Effect of salts and plasticizers on stability of shellac film

The aim of this study was to increase the stability of shellac because of the polymerization. A few approaches have been applied in this study. Shellac film was prepared in two salt forms, that is, ammonium and 2-methyl-2-amino 1-propanol salts, and a comparison was made with shellac film in free acid form. The other approach was by the application of plasticizers. These plasticizers were diethyl phathalate, triacetin, and polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG 400). Plasticized shellac and unplasticized shellac films in free acid form were then compared. All shellac films were kept in stability chamber at 40 degrees C, 75% RH for a period of 3 months. The studied parameters such as insoluble solid, acid value, mechanical properties, and water vapor permeability were detected every month. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) technique was used to analyze data. The applications of salt forms proved statistically significant (p < 0.01) to reduce the polymerization process whereas certain plasticizers could enhance the stability. PEG 400 was the only plasticizer that could show the increase in stability. The improvement of stability might be a result of the interference of a larger molecule of PEG 400 causing the difficulty in interaction among carboxyl or hydroxyl groups of shellac and the effect of lower loss of plasticizer.     

Influence of pH and iota-carrageenan concentration on physicochemical properties and stability of beta-lactoglobulin-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions

The influence of pH and iota-carrageenan concentration on the properties of beta-lactoglobulin (beta-Lg)-stabilized oil-in-water emulsions was investigated by measuring the particle charge, particle size distribution, and creaming stability. Emulsions containing droplets stabilized by beta-Lg were produced by homogenization, and then, iota-carrageenan was added. At pH 3, the droplet charge did not change for iota-carrageenan concentrations 相似文献   

Solution and film properties of sodium caseinate/glycerol and sodium caseinate/polyethylene glycol edible coating systems.

The aim of this study is to determine the effects of plasticizer hydrogen bonding capability and chain length on the molecular structure of sodium caseinate (NaCAS), in NaCAS/glycerol and NaCAS/polyethylene glycol 400 (PEG) systems. Both solution and film phases were investigated. Glycerol and PEG reduced the viscosity of aqueous NaCAS, with the latter having a greater effect. This was explained in terms of protein/plasticizer aggregate size and changes to the conformation of the caseinate chain. In the film phase, glycerol caused more pronounced changes to the film tensile strength compared with PEG. However, the effect of glycerol on film water vapor permeability was smaller. These observations are attributed to the differences in plasticizer size and hydrogen bonding strength that controls the protein-plasticizer and protein-protein interactions in the films. Glass transition calculations from the tensile strength data indicate that the distribution of bonding interactions is more homogeneous in NaCAS/PEG films than in NaCAS/glycerol films.     

聚磷酸铵改善稻秸-高密度聚乙烯复合材料的理化性能

为了实现稻秸的资源化利用,以稻秸为增强相、高密度聚乙烯（high density polyethylene,HDPE）为基体相、聚磷酸铵（ammonium polyphosphate,APP）为阻燃剂制备了稻秸-HDPE复合材料,并利用热重分析仪、锥形量热仪和力学性能测试仪,探讨APP的添加量（0、8%、10%、12%）对复合材料热性能、阻燃性能和力学性能的影响。1）热分析结果表明：当增强相的质量分数为30%,HDPE的质量分数为70%时,以稻秸为增加相的复合材料初始分解温度和热解峰温低于以木材为增加相的复合材料,但残余率较高。当在稻秸-HDPE复合材料中添加10%～12% APP时,会促使稻秸-HDPE复合材料提前发生热降解,使得初始分解温度向低温方向移动8～9℃,并且APP的加入提高了稻秸-HDPE复合材料的热解峰温和残余率。2）阻燃性能结果表明,当增强相的质量分数为30%,HDPE的质量分数为70%时,稻秸-HDPE复合材料的阻燃性高于木材-HDPE复合材料。当在稻秸-HDPE复合材料中添加APP时,稻秸-HDPE复合材料的阻燃性能进一步提高。当APP添加量为12%时,稻秸-HDPE复合材料的平均热释放速率、热释放速率峰值和总热释放量达到133 kW/m2、357 kW/m2和105 MJ/m2,比未添加APP时分别降低了20.4%、20.7%和11.0%,氧指数达到23%,比未添加APP时增加了12.7%。3）力学性能表明,当增强相的质量分数为30%,HDPE的质量分数为70%时,稻秸-HDPE复合材料的韧性高于木材-HDPE复合材料,APP的加入使得稻秸-HDPE复合材料的韧性得到提高,而弯曲强度、拉伸强度几乎没有影响。研究结果为以稻秸为增强相制备阻燃型木塑复合材料提供参考。     

