Avirulent viable but non culturable cells of Listeria monocytogenes need the presence of an embryo to be recovered in egg yolk and regain virulence after recovery

The aim of this study was to assess the efficiency of the embryonated egg model to recover Viable But Non Culturable (VBNC) cells of Listeria monocytogenes. L. monocytogenes cells were incubated in filtered sterilised distilled water. The VBNC state was obtained after a 25 to 47 days incubation period (concentration of culturable cells less than 1 cfu/mL). Fifteen days after the VBNC state was reached, non culturability was checked in various media. One milliliter of each VBNC suspension that contained 10(4) metabolically active cells (i.e. Direct Viable Count + cells) was inoculated into the vitellus fluid of embryonated and non-embryonated eggs. Culturable cells were detected in a large proportion of the embryonated eggs (18/32), but not in the non-embryonated eggs (1/32). The recovery rate was higher after culture of the vitellus fluid plus embryo (18/32) than after culture of the vitellus fluid alone (6/32). The results indicate that the embryo likely plays a prominent part in the recovery process. The virulence of recovered cells was assessed by the ability to form plaques in HT-29 cell monolayers and by the ability to colonise mouse spleens. Although the cells were classified as avirulent when in the VBNC state, the virulence was recovered after resuscitation.     

The ability to enter into an avirulent viable but non-culturable (VBNC) form is widespread among Listeria monocytogenes isolates from salmon, patients and environment

Media-based bacteriological testing will fail to detect non-culturable organisms and the risk of consuming viable but non-culturable (VBNC) Listeria monocytogenes is unknown. We have here studied whether L. monocytogenes obtained from seafoods, processing environment and clinical cases enter the VBNC state and assessed the virulence of the non-culturable forms of the bacteria. A number of 16 L. monocytogenes strains were starved in microcosm water at 4 °C until loss of culturability. Metabolic activity in the VBNC form was measured as ATP generation using a luciferase assay and membrane integrity was examined using the LIVE/DEAD BacLight assay. All tested L. monocytogenes strains entered the VBNC state after starvation in microcosm water. Ongoing mRNA synthesis of hly in VBNC L. monocytogenes cells re-incubated in culture medium indicated a potential virulence of these forms. Sodium pyruvate and replenishment of nutrient were used in attempts to resuscitate VBNC cells. However, VBNC L. monocytogenes were not resuscitated under these conditions. VBNC L. monocytogenes were tested for virulence in a cell plaque assay and by intraperitoneally inoculation in immunodeficient RAG1^−/− mice. Inoculation of VBNC L. monocytogenes in immunodeficient mice did not cause morbidity, and plaque assay on HT-29 cells in culture indicated that the VBNC cells were avirulent. The results indicate that the risk of non-culturable L. monocytogenes in foods, when the VBNC state is induced by starvation, is negligible.     

Characterization of virulence properties of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b strains of different origins

In this study, the virulence heterogeneity of Listeria monocytogenes serotype 4b strains of different origins was analysed on different levels. On one hand, the survival of L. monocytogenes strains in synthetic gastric fluid was studied. On the other hand, the pathogenic potential of strains with different inlB expression levels was analysed in an A/J mouse model for gastrointestinal listeriosis. Differences in survival capacity in gastric fluid and in in vivo virulence potential were observed between the tested strains. No clear correlation between the origin and the obtained data could be made. However, these results confirm the existence of heterogeneity in virulence potential of L. monocytogenes serotype 4b strains.     

不同来源单核细胞增多性李氏杆菌inlB和actA基因的克隆测序分析及基因缺失株的毒力试验

根据GeneBank上发表的单核细胞增多性李氏杆菌(Listeria monocytogenes,LM)的内化素B(internalin B,inlB)和肌动蛋白A(actin A,actA)基因设计特异性引物,对5株不同来源的健康绵羊单核细胞增多性李氏杆菌和一株临床分离的单核细胞增多性李氏杆菌的inlB及actA基因进行PCR扩增,克隆测序分析其序列,并对2株部分基因缺失的单增李氏杆菌进行小鼠攻毒试验。结果表明:5株健康绵羊分离株单增李氏杆菌与临床分离株有较高的同源性,并且发现2株部分基因缺失的单增李氏杆菌;小鼠攻毒试验表明缺失株毒力有降低,但是不明显。     

