油用牡丹茎秆穿刺力学特性试验研究

对油用牡丹茎秆的穿刺力学特性进行研究,旨在为油用牡丹果荚的高效采收提供依据。以洛阳地区采摘的丹凤白品种的油用牡丹为研究对象,利用质构仪测定油用牡丹茎秆强度,分析茎秆穿刺力、直径、相对含水率等物理特性参数,以及茎秆纤维素、半纤维素、木质素等化学组分的含量。以穿刺力为试验指标,探究穿刺位置、相对含水率、穿刺速度对茎秆穿刺力的影响。结果表明：随茎秆直径的增加,茎秆的穿刺力明显增大;随相对含水率的提高,穿刺力逐渐下降;穿刺力与穿刺速度呈正相关。在茎秆的化学组分中,木质素含量的平均值最高(24.980%),其次为纤维素含量(17.269%),最后为半纤维素含量(16.935%);相对含水率对穿刺力有显著影响,而穿刺位置和穿刺速度对穿刺力影响不显著。研究结果可为油用牡丹茎秆穿刺力学特性研究提供参考。     

微喷补灌水肥一体化下水氮管理对夏玉米茎秆抗倒伏研究

[目的]建立黄淮海平原水肥一体化条件下适宜夏玉米高产高抗倒伏的水氮管理模式.[方法]设置微喷补灌水平(W)和施氮量(N)2个因素,即播种时、拔节期、大喇叭口期和抽雄吐丝期补灌4次(W1),播种时和大喇叭口期补灌2次(W2),施氮量210kg/hm2(N1)和150kg/hm2(N2),研究了夏玉米不同生育期植株性状参数...     

基于茎秆直径微变化的拔节期玉米水分亏缺诊断指标研究

为了探索利用茎秆直径微变化诊断玉米水分亏缺状况的最优指标,采用桶栽的方法,开展了不同水分处理条件下拔节期夏玉米茎秆直径微变化中的日最大收缩量(MDS)、日增长量(DI)和当日恢复时间(RT)3个指标的变化规律及其与土壤相对含水率之间相关关系方面的试验研究。结果表明,(1)不同处理间的MDS和DI受水分亏缺影响差异较为明显,RT对土壤相对含水率的响应较为一致;(2)玉米日最大收缩量MDS和日增长量DI受到环境因素的影响较大,与土壤相对含水率θ的相关系数较小;(3)恢复时间RT与土壤相对含水率θ的相关系数最高,且受水分亏缺处理的影响较小,可以作为诊断玉米水分亏缺状况的较好指标。综上可知,与MDS和DI相比,RT更适合诊断夏玉米水分亏缺状况。     

基于ANSYS和ADAMS的玉米茎秆柔性体仿真

玉米柔性体模型的建立是研究玉米植株与玉米收获机构刚柔耦合多体动力学系统的关键步骤.根据玉米植株参数,通过有限元软件ANSYS建立了茎秆模型,对模型进行网格划分和接触点定义,生成ADAMS需要的模态中性文件.将建立的收获机构模型和模态中性文件导入ADAMS后,施加载荷、约束和驱动,对茎秆的运动状态进行了模拟,得出茎秆位置、速度等试验数据,研究茎秆在机构间的运动状态,为后续分析提供依据.     

圆盘式玉米茎秆切割试验台的设计与切割过程分析

研制了圆盘式玉米茎秆切割试验台,模拟了玉米等茎秆的切割过程。同时,介绍了试验台的结构与工作原理,并借助于高速摄影装置对玉米茎秆切割过程进行了试验和分析。试验表明,该试验台操作方便、数据可靠、工作可靠,是研究圆盘式茎秆切割器切割性能的有效装置。     

玉米收获机茎秆切割铺放装置的设计与试验

随着畜牧业和工业的发展,农作物秸秆作为重要的饲料与工业原料,其需求越来越多,玉米秸秆的回收利用更是受到人们的广泛关注。为此,设计了一种新型的玉米收获机茎秆切割铺放装置,能够实现玉米茎秆的切割、压整和铺放。经田间试验证明,该装置效果良好,切断的茎秆能够满足打捆要求。     

