水稻回交群体剑叶性状综合评价及QTL定位

【目的】通过对水稻剑叶性状的综合评价,明确剑叶相关性状间及与6个农艺性状的关系。检测剑叶相关性状的QTL,为优良株型品种选育,剑叶性状基因的精细定位和克隆奠定基础。【方法】以日本优质粳稻品种越光和葡萄牙粳稻地方种Bertone构建的回交群体两个世代为实验材料,利用BC₃F₁群体基因型构建遗传连锁图谱;测定亲本和BC₃F₂群体各株系剑叶SPAD、剑叶长、剑叶宽,计算剑叶长宽比、剑叶面积;利用隶属函数和标准差系数赋予权重法获得剑叶性状综合评价值(D值),分析其与6个农艺性状间的关系。分别利用单标记分析(SPA)和区间作图(IM)检测水稻剑叶相关性状QTL。【结果】在抽穗灌浆期,两亲本剑叶SPAD值呈现先升高后降低的动态变化。BC₃F₂群体的5个剑叶相关性状变异丰富,总体表现趋向轮回亲本越光。4个剑叶形态性状间相关性均达到极显著水平,与剑叶SPAD的相关性不显著。主成分和逐步线性回归分析表明剑叶宽、剑叶SPAD、剑叶长、剑叶面积是影响剑叶综合评价值(D值)的主要因子。高D值株系的株高、穗长、茎基粗和单株产量均极显著高于低D值株系,两者的分蘖数和有效穗数差异不显著。共检测到18个控制剑叶性状的QTL,分布在水稻第1、4、7和8染色体上,贡献率分布范围为4.00%~28.00%(SPA)和3.41%~27.00%(IM),除qFLSPAD1之外的17个QTL增效基因均来自Bertone。在第8染色体上的RM22720-RM404区间发现1个QTL簇,含6个主效QTL,分别为qFLL8.1、qFLL8.2、qFLA8.1、qFLA8.2、qD8.1和qD8.2。【结论】获得了剑叶宽、剑叶SPAD、剑叶长和剑叶面积4个评价剑叶性状的关键指标;明确了剑叶性状与单株产量之间的正相关关系;检测到18个剑叶相关性状QTL,位于第8染色体RM22720-RM404区间的QTL簇,是影响剑叶性状的1个重要染色体区域。     

不同遗传背景下水稻剑叶形态性状的QTL分析

以典型的籼粳交窄叶青8号/京系17的加倍单倍体（DH）群体和籼籼交珍汕97/明恢63的重组自交系（RIL）群体为材料,并应用这两种群体已构建的分子图谱,对剑叶形态性状中的叶面积、周长、叶长、叶宽、长宽比等进行了QTL分析。在这两个群体中,剑叶的这些形态性状均呈连续性分布,存在一定数量的超亲分离。在DH群体中, 4个剑叶性状共检测到8个QTL,分布在4条染色体上,其中第4、8染色体上各有1个QTL同时影响了叶长、 叶周长和面积。 在RIL群体中,5个剑叶性状共检测到16个QTL,分布在5条染色体上。其中第1染色体上有1个QTL同时影响叶长、叶周长、长宽比3个性状,第6染色体上有2个影响叶面积的QTL同时也影响叶宽,还有1个QTL同时影响叶长、叶周长2个性状,第11染色体上有1个QTL同时影响叶长、叶周长、叶面积3个性状。研究表明,不同群体的QTL初级定位结果存在较大差异,影响叶片相关性状的一些QTL位于同一染色体的相同或者相邻区域上。     

不同供氮水平下玉米株型相关性状的QTLs定位和上位性效应分析

用自交系Mo17与黄早四构建的RIL群体239个株系及双亲为研究材料,在高氮(施N300kg/hm2)和低氮(不施N)条件下,测定株高、穗位高、单株总叶数、穗位叶长、穗位叶宽和穗位叶面积等株型相关性状。采用QTLMapper1-6统计软件检测控制这些性状的加性效应QTLs和加性×加性上位性QTLs,共检测到19个加性效应QTLs和14对上位性QTLs,定位在玉米所有染色体上,其中1个加性效应QTL控制株高;3个加性效应QTLs和3对上位性效应控制穗位高;4个加性效应QTLs和3对上位性效应与单株总叶数有关;有4个加性效应QTLs和3对上位性效应影响穗位叶长;2个加性效应QTLs和3对上位性效应控制穗位叶宽;5个加性效应QTLs和2对上位性效应控制穗位叶面积。对应用分子标记辅助育种选育玉米株型的可能性进行了讨论。     