Effects of molecular weight and concentration of arabinoxylans on the membrane plugging

In this paper, arabinoxylans from wheat were isolated, purified, and degraded into four fractions with different molecular weight. The distribution of particle size was employed to evaluate the membrane plugging by beer. These arabinoxylans fractions were added into arabinoxylan-free beer to investigate the effects of molecular weight and concentration on the distribution of particle size in beer. Results showed that the fraction of arabinoxylans retained by a 0.22-mum pore size membrane was more easily affected by shearing and arabinoxylan concentration than the fraction of arabinoxylans retained by a 0.45-mum membrane. The effects of shearing, pH, and ethanol concentration of beer on the particle size distribution of the highest molecular weight arabinoxylan fraction in beer were also examined. General linear models (GLM) equations indicated that there was a positive correlation between the particle size distributions of arabinoxylans and shearing and ethanol content, while high molecular weight arabinoxylans particle size retained by the 0.45-mum membrane was not significantly (p > 0.05) influenced by pH value. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photos showed that membrane plugging was significantly affected by the molecular weight of the arabinoxylans.     

Behaviour in soil of polyethylene film and polyethylene film additivated with starch

Effective minesoil recovery requires spoils to be converted to soils of similar quality to those previously existing on that site. The developing minesoil should thus acquire three critical capacities, namely the capacities to a) support plant production, b) degrade organic matter and c) remove contaminants from water. The degree of development of these capacities provides a useful measure of soil quality and thus of the success of a given soil recovery technique. At the Meirama lignite mine in Galicia (northwest Spain), the possibility of using cattle slurry instead of the inorganic fertilizers currently used is being investigated. The results of a number of experiments suggest that cattle slurry is more effective (in terms of the above three critical capacities) than inorganic fertilizer. In slurry-fertilized spoils, rapid increases are observed in vegetation cover, in the relative abundance of self-seeded native plant species, in soil microbial activity and in those physical and chemical properties which affect infiltration and the capacity to remove contaminants from percolating water.     

不同贮存温度对木屑热裂解生物油理化性质稳定性的影响

为了明确不同贮存温度下生物油理化性质稳定性的差异,以鼓泡流化床松木木屑快速热裂解制取的生物油为样品,考察了不同贮存温度（4℃,27℃,40℃）条件下,两组（1号,2号）生物油特性随贮存时间的变化规律,同时,对贮存前后生物油进行了傅里叶变换红外光谱及气相色谱质谱联用分析。结果表明,低温（4℃）贮存使生物油含水率下降,而室温（27℃）和高温（40℃）贮存则使其含水率有所上升。在没有水分剧烈变化的影响下,生物油运动黏度上升的幅度与贮存的温度相关,温度越高,上升幅度越大。各种温度下,生物油pH值没有明显的变化规律,且变化幅度也较小。通过对红外光谱典型吸收峰的频率位移和透光强度分析表明,生物油中各种官能团上电子剧烈运动,从而加强了分子间的作用力。气相色谱质谱联用分析的结果表明,35 d的高温贮存催化了一些化学反应的进行,使得生物油的组分更加复杂化。因此,低温贮存对控制生物油的不稳定性效果较佳。     

气流粉碎对玉米淀粉结构及理化性质的影响

为研究气流粉碎对玉米淀粉结构及理化性质的影响,该文以普通玉米淀粉为原料,通过流化床气流粉碎处理,采用扫描电子显微镜、偏光显微镜、粒度分析仪、X-射线衍射仪、红外光谱仪、差示扫描量热仪、快速黏度分析仪等分析手段研究经微细化处理前后玉米淀粉颗粒形貌、晶体结构、热力学特性、糊化特性、溶解度和膨胀度、冻融稳定性、持水能力等结构及性质的变化。结果表明,微细化处理后,淀粉颗粒形变的不规则,粒径明显减小,中位径(D50)由14.37μm减小到5.25μm,偏光十字减少,相对结晶度由33.43%降低至15.46%,淀粉颗粒结晶结构被破坏,由多晶态向无定形态转变,粉碎过程淀粉无新的基团产生;热焓值、糊化温度均降低,热糊稳定性好;溶解度、膨胀度均升高,持水能力增加,冻融稳定性好,产生较好的热糊稳定性和冷糊力学稳定性,该研究为玉米淀粉的深度加工与应用提供了理论依据及技术支撑。     