作物茎秆抗倒性综合评价指标的力学分析

应用力学理论分析了茎秆"临界力"和各类"倒伏指数",评价作物抗倒性的缺陷和优点;建立了作物茎秆的"非完善压杆"力学模型;用小挠度理论推导出了作物茎秆最大挠度和转角的表达式。通过对该表达式的分析,提出了用茎秆"挠度指数"、茎秆"倾斜指数"以及茎秆"载荷敏感度"作为作物抗倒性的综合评价指标,该指标具有理论分析合理、物理意义明晰、测量方便以及操作简单等优点。同时还给出了切实可行的田间测量方法,为抗倒伏研究和相关农业机械的设计提供参考。     

青贮型玉米收获机茎秆回收割台的设计与试验

在消化吸收国内外现有的玉米收获机及玉米青贮机技术的基础上,创新设计了青贮型玉米收获机,该玉米收获机能够一次完成果穗摘取、剥皮、集箱及茎秆切断、输送、切碎、集车回收等功能。整机包括摘穗割台和茎秆回收割台,其中重点对茎秆回收割台进行了设计。田间性能试验表明,整机的性能参数满足设计要求,符合玉米收获机及玉米青贮机的国家标准。     

小麦茎秆机械强度的力学评价研究

农作物茎秆强度的研究对于农机研发、抗倒伏研究均具有重要意义,目前大多截取秸秆的一部分进行室内力学研究,这种方法破坏性强且难以表征作物在田间的实际生物力学特性。为此,以自然生长状态的小麦为研究对象,运用弹性梁弯曲理论,分析小麦茎秆在横向受迫条件下产生的回弹力T,并给出回弹力的具体表达式,发现回弹力T与反映小麦茎秆强度特性的弹性模量E、截面惯性矩I有关。同时,设计了单株小麦回弹力实验测量系统,在小麦收获期使用该测量系统进行实验验证,比较测量值与理论计算值之间的差异,结果表明测量曲线与理论曲线基本吻合,通过分析同一小麦茎秆不同作用点处回弹力的差异,可反映出不同茎节处的机械强度。研究表明:将回弹力作为小麦茎秆机械强度的综合评价指标是可行的,可为农作物茎秆力学特性检测仪器设计以及收获机械的设计提供理论依据。     

基于立式切茎装置的玉米茎秆抛撒规律研究

为了研究立式玉米茎秆切碎装置结构参数对玉米茎秆抛撒规律的影响,该试验以玉米茎秆在切碎过程中运动和切碎后的散布规律为研究对象,采用图像分析学与数理统计学相结合的方法分别对立式切碎装置的抛撒口结构参数、玉米茎秆的运动参数与玉米茎秆抛撒规律之间的联系进行初步研究。研究结果表明:立式切碎装置抛撒口的宽度与位置影响玉米茎秆的切碎与抛撒效果,抛撒口全封闭时玉米碎秆的散布均匀性最高。     

喷灌条件下液膜覆盖对玉米干物质积累及水分利用效率的影响

为了探讨喷灌和液膜覆盖对玉米生产的调控作用,在大田喷灌条件下,分析了3个土壤水分灌溉下限对液膜覆盖玉米生长发育过程的影响。通过对比试验,研究了液体地膜盖对玉米产量结构和水分利用效率（WUE）的影响。结果表明,高、中、低水分处理（灌水量分别为51.8、35.0、31.4 mm）生物累积量分别达到16 699.99、14 216.38和 13 239.14 kg/hm2,液膜覆盖高水分处理有利于干物质的累积,玉米的干物质累积曲线呈“慢-快-慢”趋势。液膜覆盖显著提高了玉米的百粒质量,     

Effects of partial root-zone irrigation on the nitrogen absorption and utilization of maize