春小麦旗叶大小相关性状的QTL定位分析

为了发掘控制春小麦旗叶大小相关性状的QTL,以宁春4号/Drasdale构建的包含148个家系的RIL群体F8代为试验材料,在正常灌溉和不同干旱胁迫共3种处理下对小麦开花期旗叶长、宽、面积和周长进行了QTL定位。结果表明,共检测到相关加性QTL 22个,其中,控制旗叶面积的QTL有3个,控制旗叶长的QTL有5个,控制旗叶宽的QTL有9个,控制旗叶周长的QTL有5个,分布于1B、2D、3B、4B、7A、7B和7D染色体上,单个QTL的贡献率在6.58%~39.83%之间。其中,qFLW-2D-2.T1在T1和T3处理下均能够检测到,qFLW-7D.T1在T1和T2处理下也均能够检测到,说明这2个QTL表达不依赖于水分条件,属于稳定表达的QTL。其他QTL只在一种处理下能够检测到,说明其表达依赖于水分条件。同时,本研究也检测到了在不同处理下同时控制2种或3种性状的QTL,推测这些区域的QTL可能为一因多效QTL,但有待于进一步验证。     

利用染色体片段置换系群体检测水稻叶片形态QTL

 水稻叶片的形态改良是水稻株型育种和产量育种的重要目标之一。以9311/日本晴染色体片段置换系（CSSLs）群体为材料,定位了上3叶叶片长、宽、叶面积共9个性状QTL,分析了叶片性状与产量性状之间的相关性,同时定位了主穗重及产量构成因素（颖花数、千粒重、结实率）相关QTL。结果表明,CSSLs群体的叶片性状之间存在显著或极显著相关性;叶片性状与主穗重呈显著或极显著正相关,与主穗颖花数呈极显著正相关;叶片形态多数性状与结实率、千粒重没有显著相关性。两年共定位到20个叶片性状QTL,分布于第1、3、4、5、6、9、11共7条染色体的10个区间,贡献率为3.82%~14.61%,其中贡献率大于10%有6个,多个QTL成簇分布在相同区间,3个QTL在两年间重复检测到,8个QTL为前人未报道的新位点。两年共检测到16个与控制主穗产量相关的QTL,分布于第1、2、3、5、7、8、10共7条染色体13个区间,其中有7个主穗产量相关QTL所在5个区间与叶片形态14个QTL所在区间一致。     

用培矮64S/日本晴F2群体对水稻6个农艺性状的QTL定位

 用水稻测序品种培矮64S和日本晴配组建立了由180个单株组成的F2群体，构建了含137个SSR标记的连锁遗传图谱，对水稻的分蘖数、有效分蘖数、分蘖率、株高、剑叶长和穗长等6个相关农艺性状进行了QTL定位分析。共检测到14个QTL，分布在第1、2、4、5、6、7染色体的11个区间。检测到1个控制株高的主效QTL(qPH1 2),位于第1染色体，其表型贡献率为24.0%；1个控制剑叶长的主效QTL(qFL4）,位于第4染色体，其表型贡献率为30.5%。对所定位QTL的价值、QTL在染色体上的区域分布等进行了探讨。     

