无人机多光谱数据可靠性分析与冬小麦产量估算研究

无人机多光谱遥感用于冬小麦产量预测中捕获的数据准确性不高,为指导田块尺度下冬小麦产量的精准预测,需构建高精度的冬小麦产量估算模型。本研究利用校正后的近地面高光谱数据(Field-Spec 3型野外光谱仪获取)验证低空无人机多光谱遥感数据(大疆精灵4型多光谱相机获取),将通过无人机多光谱影像计算的植被指数与经验统计方法结合,采用一元回归和多元线性回归分别对抽穗期、开花期和灌浆期冬小麦进行基于单一植被指数和多植被指数组合的产量估算,其中多植被指数包括归一化差异植被指数(NDVI)、优化的土壤调节植被指数(OSAVI)、绿色归一化差值植被指数(GNDVI)、叶片叶绿素指数(LCI)和归一化差异红色边缘指数(NDRE)。结果表明,基于单一植被指数的冬小麦估产模型,一元二次回归模型精度最高,而基于5种植被指数的多元线性回归模型在3个生育时期的拟合效果均优于单植被指数模型。一元或多元回归模型在抽穗期的拟合效果最好。冬小麦基于GNDVI指数的一元二次回归估产模型建模集的决定系数(R²)、均方根误差(RMSE)分别为0.69、428.91 kg/hm²,验证...     

基于高分一号卫星数据的冬小麦叶片SPAD值遥感估算

以陕西省关中地区冬小麦不同生育期冠层高光谱反射率为数据源,模拟国产高分辨率卫星高分一号(GF-1)的光谱反射率,提取18种对叶绿素敏感的宽波段光谱指数,构建了基于遥感光谱指数的冬小麦叶片叶绿素相对含量(SPAD)遥感监测模型,并利用返青期的GF-1卫星数据对研究区的冬小麦叶片SPAD值进行了估算和验证。结果表明:返青期、孕穗期和全生育期SPAD值均与TGI指数相关性最高,相关系数分别为-0.742、-0.740和-0.483。拔节期和灌浆期SPAD值分别与SIPI指数和GNDVI指数相关性最高,相关系数分别为0.788和0.745。GNDVI、GRVI和TGI植被指数在各个生育期都和冬小麦叶片SPAD含量在0.01水平下呈显著相关。基于此3类植被指数构建的冬小麦叶片SPAD值回归模型精度较高,其中基于随机森林回归算法的估算模型效果最优,各类模型均在冬小麦拔节期的预测效果最佳。GF-1号卫星数据结合SPAD-RFR模型对研究区冬小麦叶片SPAD的估算结果最为理想,可用于大面积空间尺度的冬小麦叶片SPAD值遥感监测。     

基于多时相无人机遥感生育时期优选的冬小麦估产

为确定无人机遥感产量估算的最优生育时期及采集次数,以砂土种植冬小麦为研究对象,设置了4组灌水（36个样区）与5组施氮（15个样区）处理,采集了起身期至灌浆后期的8次遥感数据。采用偏最小二乘法（PLS）、随机森林（RF）和套索（LASSO）算法构建了单生育时期产量估算模型。根据提出的最优模型,利用三次B样条曲线和复合梯形公式,建立了5种特定生育阶段日植被指数积分的产量估算方案。结果表明,不同生育时期的冬小麦产量估算模型精度差异显著,随冬小麦生长精度总体呈递增趋势。单生育时期中,PLS、RF和LASSO模型的最优生育时期分别为灌浆前期、灌浆前期和灌浆后期。除拔节前期外,RF模型的产量估算精度均优于PLS和LASSO。冬小麦多生育时期的产量估算精度优于单生育时期,从起身期至灌浆后期的8次遥感产量估算精度最高（决定系数R2为0.96,标准均方根误差（NRMSE）为5.39%）,而起身期至开花期的6次遥感产量估算精度亦达到极好（NRMSE为9.16%）,可减少遥感采集次数,提前预测产量。研究结果对采用无人机遥感进行冬小麦产量预测和精度提升具有重要意义。     