Failure of viable nonculturable Campylobacter jejuni to colonize the cecum of newly hatched leghorn chicks

Campylobacter jejuni cells entered the viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state upon suspension in sterile water. Cell viability was determined with tetrazolium violet. VBNC cells suspended in water for 7, 10, or 14 days were given, by gavage, to day-of-hatch leghorn chickens. The ceca of control and challenged birds were examined for the presence of campylobacteria by conventional microbiological methods at 1 wk and 2 wk after challenge inoculation and by polymerase chain reaction methods at 1 wk after challenge. We did not find culturable Campylobacter cells in the ceca. Neither was Campylobacter DNA found in cecal samples. Therefore, VBNC cells did not revert to the culturable colonizing form, nor did VBNC cells persist within the cecal environment.     

The detection of the pathogenicity of Listeria using permanent cell lines as an alternative for animal studies

Culture filtrates of 38 strains of Listeria (L.) monocytogenes and of 4 strains of L. ivanovii were all cytotoxic for the vero cell line. Culture filtrates from 35 strains of L. innocua, 12 strains of L. seeligeri, 5 strains of L. welshimeri and 4 strains of L. grayi showed no cytotoxicity for the continuous cell line vero. The use of continuous cell lines permits to distinguish between pathogenic and non-pathogenic Listeria strains and seems to be a suitable method to replace the mouse pathogenicity test or the fertilized hen's eggs test.     

Inability of cecal microflora to promote reversion of viable nonculturable Campylobacter jejuni

Campylobacter jejuni cells are able to enter a viable but nonculturable (VBNC) state when they are suspended in water. In the present experiments we inoculated day-of-hatch leghorn and broiler chicks with normal gut microflora and subsequently challenged these with high doses of VBNC C. jejuni. The objective was to determine if the pre-establishment of a normal gut flora would enable VBNC Campylobacter to recover, revert to the vibrionic form, and colonize the cecum. Day-of-hatch leghorn and broiler chicks were gavaged through the esophagus with 0.75 ml of a continuous-flow culture of normal cecal organisms. Two days after gavage, the same chicks were gavaged with 0.75 ml (greater than 10(9) colony-forming units) of a VBNC suspension of C. jejuni. Seven days later, cecal contents were collected, serially diluted, and examined for the presence of viable culturable C. jejuni. Our results demonstrated that the VBNC C. jejuni cells were unable to revert to a vibrionic culturable form capable of colonizing the cecum.     

豫西地区市售鸭翅中单增李斯特菌毒力基因的检测

为分析来自豫西地区市售鸭翅中单增李斯特菌毒力基因的分布变化,本研究以分离自豫西地区市售鸭翅的11株单增李斯特菌分离株为研究对象,利用PCR方法进行8种毒力基因的检测(inlA、inlB、virR、mprF、dltA、dltB、dltC、dltD基因)。结果显示有3株出现了基因缺失,dltA基因检出率为90.9%(10/11),dltC、mprF基因检出率均为81.8%(9/11),其他基因全部呈阳性。这些毒力基因在单增李斯特菌分离株中分布广泛,对豫西地区市售鸭翅具有潜在的威胁,应引起食品监管部门的高度关注。     

Prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in intestinal contents of healthy animals in Japan.

A total of 1,705 fecal specimens or ileo-cecal contents of cattle, pigs, dogs, cats, chicken and rats were submitted for the isolation of Listeria monocytogenes by the use of the combination of Oxford-LPM agar plates after the cold enrichment in PBS at 4 degrees C for 4-6 weeks. Prevalence of L. monocytogenes was found to be 1.9% in cattle, 0.6% in pigs, 0.9% in dogs and 6.5% in rats. However, none of L. monocytogenes was isolated from chicken or cats. Among 26 isolates of L. monocytogenes, 13 strains (50%) were classified into types 1/2a (3 strains), 1/2b (5 strains) and 4b (5 strains) and were often associated with human listeriosis. The majority of the Listeria spp. other than L. monocytogenes isolated from these animals was found to be L. innocua.     