基于粳稻F2和F2:6群体的连锁图谱及剑叶性状QTL比较分析

 以粳稻沈农265和丽江新团黑谷 (LTH) 为亲本,分别构建了F2群体和F2:6群体,分析并比较了两群体的遗传信息和控制剑叶相关性状(剑叶长、宽和比叶重)的数量性状基因座。结果表明：1)多数标记在染色体上的顺序相同,但标记间距不同。F2群体中30个标记显著偏离预期的1∶2∶1孟德尔分离比例,13个标记极显著偏离预期的1∶2∶1孟德尔分离比例,其中19个偏向沈农265,11个偏向LTH。F2:6群体中62个标记显著偏离预期的1∶1孟德尔分离比例,38个标记极显著偏离预期的1∶1孟德尔分离比例,其中43个偏向沈农265,19个偏向LTH。偏分离标记共形成10个偏分离区域,其中有6个区域同时出现在两个群体中。2) F2:6群体检测QTL的能力强于F2群体。F2群体共检测到7个控制剑叶性状的QTL (2个控制剑叶长,4个控制剑叶宽,1个控制比叶重),而F2:6群体共检测到17个控制剑叶性状的QTL (7个控制剑叶长,5个控制剑叶宽,5个控制比叶重),其中有4个QTL在两群体中同时检测到,分别是第9染色体上控制剑叶长的qFLL9,第4染色体上控制剑叶宽的qFLW4,第12染色体上控制剑叶宽的qFLW12.1和第6染色体上控制比叶重的qSLW6。其中,控制比叶重的qSLW6 (加性效应值为1.956 mg/cm2),极富研究与应用价值。     

玉米株型性状的QTL定位

以玉米自交系L26和095组配的F2世代为作图群体,采用SSR分子标记技术和复合区间作图法对玉米茎粗等7个株型性状进行基因定位。共检出21个QTL,其中茎粗检测到1个位点(qSD1),穗位高、株高均检测到3个QTL位点(qEH1-qEH3、qPH1-qPH3),雄穗分枝数检测到5个QTL位点(qTBN1-qTBN5),叶片数检测到4个QTL位点(qLN1-qLN4),叶型系数检测到3个QTL位点(qLSC1-qLSC3),叶向值检测到2个QTL位点(qLOV1-qLOV2)。21个QTL中,qTBN1、qTBN4、qLN1、qLN3、qLN4这5个QTL解释表型变异率超过30％,表现出明显的主效QTL效应。研究还发现,有5个影响不同性状的QTL位于染色体上相同标记区间内或与相同标记连锁,分为Ch3-2和Ch8-1两个区段,表现出了成簇分布的特性。     

春小麦旗叶长度、宽度及叶绿素含量QTL分析

为了提高高产和理想株型小麦的选育效率,以普通小麦(Triticum aestivum L.)宁春4号和宁春27号杂交得到的128个F9代重组自交系(RILs)为试验材料,利用从1 001个SSR标记中筛选出的307个在亲本之间存在多态性的标记对该群体进行遗传分析和QTL检测.构建了覆盖小麦21对染色体的包含291个SSR标记的遗传连锁图谱,遗传距离总计2 576.09 cM,标记间平均遗传距离为8.85 cM.以复合区间作图法(ICIM)分别对旗叶长度、宽度和叶绿素含量进行加性QTL检测,分别检测到6、8和4个QTL.多数QTL只在单一生态环境下检测到,说明这些性状受一定环境因素的影响.     

Ecotypic differences and performance of the genetic resources of cocksfoot (Dactylis glomerata L.) in north-west Spain

Quantitative traits and allozymes were used in two experiments to clarify the ecotypic differentiation of natural cocksfoot ( Dactylis glomerata ) populations from north-west Spain. Thirty-nine populations belonging to the four main ecotypes in Galicia were cultivated in two field experiments. In the first experiment, there were significant differences between ecotypes for heading date, flag leaf length, growth habit and vigour. Coastal populations were the least infected by rust. In the second experiment, allozyme markers presumed to be diagnostic for ssp. glomerata vs. izcoi ( TO1 1·00, TO1 1·03) were found in all populations studied (ten tetraploids and one diploid izcoi ). This suggests that gene flow occurs between coastal and interior populations. Culm and panicle lengths of tetraploids (without application of fertilizer) were inside the izcoi range in 1997, but some plants from all populations exceeded it in 1998. It is concluded that ssp. izcoi also occurs on the coast. Populations with a high level of complementary seasonal growth were detected.     