基于Stacking法的无人机光谱遥测冬小麦产量

【目的】精确、高效地预测作物产量。【方法】以冬小麦为研究对象,利用无人机搭载多光谱相机,获取抽穗期、开花期和灌浆期的多光谱图像数据。根据多光谱波段选取对产量敏感的14种植被指数,并优选出与产量极显著相关的13种植被指数;基于优选出的植被指数分别建立各生育期的MLR、PLSR、SVM和Cubist产量估算初级模型进行对比分析,并利用Stacking方法集成初级学习器模型分别建立各个时期MLR和Cubist次级产量估测模型。【结果】随着冬小麦生长阶段的发展,各植被指数与产量的相关性逐渐增大,在灌浆期达到最大值0.67;对比4个初级学习器模型精度,Cubist模型在抽穗期、开花期和灌浆期的估产精度均为最高;利用Stacking方法构建的次级学习器模型以Cubist模型的估产效果最佳,MLR和Cubist模型的估产精度在各个时期均得到了提升。【结论】基于Stacking方法融合估产模型能够显著提升冬小麦的产量估算精度,为今后的估产研究提供参考。     

基于无人机高光谱遥感数据的冬小麦产量估算

为了准确和高效地预测作物产量,以冬小麦为研究对象,利用无人机遥感平台搭载高光谱相机,获取了冬小麦各生育期的无人机影像。根据高光谱具有较多的光谱信息且存在特有的红边区域的特点,选取了9种植被指数和5种红边参数。首先,分析植被指数和红边参数与产量的相关性,优选5种植被指数和2种红边参数用于构建产量估算模型;然后,构建了不同生育期的3种产量估算模型:单参数线性回归模型、基于植被指数并使用偏最小二乘回归方法模型、基于植被指数结合红边参数并使用偏最小二乘回归方法模型;最后利用3种模型分别估算冬小麦产量。结果表明:4个生育期内,大部分植被指数和红边参数与产量呈现极显著相关性;拔节期、挑旗期、开花期与灌浆期构建的单参数线性回归模型中表现最佳的参数分别为REP、Dr/Drmin、GNDVI与GNDVI;利用偏最小二乘回归方法提高了产量估算精度,以植被指数结合红边参数为因子构建的模型提高了产量估算效果(优于以植被指数为因子构建的产量模型)。本研究可为无人机高光谱估算作物产量提供参考。     

基于遥感多参数和VMD-GRU的冬小麦单产估测

为充分挖掘时间序列遥感参数的时序信息和趋势信息,并进一步提升冬小麦估产精度,以陕西省关中平原为研究区域,选取与冬小麦长势密切相关的生育时期尺度的条件植被温度指数（VTCI）、叶面积指数（LAI）和光合有效辐射吸收比率（FPAR）作为遥感参数,构建耦合变分模态分解（VMD）与门控循环单元（GRU）神经网络的估产模型。应用VMD算法将各个时间序列遥感参数分解为多组平稳的本征模态函数（IMF）分量,选取与原始时间序列遥感参数高度相关的IMF分量进行特征重构,并将重构特征作为GRU网络的输入,以构建冬小麦组合估产模型。结果表明,VMD-GRU组合估产模型决定系数为0.63,均方根误差为448.80kg/hm2,平均相对误差为8.14%,相关性达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,其精度优于单一估产模型精度,表明该组合估产模型能够提取非平稳时间序列数据的多尺度、多层次特征,并充分挖掘冬小麦各生育时期遥感参数间的内在联系,获得准确单产估测结果的同时提升了估产模型的可解释性。     

融合多源时空数据的冬小麦产量预测模型研究

为提高大尺度冬小麦产量预测精度,以2005—2019年河南省遥感数据、气象数据、土壤含水率等多源时空数据为特征变量,分析其与小麦单产的相关性,并基于随机森林算法对特征变量进行了重要性分析,构建了融合多源时空数据的冬小麦产量预测模型。结果表明:增强型植被指数（Enhanced vegetation index, EVI）、日光诱导叶绿素荧光（Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence, SIF）与高程为小麦产量预测的重要因子,与小麦产量呈高度正相关,对小麦产量预测的重要性指标均超过0.45,远大于土壤含水率、降水量、最高温度、最低温度等因子;基于随机森林算法构建的小麦不同生长阶段产量预测模型中,以10月—次年5月和10月—次年4月为特征变量的产量预测模型精度较高,R²分别为0.85和0.84,RMSE分别为821.55、832.01 kg/hm²,在空间尺度上,豫西和豫南丘陵山地模型预测相对误差高于平原地区。该研究结果可为大尺度作物产量预测提供参考。     