甘蔗酒精废液对土壤理化性状及氧化还原酶的影响

在蔗地上设计不施肥(CK1)、施化肥(CK2)和4个直接喷施甘蔗酒精废液处理,研究不同用量废液施用对土壤理化性状及两种氧化还原酶活性的影响.结果表明:蔗地施用废液提高了土壤全氮、Cl-、有机质、腐殖质含量,使甘蔗苗期土壤过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性异常升高,随后迅速下降,成熟期下降到接近或小于CK2的土壤酶活性水平.甘蔗苗期土壤过氧化氢酶活性与全氮、有机质、腐殖质呈极显著正相关,与富里酸、胡敏酸、Cl-呈显著正相关(r0.05=0.811,r0.01=0.917,n=6);土壤多酚氧化酶活性与有机质、腐殖质、Cl-呈显著正相关.与不种植甘蔗的75 tCK废液处理相比,种植甘蔗的75 t废液处理甘蔗生长后期土壤全氮、有机质、Cl-含量和多酚氧化酶活性较低.说明与施用化肥或不施肥处理相比,蔗地施用废液有提高土壤肥力和有机质、腐殖质含量的作用,但也使施用初期过氧化氢酶和多酚氧化酶活性异常升高,施废液的土壤种植甘蔗对废液养分吸收和环境净化有一定作用.     

电场处理改善玉米醇溶蛋白膜理化性质

传统浇铸法制备的玉米醇溶蛋白薄膜表面粗糙,机械性质及耐水性较差。为了改善玉米醇溶蛋白理化性质,在传统浇铸法膜制备过程中引入平行匀强电场(1~5 A/m2)处理蛋白成膜液。经过电场处理后,玉米醇溶蛋白表面光滑、形状完整。试验结果表明:电场处理可改善薄膜力学性质、表面疏水性、水蒸气透过率等性质;随着电流密度的增大,薄膜拉伸强度、断裂伸长率、水蒸气透过率、吸水率以及表面接触角呈现规律性增加或者减小;电场处理下薄膜热特性改变,与未处理组相比变性温度略有提高,最大增幅为19.5℃。当电流密度为4 A/m2时,薄膜理化性质较佳:拉伸强度、断裂伸长率分别为73.09 MPa和9.68%,吸水率降低至14.87%,水蒸气透过率为2.55×10-8 g·m/(m2·h·Pa),静态接触角为62.18°,变性温度提高到118.39℃,热稳定性提高,薄膜表面光滑。电场可诱导成膜液中分子有序性排列,提高薄膜均一性;通过调节电流密度可得到具有一定力学强度和亲/疏水性的薄膜。试验结果为制备具有特定功能性的纯玉米醇溶蛋白薄膜材料提供了理论依据。     

不同壁材对ARA微胶囊理化性质和稳定性的影响

为了筛选更优的壁材包埋花生四烯酸（arachidonic acid, ARA）,该研究以ARA为芯材,乳清蛋白（whey protein, W）、乳清蛋白-葡萄糖浆（whey protein-glucose syrup, WG）和乳清蛋白-葡萄糖浆-乳糖（whey protein-glucose syrup-lactose, WGL）为壁材制备微胶囊,并对ARA微胶囊的包埋率、含水率、溶解度、堆积密度、休止角、粒径分布、微观形貌和氧化稳定性及热稳定性进行比较分析。结果表明,WGL的包埋率为98.64%,含水率为2.85%,溶解度为89.83%,堆积密度为0.54 g/mL,休止角为35.87°,粒径分布较均匀,其理化性质优于W和WG;表面结构呈完整球形、结构致密,有利于微胶囊的贮藏;采用碘滴定法测定过氧化值,在25和50 ℃贮藏条件下WGL的过氧化值分别为19.92和32.75 mmol/kg,均显著低于W和WG（P＜0.05）,表明WGL具有较高的氧化稳定性;由差示扫描量热法和热重法可知WGL的熔解温度和质量保留率最高分别为107 ℃和27.55%,表明WGL具有良好的热稳定性。综上,WGL的综合性质优于W和WG,表明WGL对ARA有较好的包埋和保护作用,该研究结果对选择合适的壁材包埋ARA微胶囊具有一定的参考意义。     

Effect of different preparation methods on physicochemical properties of salidroside liposomes