小麦旗叶相关性状的QTL定位

旗叶相关性状是影响小麦植株结构、光合能力和产量潜力的重要因素。为发掘控制小麦旗叶性状相关的数量性状位点(QTL),以品冬34和MY11847为亲本构建的含有356个株系的F_7:8重组自交系(recombinant inbred line, RIL)群体为材料,基于本课题组前期利用简化基因组测序(specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing, SLAF-seq)结合传统分群分析法(bulk segregant analysis, BSA)技术构建的高密度遗传连锁图谱,对小麦灌浆期旗叶长、旗叶宽和旗叶面积进行QTL定位。结果表明,共检测到9个旗叶长QTL、7个旗叶宽QTL和8个旗叶面积QTL,可解释1.71%～14.71%的表型变异。其中,旗叶长位点QFLL.nwafu-3D和QFLL.nwafu-2D.1、旗叶宽位点QFLW.nwafu-6B以及旗叶面积位点QFLA.nwafu-3D的表型贡献率均大于10%,为主效QTL,且QFLL.nwafu-3D和QFLA.nwafu-3D共定位于相同遗传区间。     

Molecular Dissection of the Relationships among Tiller Number,Plant Height and Heading Date in Rice

Abstract

Appropriate plant height, tiller number and heading date are important traits for maximizing rice production. In order to understand the genetic basis of the relationships among these three plant traits, we mapped quantitative trait loci (QTLs) using a recombinant inbred population and detected two-locus interactions for plant height and tiller number at two growth stages and for heading date in two years. There were significant negative correlations between tiller number and plant height, and between tiller number at maturity and heading date. A significant positive correlation was observed between heading date and plant height at maturity. A total of 29 QTLs for the three traits were identified over the two years. Results show that QTLs and majority of two-locus interactions for plant height and tiller numbers at 35 days after transplanting were different from those at maturity, indicating that different genes and interactions control the traits at different developmental stages. A large proportion of QTLs and interactions could only be detected in one year, suggesting that QTLs and two-locus interactions for the traits were dependent on the environment. Results suggest that pleiotropy and/or close linkage of genomic regions and pleiotropy of common two-locus combinations may be the genetic basis for the close correlations among the three traits. A QTL with a large effect for heading date, which was located in RG424-RZ667 on chromosome 6, also showed large effects on tiller number and plant height at maturity.     

小麦旗叶与幼苗性状的QTL分析

为挖掘控制小麦幼苗性状与旗叶性状的QTL,并探讨两者的遗传基础,以京冬8号和矮抗58构建的RIL群体(207个家系)为材料,田间试验测定旗叶相关性状,水培试验测定幼苗期相关性状,通过完备区间作图对这些性状进行QTL研究.结果共检测到10个控制旗叶性状的QTL,单个QTL可解释1.98％～9.89％的表型变异,其中有6个...     

Effects of sward structure on the diet selected by guanacos (Lama guanicoe) and sheep (Ovis aries) grazing a perennial ryegrass-dominated sward

The effect of three different vertical structures of a perennial ryegrass-dominated sward, defined by pseudostem heights (cm) — 1·3 low (L), 2·5 medium (M) and 3·5 high (H) — on the bite depth and selection of plant parts within the grazed horizon of the sward by sheep and guanacos was studied. The bite depth (cm) was similar between sheep and guanacos across the different swards (L, 1·5; M, 3·6; H, 3·8) and was related to pre-grazing sward surface height rather than to pseudostem height. There were differences in diet composition between species that were related to differences in selection for plant parts. Sheep had a higher proportion of green leaf in the diet than did guanacos in L (0·84 vs. 0·71, P < 0·05) and M (0·75 vs. 0·59, P < 0·05) swards, and possibly selected this plant part in H swards in which the proportion of green leaf in the grazed horizon was low (0·45–0·50). Guanacos had a higher proportion of dead leaf and sheath in the diet than did sheep in L (0·23 vs. 0·09, P < 0·05) and M (0·30 vs. 0·18, P < 0·05) swards, and possibly selected this plant part on these swards, in which the proportion of green leaf in the grazed horizon was high (0·70–0·95). The proportion of pseudostem in the diet of sheep and guanacos was similar across all swards (0·03) and was generally much lower than that in the grazed horizon (0·01–0·18). Guanacos had a higher proportion of dead stem in the diet than did sheep (0·06 vs. 0·02, P < 0·05) across all swards, but the proportion was similar to that in the grazed horizon of each sward.     