低浓度冰醋酸诱导的鸡源大肠杆菌"活的非可培养状态"

利用LIVE/DEAD试剂盒染色法,流式细胞仪检测法,以及RT-PCR方法检测了经低浓度冰醋酸作用的鸡源大肠杆菌活细胞,并对其进行了复苏。结果表明,当可培养菌数降为零时,LIVE/DEAD试剂盒染色法及流式细胞仪检测法均能检测出较高数量的活菌数;RT-PCR法也能检测到活细胞信号分子-mRNA,并扩增出“活的非可培养状态”（VBNC）细菌的cDNA片段。这些均显示细菌已进入VBNC,且在吐温80作用下又恢复为可培养状态,从而证实大肠杆菌具有“VBNC”状态。     

新疆不同来源单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌血清型的多重PCR鉴定

为鉴定分离自新疆北疆绵羊单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌,本研究采用多重PCR方法,鉴定来自病发地区部分羊场的发病绵羊、健康绵羊、羊舍环境和乌鸦粪分离的30株李斯特氏菌分离株的8株单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌分离株血清型。结果为4株发病绵羊株有3株鉴定为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌,血清型为1/2a或4b,1株为非单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌;5株健康绵羊株血清型为1/2a;其余来自羊舍水源的3株、乌鸦粪的2株及健康绵羊16株为非单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌,表明来自发病绵羊、健康绵羊及参考菌株LM血清型之间具有相关性。     

4株Lactobacillus菌株对结肠癌细胞增生的抑制效果研究

以分离自传统发酵乳制品中的4株菌——Lactobacillus paracasei supsp.paracasei M5AL、L.paracasei supsp.paracasei J23ANL、L.paracasei supsp.paracasei G15AL、L.coryniformis supsp.torquens T3AL为实验菌株,采用噻唑兰法研究其热灭活菌体、细胞壁及DNA对结肠癌细胞HT-29增殖的影响。结果表明：菌株J23ANL、M5AL、G15AL、T3AL热灭活菌体细胞、菌体细胞壁和菌体DNA均可不同程度地抑制人结肠癌细胞HT-29的增生,其中菌株T3AL对HT-29细胞增生的抑制率显著高于其他菌株的抑制率（P〈0.05）;单细胞凝胶电泳结果显示菌株T3AL可诱导HT-29细胞凋亡。     

单增李斯特菌srtA基因缺失株的构建及srtA基因对其毒力的影响研究

为了研究srtA 基因对单增李斯特菌LM90SB2毒力的影响,本研究利用同源重组技术构建了LM90SB2 srtA 基因缺失株LM90SB2-ΔsrtA,比较分析了亲本株LM90SB2与缺失株LM90SB2-ΔsrtA对MBMEC、HBMEC、RAW264.7、SIEC 4种细胞系的粘附、侵袭、胞内增值能力及LM90SB2和LM90SB2-ΔsrtA 感染小鼠后,小鼠的LD50及肝脏、脾脏、脑载菌量变化差异。结果显示,本研究成功构建了srtA 基因缺失株;与亲本株LM90SB2比较,缺失株LM90SB2-ΔsrtA 对RAW264.7和SIEC的粘附率、侵袭率及胞内细菌数量均下降,且差异具有显著统计学意义(p <0.05);小鼠 LD50降低了21.38倍,肝脏、脾脏载菌量降低,差异具有显著统计学意义(p <0.05)。本研究结果表明,srtA 基因对单增李斯特菌LM90SB2的毒力具有关键作用,参与粘附、侵袭BMEC,该研究结果为进一步阐明单增李斯特菌毒力因子的致病机制提供理论依据。     

鸡白痢沙门氏菌CVCC578标准株VBNC研究模型的建立及鉴定

为建立活的非可培养状态(VBNC)研究模型,本研究利用液体LB和4℃联合条件对鸡白痢沙门氏菌CVCC578参考株的进行VBNC诱导,构建VBNC研究模型。同时依靠胎牛血清和程序性升温对处于该状态的菌体进行复苏,并对复苏前后的细菌进行了16SrRNA验证。结果表明:实验菌株经液体LB和4℃联合诱导后,可培养菌数在55d后降至零,总菌数在整个观察期内基本不变,而活菌数在150d后开始下降,180d后下降显著,表明实验菌株可在55d进入VBNC,而且维持时间至180d。当进入该状态后,菌体形态可由杆状变为球杆或球形,并且菌体排列可由单在变为聚集。经复苏和16SrRNA鉴定后,"变态"的细菌被证实为沙门氏菌,而非杂污染菌。该实验为规范VBNC沙门氏菌的鉴定程序以及制订相应的国家检测标准提供了实验依据。     