Salidroside liposomes were prepared by using five different methods: thin film evaporation, sonication, reverse phase evaporation, melting, and freezing-thawing. The effect of different preparation methods and salidroside loading capacity on the formation of liposomes and their physicochemical properties were evaluated by means of encapsulating efficiency, particle size, morphology, and zeta potential. Results showed that the encapsulating efficiency of liposomes was highest when prepared by freezing-thawing, followed by thin film evaporation, then reverse phase evaporation and the lowest with melting and sonication. Loading capacity of salidroside had a significant effect on encapsulating efficiency, average diameter, and zeta potential of liposomes. Liposomal systems prepared by sonication, melting, and reverse phase evaporation displayed better dispersivity. Determination of leakage of salidroside from different liposomal systems revealed that the melting method had the lowest leakage of 10% and 15%, at 4 and 30 degrees C after 1 month of storage, respectively. In all cases, a straight-line leakage behavior of salidroside was found. This revealed that the leakage of salidroside was a diffusion process from the membrane of liposomes. Furthermore, the storage stability of different liposomal systems showed that salidroside liposomes prepared by melting had a better physicochemical stability. Instability in the systems was exacerbated when temperature increased. Salidroside liposomes showed the slower increase in particle size than liposomes without salidroside. This could indicate that salidroside played an important role in preventing the aggregation and fusion of liposomes.     

超微粉碎对桑叶粉理化性质的影响

为拓展超微粉碎技术在食品添加剂和药品开发中应用,以桑叶为原料,分别对桑叶粗粉进行干法超微粉碎2 、4、6、8 h,得到4种不同粒径大小的桑叶超微粉,并对桑叶粗粉与4种超微粉的理化性质进行比较。研究结果表明,超微粉碎能明显减小桑叶粗粉的颗粒粒径（P＜0.05）,随着超微粉碎时间的增加,超微粉的粒径减小,粉体的粒径分布范围变窄,比表面积和体积密度显著增加（P＜0.05）,休止角、滑角和膨胀性显著降低（P＜0.05）,水溶性/持水力、持油力、蛋白质的水溶性和多糖的水溶解性均有不同程度的增加,但多酚含量变化不显著（P＞0.05）。扫描电镜结果显示,粗粉经超微粉碎后,其颗粒呈零散的分布形态。说明超微粉碎可改善桑叶粉的部分理化性质,可将这些性质应用于食品添加剂和常规食品开发与加工中。所得研究结果将为超微粉碎技术在桑叶食品中工业化应用提供数据支持和理论依据。     

Effect of organic-phase solvents on physicochemical properties and cellular uptake of astaxanthin nanodispersions

A simplex centroid mixture design was used to study the interactions between two chosen solvents, dichloromethane (DCM) and acetone (ACT), as organic-phase components in the formation and physicochemical characterization and cellular uptake of astaxanthin nanodispersions produced using precipitation and condensation processes. Full cubic or quadratic regression models with acceptable determination coefficients were obtained for all of the studied responses. Multiple-response optimization predicted that the organic phase with 38% (w/w) DCM and 62% (w/w) ACT yielded astaxanthin nanodispersions with the minimum particle size (106 nm), polydispersity index (0.191), and total astaxanthin loss (12.7%, w/w) and the maximum cellular uptake (2981 fmol/cell). Astaxanthin cellular uptake from the produced nanodispersions also showed a good correlation with their particle size distributions and astaxanthin trans/cis isomerization ratios. The absence of significant (p > 0.05) differences between the experimental and predicted values of the response variables confirmed the adequacy of the fitted models.     

Effect of calcitic and dolomitic lime on physicochemical properties of a Chilean Andisol

Abstract

Changes in surface reactivity produced by different types of liming in a Chilean Andisol were determined. Barros Aranas soil with 53% aluminum (Al) saturation and 4.8 pH was incubated with different amounts of calcitic and dolomitic lime. Each cmol of calcitic or dolomitic lime applied per kg of soil increased the pH with 0.13 and 0.16 units, respectively. Consequently, the decrease in Al saturation was higher with dolomitic than with calcitic liming material. The zero point of charge (ZPC) increased from 4.2 in unlimed soil to 4.6 and 4.8 in limed soil, while the point of zero salt effect (PZSE) decreased from 4.5 to 4.0 and 3.5 with calcitic and dolomitic lime, indicating an increase in negative charge. But, isoelectric point (IEP) values measured by electrophoretic migration suggested that the external charge only changed by treatment with calcitic liming materials. In both treatments, the acidity constant decreased, and consequently phosphorus (P) adsorption capacity also decreased.     