To investigate the dynamic change of plant nitrogen (N) absorption and accumulation from different root zones under the partial root-zone irrigation (PRI), maize plants were raised in split-root containers and irrigated on both halves of the container (conventional irrigation, CI), on one side only (fixed partial root-zone irrigation, FPRI), or alternatively on one of two sides (alternate partial root-zone irrigation, APRI). And the isotope-labeled ¹⁵N-(NH₄)₂SO₄ was applied to one half of the container with (¹⁴NH₄)₂SO₄ to the other half so that N inflow rates can be tracked. Results showed that APRI treatment increased root N absorption in the irrigated zone significantly when compared to that of CI treatment. The re-irrigated half resumed high N inflow rate within 5 days after irrigation in APRI, suggesting that APRI had significant compensatory effect on N uptake. The amount of N absorption from two root zones of APRI was equal after two rounds of alternative irrigation (20 days). The recovery rate, residual and loss percentages of fertilizer-N applied to two zones were similar. As for FPRI treatment, the N accumulation in plant was mainly from the irrigated root zone. The recovery rate and loss percentage of fertilizer-N applied to the irrigated zone was higher and the residual percentage of fertilizer-N in soil was lower if compared to those of the non-irrigated zone. The recovery rate of fertilizer-N in APRI treatment was higher than that of the non-irrigated zone but lower than that of the irrigated zone in FPRI treatment. In total, both FPRI and APRI treatments increased N and water use efficiencies but only consumed about 70% of the irrigated water when compared to CI treatment.     

Partial root-zone irrigation enhanced soil enzyme activities and water use of maize under different ratios of inorganic to organic nitrogen fertilizers

Partial root-zone irrigation (PRI) is an effective water-saving irrigation method but the heterogeneous soil moisture distribution that may affect soil enzymatic activities and crop water use. With pot-grown maize, we investigated the dry mass accumulation, crop water-use efficiency and the activities of four major soil enzymes from jointing to grain filling stages of maize plants subjected to PRI and also different ratios of inorganic to organic N fertilizers. Three irrigation methods, i.e. conventional irrigation (CI), alternate PRI (APRI) and fixed PRI (FPRI) and three ratios of inorganic to organic N, i.e. 100% inorganic (F₁), 70% inorganic + 30% organic (F₂) and 40% inorganic + 60% organic (F₃), were applied. Compared to CI, PRI reduced total dry mass and water consumption of maize by 9.5 and 15.7%, respectively, which led to an increase of canopy water-use efficiency by 7.4%. Within the same irrigation method (CI, APRI or FPRI), added organic N increased total dry mass and canopy WUE. During the whole period, maximal soil catalase, urease and acid-phosphatase activities occurred in the wet root-zone of PRI, but maximal invertase activity occurred in the dry root-zone of PRI. When organic N was the most (F₃), APRI increased soil catalase, urease and invertase activities at jointing stage if compared to CI, but PRI reduced the acid-phosphatase activity from jointing to filling stages. Soil catalase, urease and invertase activities generally increased with more organic manure, but the maximal acid-phosphatase activities occurred under moderate amount of organic N (F₂). Our results indicate that APRI increases canopy WUE and the catalase, urease and invertase activities in its wet zone and organic N plays a major role in enhancing canopy WUE and soil enzymatic activities.     

Assessment of Iranian chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) germplasms for drought tolerance

Iran is one the most important centers of diversity for chickpea in south western Asia. Landraces are well adapted to local environmental conditions, and have evolved a range of morphological, phenological and physiological mechanisms to efficiently utilize the available water in a dry environment. In order to study some of these mechanisms, 150 genotypes of chickpea (Kabuli type) were evaluated using Augmented Designs for Preliminary Yield Trials under stress (Rainfed) and nonstress (Irrigated) conditions in Research Field of Mashhad College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, during 2005-2006 growing season. Then, based on the obtained results, four candidate genotypes for drought tolerance and two susceptible ones were evaluated in a pot experiment at open door situation in stressed (25% Field Capacity) and non-stressed (Field Capacity) conditions based on a factorial trial in Randomized Complete Block Design. There were positive and highly significant correlations between quantitative drought resistance indices such as MP, GMP, STI and HM with yield in stress and nonstress conditions. Also, there were positive and high significant correlations for SSI and DRI with yield in nonstress and stress conditions, respectively. Based on drought resistance indices and DRI, MCC544, MCC696 and MCC693 genotypes were superior to others, so they can be viewed as promising genotypes for drought resistance. These results were approved using three dimensional scatter graph and multivariate biplot graph. In stress condition, there were negative and high significant correlations between yield and days to flowering. Drought stress decreased leaf area per plant in all genotypes, significantly. In stressed and non-stressed conditions, leaf area in susceptible genotypes was more than that in tolerant genotypes, thus drought tolerance may be attributed to less transpiration and water loss because of smaller leaf size and reduced leaf area expansion in tolerant genotypes when drought stress develops.