流式细胞仪检测活的非可培养状态大肠杆菌

流式细胞仪和荧光染色联合对经酸和低温联合诱导的大肠杆菌活的非可培养状态(VBNC)进行检测。流式细胞仪分析结果表明:当可培养菌数降为零时,与正常状态细菌相比,诱导后菌株多数仍为呈现绿色荧光的活菌,活菌数远远超过死菌数。并且菌体形态多样,每份样品中至少存在两种不同"颗粒"。结合荧光图像可以确知是杆状、球状或球杆状的菌体。由此表明,实验菌株在可培养数为零时就已进入了VBNC状态。     

In vitro study of Listeria monocytogenes infection to murine primary and human transformed B cells

Immunity to Listeria monocytogenes is largely mediated by T lymphocytes. Recently, B lymphocytes or their secreted products are implicated to provide immunity against L. monocytogenes infection. To understand whether L. monocytogenes can infect and kill B cells as a possible strategy to initiate an infection, we examined the effects of L. monocytogenes on a human B lymphoma (Ramos RA-1) and mouse primary B cells in vitro. L. monocytogenes infection resulted in significantly (p相似文献   

Biochemical differentiation of Listeria from cheese

Listeria spp. isolated from cheese were tested for biochemical characteristics together with reference strains from culture collections. Microtitration plates were used for testing the fermentation patterns. The results were subjected to a numerical cluster analysis based on linkage maps. The variation of the group structures calculating the characteristics with and without the hemolysin reactions is demonstrated. The pathogenic species L. monocytogenes could only be separated from the avirulent species L. innocua by the hemolysin tests. Most of the cheese isolates were identified as L. innocua, some as L. monocytogenes and L. seeligeri. There is a need for an inexpensive commercial test kit to identify the serovars or virulence factors of Listeria spp. in the quality assessment of food. The present study sets up doubts for a sufficiently ensured separation of L. innocua from L. monocytogenes.     

李氏杆菌研究进展

李氏杆菌病是一种重要的人畜共患传染病 ,主要由单核细胞增多性李氏杆菌引起 ,呈世界性分布。文章回顾了李氏杆菌的分离鉴定、培养、分型等生物学特性以及与其毒力有关的基因功能方面的研究进展 ,着重就该病诊断和检测的重要性以及 EL ISA和 PCR检测方法进行了概述 ,同时对该病的免疫预防和今后的研究重点进了探讨     

用四重PCR检测方法检测产单核细胞李斯特菌

为了同时快速准确的检测产单核细胞李斯特菌以及是否为有毒力的产单核细胞李斯特菌,根据相关文献报道的四重PCR方法,针对该菌的种特异性基因inl A基因进行引物设计,扩增片段大小为800bp,结果应用该PCR法可特异性的扩增出目的基因片段,与GenBank上发表的序列同源性为97.3%。同时通过对毒力基因inlB,inlC和inlJ的检测用来判断菌株的相关毒力。而同一属的其他菌种无害李斯特菌(L.innocua),韦氏李斯特菌(L.welshimeri)均无特异条带,嗜水气单胞菌(J-1),产气荚膜梭菌(C57-13),大肠埃希菌(ATCC 25922),鼠伤寒沙门菌(C79-32),金黄色葡萄球菌(ATCC 25923)结果均为阴性。对临床上送检的23份样品进行四重PCR方法检测并同时与国家标准GB/T22429-2008食品中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的快速筛选检验中使用的检测方法进行比对,两种检测方法的结果完全符合,均检测出7份阳性样品。并且四重PCR法表明这7份阳性样品中的产单核细胞李斯特菌均携带有3种毒力因子(inlB,inlC和inlJ),因此该四重PCR法可用于快速鉴定是否是有毒力的产单核细胞李斯特菌,为有效预防控制产单核细胞李斯特菌污染提供技术支撑。