.通过对影响犬被毛颜色色度的不同类型的黑色素,以及控制色素沉着的等位基因的深入分析探讨,了解不同位点基因的纯合子和杂合子对德牧犬犬毛色、虹膜、鼻子和眼圈的色素沉着的影响.旨在全面解答人们对德牧犬犬颜色差异产生的困惑.     

Sexual dimorphism in limb long bones of the German Shepherd Dog

The study of sexual dimorphism in dog anatomy, especially with regard to skeletal elements, has received little attention. The present work focuses on elements of the canine stylo- and zeugopodium, less documented than the skull or pelvis in the literature. In order to identify only sex-dependent effects, we analysed a single breed: the German Shepherd Dog. Data come from 25 dogs, with a balanced sex ratio (12 males and 13 females). Four skeletal elements of the forelimb and hindlimb (humerus, radius, femur, tibia) were each measured using seven linear morphometric variables. Univariate and multivariate analyses were then performed on these 28 variables. For all measurements, males are on average larger than females, with a mean sexual dimorphism ratio of 1.07. Sexual dimorphism is significant for 92.8% of the variables. Except of femoral measurements, diaphyseal values show the highest grade of sexual dimorphism. The mean level of disparity is higher in the forelimb (1.08) than in the hindlimb (1.05). A significant dimorphism is shown for the first component of principal component analyses conducted on each skeletal element, and for the second component with humerus measurements. Discriminant functions for sex identification give success rates included between 82% for the radius and 93% for the femur, the latter providing the highest reported score for sex identification in dogs from any skeletal element. These complementary statistic methods highlight a more dimorphic forelimb in size and a more dimorphic hindlimb in shape.     

几种工作犬主要行为比较研究

德国牧羊犬与罗威纳犬是我国引进的大型工作犬种,这两个品种犬性情相近,应用的工作领域也大致相同.采用科学的测定方法,对决定其使用价值的探求、猎取、防御等几种主要行为性状以及胆量进行判定分析,以了解这些行为在不同品种、不同性别之间的表现差异,更好地为训练、使用以及科学研究服务.结果发现:在同一品种内,德国牧羊犬公母犬在防御反射、胆量方面存在显著差异,罗威纳公母犬防御反射存在显著差异.在不同品种间,罗威纳公母犬的衔取欲望均相应高于德国牧羊犬公母犬,并达到显著水平.