基于遥感多参数和门控循环单元网络的冬小麦单产估测

为进一步准确、实时监测冬小麦长势并估测其产量,以陕西省关中平原为研究区域,选取冬小麦旬或生育时期尺度的条件植被温度指数（VTCI）、叶面积指数（LAI）和光合有效辐射吸收比率（FPAR）作为遥感特征参数,分别构建不同时间尺度的单参数、双参数和多参数的门控循环单元（GRU）神经网络模型,并模拟得到冬小麦长势综合监测指数I,结果表明,旬尺度的模型精度总体高于生育时期尺度的模型精度。基于5折交叉验证法进一步验证旬尺度多参数GRU模型的鲁棒性,并构建I与统计单产之间的线性回归模型以估测冬小麦单产,结果显示,冬小麦估测单产与统计单产的决定系数（R2）为0.62,均方根误差（RMSE）为509.08kg/hm2,平均相对误差（MRE）为9.01%,相关性达到极显著水平（P<0.01）,表明旬尺度的多参数估产模型能够较准确地估测关中平原冬小麦产量,且产量分布呈现西高东低的空间特性和整体保持稳定且平稳增长的年际变化特征。此外,基于GRU模型捕获冬小麦生长的累积效应,分析在连续旬中逐步输入参数对产量估测的影响,结果显示,模型具有识别冬小麦关键生长阶段的能力,3月下旬至4月下旬是冬小麦生长的关键时期。     

基于无人机高光谱影像的冬小麦全蚀病监测模型研究

冬小麦全蚀病是导致小麦大幅减产甚至绝收的土传检疫性病害。快速、无损地监测冬小麦全蚀病空间分布对其防治具有重要意义。以无人机搭载成像高光谱仪为遥感平台,利用成像高光谱影像结合地面病害调查数据,在田块尺度对冬小麦全蚀病病情指数分布进行空间填图。利用地物光谱仪(ASD)同步获取的高光谱数据评价UHD185光谱数据质量,综合运用统计分析以及遥感反演填图技术,计算光谱指数(Difference spectral index,DSI)、比值光谱指数(Ratio spectral index,RSI)及归一化差值光谱指数(Normalized difference spectral index,NDSI)与病情指数(DI)构建决定系数等势图,筛选最优光谱指数与DI构建线性回归模型,并利用3个光谱指数构建偏最小二乘回归预测模型,以对比模型预测精度与稳健性。最后用独立数据对模型进行检验。结果表明,冬小麦冠层的ASD光谱数据与UHD185光谱数据相关性显著,决定系数R~2达0.97以上,3类光谱指数与DI构建偏最小二乘回归模型,得到模型验证结果(R~2=0.629 2,R_(MSE)=10.2%,M_(AE)=16.6%),其中DSI(R_(818),R_(534))对模型贡献度最高,利用DSI(R_(818),R_(534))与DI构建线性回归模型为y=-6.490 1x+1.461 3(R~2=0.860 5,R_(MSE)=7.3%,M_(AE)=19.1%),且通过独立样本的模型验证精度(R~2=0.76,R_(MSE)=14.9%,M_(AE)=11.7%,n=20)。最后使用该模型对冬小麦进行病情指数反演,制作了冬小麦全蚀病病害空间分布图,本研究结果为无人机高光谱遥感在冬小麦全蚀病的精准监测方面提供了技术支撑,并对未来卫星遥感探索冬小麦全蚀病大面积监测提供了理论基础。     