Genetic control of pre-heading phases and other traits related to development in a double-haploid barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) population

Extending the phase of stem elongation (SE) has been proposed as a tool to further improve yield potential in small-grain cereals. The genetic control of pre-heading phases may also contribute to a better understanding of phenological traits conferring adaptability. Given that an optimized total time to heading is one of the most important traits in a breeding program, a prerequisite for lengthening SE would be that this and the previous phase (leaf and spikelet initiation, LS) should be under different genetic control. We studied the genetic control of these two pre-heading sub-phases (from sowing to the onset of stem elongation, LS, and from then to heading, SE) in terms of Quantitative Trait Loci (QTL) in a barley double-haploid population derived from the cross Henni × Meltan, both two-rowed spring North European barley cultivars. DH lines (118) and their parents were studied in four field trials in North-Eastern Spain. Genetic control of a number of traits related to leaf appearance and tillering dynamics, which could be important for an early crop canopy structure, were also studied. LS and SE are, at least partially, under a different genetic control in the Henni × Meltan population, mainly due to a QTL on chromosome 2HS. The QTLs responsible for a different control of LS and SE did not seem to correspond with any major gene reported in the literature. Moreover shortening LS, so as to lengthen SE without modifying heading date, would not necessarily imply a negative drawback on traits that could be important for early vigour, such as phyllochron and the onset of tillering.     

小麦旗叶大小及穗部相关性状的QTL定位

为了发掘更多控制小麦旗叶大小及穗部相关性状的QTL,以兰考906和小偃81创制的133个F6~F7重组自交系为试验材料,在6个环境下利用SSR标记对旗叶大小及穗部相关性状进行QTL定位。结果表明,有202对SSR标记被用于构建遗传连锁图谱,图谱覆盖小麦21条染色体,全长1 678.93cM,标记间平均距离8.30cM。采用完备区间作图法共检测到30个QTL,分布在1B、2A、3D、4A、4B、4D、5D、6A、6B、6D和7D染色体上。其中,旗叶宽QTL有7个,穗长QTL有9个,小穗数QTL有5个,穗粒数QTL有5个,小穗着生密度QTL有4个,不同环境下单个QTL可解释的表型变异率为4.94%~23.14%,有14个QTL的表型贡献率大于10%,有8个QTL可在2个或2个以上环境中被检测到。其中,Qflw-4A在3个环境中被检测到,贡献率为10.13%~20.77%,是控制旗叶宽的稳定主效QTL;Qsl-4D.2在4个环境中被检测到,贡献率为12.58%~23.14%,是控制穗长的稳定主效QTL;Qker-5D在2个环境中被检测到,贡献率为11.44%~14.32%,是控制穗粒数的稳定主效QTL。这3个稳定主效QTL可作为改良叶宽和增加穗粒数的功能QTL作进一步研究。     

小麦品种宁7840突变体农艺性状和赤霉病抗性解析

为了解突变体与野生型小麦的农艺性状、产量和抗性差异,以高抗赤霉病小麦品种宁7840及其23个甲磺酸乙酯(EMS)诱导的纯合突变体(Mu4)作为材料,研究其分蘖数、株高、叶绿素含量、千粒重、小穗数、穗粒数及赤霉病抗性等12个指标的差异。结果表明,除叶长、分蘖数和小穗数在突变体与野生型之间无显著差异外,其余9个性状在野生型与部分突变体之间有显著差异。N8和N16两个突变体表现高感赤霉病;N16突变体的叶宽、SPAD值、千粒重和粒宽显著优于野生型,其株高显著低于野生型。赤霉病病小穗率与叶长显著负相关,叶长可作为筛选小麦赤霉病抗性品系的间接指标;叶宽和粒宽可作为筛选小麦产量性状的重要指标。基于12个性状的聚类分析,将24个小麦材料聚为3类,其中第I类在产量性状方面优于其他两类。     