防护林带和封育对沙化草场土壤理化性质的影响

 通过对河北省张家口市黄羊滩防护林带内封育草场和防护林带外未封育保护沙化草场的理化性质对比,分析封育和防护林带对沙化草场土壤理化性质影响。结果表明,封育和防护林带可以显著地改善沙化草场土壤机械组成,提高土壤养分含量,其中细沙、粗粉沙和物理黏粒的平均百分含量较未封育沙化草场分别增加了4.26%、10.20%和12.08%,有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、碱解氮、速效磷、速效钾的平均含量总体提高了203.65%。研究成果为采用植被建设措施改良沙化草场提供了科学依据。     

超声辅助脱脂对牦牛骨粉制备及其理化特性的影响

为提高牦牛骨粉的脱脂率,以青海牦牛股骨为原料进行超声辅助有机溶剂脱脂参数优化,并比较分析了超声脱脂法和蒸煮脱脂法对骨粉制备的影响。该文以脱脂率为指标筛选高效脱脂溶剂;通过响应面法对超声脱脂参数（超声功率、脱脂时间及液料比）进行优化;对比分析了2种脱脂牦牛骨的脱脂率、蛋白质流失率、主要矿物质流失率、微观形态及其骨粉的粒径分布、微观形态、化学结构和钙离子释放度。结果显示：乙酸乙酯为最佳脱脂溶剂;超声功率500 W,超声时间30 min,液料比（体积质量比）6为最佳脱脂参数,此条件下脱脂率达92.00%,显著高于蒸煮脱脂法（71.25%）（P<0.01）;与蒸煮脱脂法相比,超声脱脂法蛋白质流失率（8.11%）,主要矿物质元素Na、K、Fe、Mn流失率显著降低（P<0.05）,微观结构更加致密;超声脱脂法和蒸煮脱脂法制得牦牛骨粉中值粒径（D50）分别为35.84 μm和11.73 μm;红外光谱显示两者化学结构无明显变化;钙离子释放度结果显示两者同样无显著差异（P>0.05）。超声波辅助有机溶剂脱脂处理制备骨粉可更多保留骨中营养物质,对改善骨粉加工工艺及提高骨粉品质具有一定的参考价值。     

Effect of steam pressure treatment on the physicochemical properties of Dioscorea starches

Dioscorea alata and Dioscorea rotundata starches were subjected to steam pressure treatments (0.35, 0.7, and 1.05 kg cm(-)(2)) for different periods. The total amylose content in the treated starches was not significantly affected, but the soluble amylose content decreased 3-5-fold. Reducing values and lambda(max) of the iodine complexes were unaffected. Viscosity of the starch paste was reduced by the treatments, and at higher pressures and longer time of treatments, the peak viscosity values were reduced to very low values. Pasting temperatures were enhanced considerably. Swelling volumes underwent reduction, but no change in solubility occurred. Clarity and paste stability were markedly lowered. The results suggest that starch granules are compressed by the steam pressure treatment, leading to vast changes in physicochemical properties.     

Structural characterization, physicochemical properties, suspension stability, and adsorption properties of four solid forms of amitraz

This paper reports the identification and preparation of three crystalline (A-C) and one metastable form (D) of amitraz. These were identified by their crystal morphology, crystal structures, aqueous solubility, and thermal properties. Form C was the least soluble (7 mug/mL) and had the highest melting point (115 degrees C). The differences in melting point (82 vs 72 degrees C) and solubility (20 vs 23 mug/mL) of forms A and B were not significant. The metastable noncrystalline form D (Tg = 38 degrees C, transition temperature = 62 degrees C, and melting point = 78 degrees C) was obtained by deposition on the surface of activated carbon from acetonitrile solutions. When the anionic surfactant sodium lauryl sulfate was added to the solubility medium, the solubilities of forms A and B were increased 10-11-fold and that of form C was increased 28-fold. Changing the crystal form had an effect on the stability of amitraz suspensions. Form C was the most stable with a t(1/2) of 136 days, and form B was the least stable with a t(1/2) of 28 days. The stability correlated with solubility differences. The addition of sodium lauryl sulfate to the suspensions increased the rate of hydrolysis (mean t(1/2) = 17 h), and because of increased solubility, there was no difference in the stability of the crystal forms in the anionic surfactant solution.