基于SIF-PLS模型的冬小麦条锈病早期光谱探测

为实现冬小麦条锈病早期探测、提高冬小麦产量和品质,研究了日光诱导叶绿素荧光(Solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence,SIF)对冬小麦条锈病早期探测的可行性。基于3波段夫琅和费暗线(3-band Fraunhofer line discrimination,3FLD)和反射率荧光指数2种方法提取了冠层SIF数据,计算了对小麦条锈病敏感的光谱指数(Spectral index,SI),通过相关性分析优选了遥感探测小麦条锈病早期的特征参量,利用偏最小二乘(Partial least squares,PLS)算法构建冬小麦条锈病早期光谱探测模型。研究结果表明:O2-A波段的荧光强度(SIF-A)以及反射率荧光指数ρ_(440)/ρ_(690)、ρ_(675)ρ_(690)/ρ_(683)~2、ρ_(690)/ρ_(655)、ρ_(690)/ρ_(600)、D_(λP)/D_(744)、D_(705)/D_(722)均与小麦条锈病早期病情指数(Disease index,DI)达到了极显著相关,相关系数分别为-0. 793、-0. 523、-0. 539、-0. 497、0. 541、0. 446、0. 490,可作为冬小麦条锈病早期光谱探测的荧光特征参量;基于3组SIF数据构建的PLS-SIF检验模型的决定系数分别为0. 801、0. 772、0. 807,均方根误差分别为3. 3%、3. 1%、3. 2%,较反射率光谱指数构建的SI-PLS模型决定系数至少提高了27%,均方根误差至少减少了24%。因此,冠层SIF数据更适于冬小麦条锈病的早期探测。本研究结果对及时进行冬小麦条锈病防控具有重要应用价值,可为利用卫星荧光遥感数据对小麦条锈病早期大面积、无损探测提供参考依据。     

Retrieval of irrigated and rainfed crop data using a general maximum entropy approach

This paper presents a method to separate harvested area and yield for irrigated crops from rainfed crops in a region, given gross harvested area and yield, and climatic, agronomic and economic data for crops. The method is based on the principle of general maximum entropy, which combines incomplete data, empirical knowledge and a priori information to derive desired information. The model is applied to three large basins with aggregated climatic and agricultural conditions, and to five counties in Texas and California. The modeled results and assessed values in these study areas are compared. While the dependability of model outputs relies on empirical knowledge and judicious parameter estimation, the model remains reliable even for the significant level of uncertainty produced by subjectively predetermined major parameters. The model can be applied to retriving historical data for irrigated and rainfed crops; it can also be used for irrigated and rainfed agriculture planning based on climatic and technological projections. Moreover, the model provides other useful information, including water allocation by crop, water use efficiency and the impact of other agricultural inputs.     

Modelling for maize irrigation scheduling using long term experimental data from Plovdiv region, Bulgaria

Independent historic datasets on irrigated maize, collected over seven years (1984-1990), were used to parameterize the irrigation scheduling model ISAREG. Experimental data were obtained under rainfed, deficit, and full irrigation conditions in an alluvial soil at Tsalapitsa, Plovdiv region, in the Thracian plain, Bulgaria. Crop coefficients and depletion fractions for no-stress were calibrated by minimizing the differences between observed and simulated soil water content. The calibration was performed using data from full irrigation and rainfed treatments while deficit irrigation treatments were used for validation. The modelling efficiency was high, 0.91 for the calibration and 0.89 for the validation. The resulting average absolute errors of the estimate for the soil water content were smaller than 0.01 cm³ cm⁻³. The model was also tested by comparing computed versus observed seasonal evapotranspiration. Results for dry years show a modelling efficiency of 0.96 but the model slightly underestimated evapotranspiration for other years. The yield response factor was derived from observed yield data of the hybrid variety H708 when relative evapotranspiration deficits were smaller than 0.5. The value K_y = 1.32 was obtained. The relative yield decreases predicted with this K_y value compared well with observed data. Results support the use of the ISAREG model for developing water saving irrigation schedules for the Thracian plain.     

Calibration and validation of SALTMED model under dry and wet year conditions using chickpea field data from Southern Portugal

The SALTMED model is one of the few available generic models that can be used to simulate crop growth with an integrated approach that accounts for water, crop, soil, and field management. It is a physically based model using the well-known water and solute transport, evapotranspiration, and water uptake equations. In this paper, the model simulated chickpea growth under different irrigation regimes and a Mediterranean climate. Five different chickpea varieties were studied under irrigation regimes ranging from rainfed to 100 % crop water requirements, in a dry and a wet year. The calibration of the model using one of the chickpea varieties was sufficient for simulating the other varieties, not requiring a specific calibration for each individual chickpea variety. The results of calibration and validation of the SALTMED model showed that the model can simulate very accurately soil moisture content, grain yield, and total dry biomass of different chickpea varieties, in both wet and dry years. This new version of the SALTMED model (v. 3.02.09) has more features and possibilities than the previous versions, providing academics and professionals with a very good tool to manage water, soil, and crops.     