Performance of morphologically diverse orchardgrass clones in spaced and sward plantings

This study was conducted to determine effects and interactions of plant density on digestibility and plant morphology of diverse orchardgrass ( Dactylis glomerata L.) clones. Propagules of ten orchardgrass clones with contrasting morphology from two maturity groups (inflorescence emergence differed by 8d) were evaluated in sward (0·15-m centres) and spaced (0·60-m centres) plantings. Plants were harvested from spring growth on a common date near anthesis and from summer growth when about 5 weeks of forage growth had accumulated. The plants were separated into morphological parts before measuring their size and in vitro digestible dry matter (IVDDM). There were few plant density × orchardgrass clone interactions, and correlation coefficients of clones grown at the two plant densities generally were high (e.g. 0·87 in spring and 0·67 in summer for IVDDM of total herbage). Plant density had little effect on morphology of leaf blades from reproductive tillers, but leaf blades of vegetative tillers were 12% (spring) and 22% (summer) longer from sward than from spaced plantings. Moreover, reproductive tillers were 26% taller in sward than in spaced plantings. Also, leaf blades of vegetative tillers in spring growth were more than twice as long, of similar width and 65% thicker than leaf blades from reproductive tillers. Because divergent genotypes respond similarly to plant density, it is concluded that observations taken in spaced plantings of orchardgrass can be used to make inferences about relative differences in sward plantings for the traits studied.     

Are more productive varieties of Paspalum dilatatum less tolerant to drought?

Paspalum dilatatum Poir., is a perennial C₄ grass widely distributed in the Argentinean Pampas. The response to water availability for materials developed with forage‐production purposes is unknown. We hypothesized that genetic differences between commercial varieties are reflected in their regrowth capacity under water stress. The effect of five levels of constant water supply on three plant varieties (two derived from apomictic materials: ‘Relincho’ and ‘Alonso’ and one from sexually‐derived material: ‘Primo’) were examined in the greenhouse. Leaf‐ and plant‐response traits were followed during 38 d after a single defoliation event. Seven response variables were measured: three of them were morphogenetic (leaf elongation rate, leaf appearance rate and leaf elongation duration) and four were structural (number of live leaves, lamina length, tiller biomass and tiller production). The sexual material showed higher values for growth variables than the apomictic varieties (leaf elongation rate, leaf length and tiller biomass) across the environmental range. Apomictic varieties showed a proportionally similar drought response to the sexual material for the seven variables. No intra‐specific trade‐off (statistical interaction) was found between growth under high water availability conditions and drought tolerance.     

稻米出饭特性QTL分析及遗传研究

 米粒长、饭粒长和饭粒延伸系数等性状与米饭品质密切相关。以籼稻台中本地1号（TN1）与粳稻春江06为亲本构建的加倍单倍体群体为材料,利用全基因饱和分子标记连锁遗传图谱对多个稻米出饭特性相关的性状进行QTL定位, 共检测到14个QTL。其中,米粒长和米粒浸长QTL各1个,均位于第2染色体上,分别可以解释性状变异的15.20% 和1850%;1个米粒浸泡膨胀率QTL,位于第6染色体上,可解释性状变异的1339%;1个煮饭粒长QTL,位于第9染色体上,可解释性状变异的1360%; 3个蒸饭粒长QTL,分别位于第1、3和12染色体上,共解释性状变异4500%;4个煮饭延伸率QTL, 分别位于第3、6、9和10染色体上,共解释性状变异6130%; 3个蒸饭延伸率QTL分别位于第1、3和6染色体上,共解释性状变异4910%。在已知的Wx和ALK基因所在区域都检测到了米饭延伸性相关的QTL。相比较而言,覆盖ALK基因的QTL对出饭特性的影响更大,LOD值达到了635。该研究结果可为稻米出饭特性相关调控基因的克隆奠定基础,同时对稻米品质的改良及高产优质稻品种的分子标记辅助选育提供理论参考。