Evaluating uncertainty introduced to process-based simulation model estimates by alternative sources of meteorological data

Models that represent biophysical processes in hydrology, ecology and agricultural systems, when applied at specific locations, can make estimates with significant errors if meteorological input data are not representative of the sites. This is particularly important where the estimates from the models are used for decision support, strategic planning and policy development, due to the impacts of introduced uncertainty. This paper investigates the impacts of meteorological data sources on a cropping systems simulation model’s estimate of crop yield, and quantifies the uncertainty that arises when site-specific weather data are not available. In the UK, as elsewhere, many meteorological stations record precipitation and air temperature, but very few also record solar radiation, a key driving input data set. The impacts of using on-site observed precipitation and temperature with estimated solar radiation, and off-site entirely observed meteorological data was tested on the model’s yield estimates. This gave two scenarios: on-site observed versus partially modelled data; and on-site observed versus substitute data from neighbouring sites, for 24 meteorological stations in the UK.The analysis indicates that neighbouring meteorological stations can often be an inappropriate source of data. Of the 24 stations used, only 32% of the nearest neighbours were able to provide the best substitute off-site data. On-site modelled data provided better results than observed off-site data. The results demonstrate that the range of alternative data sources tested are capable of having both acceptable and unacceptable impacts on model performance across a range of assessment metrics, i.e. on-site data sources each produced yield over- or under-estimate errors greater than 2 t ha⁻¹. A large amount of uncertainty can be introduced to the model estimates due to the data source. Therefore, the applications of models that represent biophysical process where meteorological data are required, need to include the quantification of input data errors and estimate of the uncertainty that imperfect data will introduce.     

作物长势监测仪数据采集与分析系统设计及应用

针对中小农场对作物长势快速监测与精确诊断的需求,本研究设计了作物长势监测仪（CropSense）数据采集与分析系统,该系统实现了数据采集、处理、分析和管理的一体化集成。系统通过蓝牙技术连接智能手机和作物长势监测仪获取作物采样数据,经服务器中内置光谱模型计算得到地块的作物生长参数分布专题图。依据地块预期产量指标,可提供可视化的专家决策处方。用户只需点击一次按钮,即可实时获取田间作物的监测诊断信息和专业的田间管理指导方案。目前系统已在多个研究机构实验农场试用,其中在小汤山基地的应用示例结果显示：在玉米大喇叭口期使用该系统进行作物诊断和指导施肥,比传统的施肥方案减少约16.67%施肥量。该系统具有采集分析数据高效便利、推荐施肥方案优化合理等特点,在中国家庭农场快速增长的背景下,具有广阔的应用前景。     

Yield uncertainty at the field scale evaluated with multi-year satellite data

The level of yield risk faced by a farmer is an important factor in the design of appropriate management and insurance strategies. The difference between field scale and regional scale yield risk, which can be significant, also represents an important measure of the factors that cause the yield gap – the difference between average and maximum yields. While field scale yield risk is difficult to assess with traditional data sources, yield maps derived from remote sensing offer promise for obtaining the necessary data in any region. We analyzed remotely sensed yield datasets for two regions in Northwest Mexico, the Yaqui and San Luis Rio Colorado Valleys, in conjunction with time series of aggregated regional yields for 1976–2002. Regional scale yield risk was roughly 8% of average yields in both regions. Field scale yield risk was determined to be 58% higher than regional scale risk in both regions. The difference between field and regional scale risk accounted for 50% of the spatial variance in yields in the Yaqui Valley, and 70% in the San Luis Rio Colorado Valley, indicating that climatic uncertainty represents an important source of the spatial yield variability. This implies that accurate seasonal climate forecasts could substantially reduce yield losses in farmers’ fields. The results were shown to be fairly sensitive to assumptions about the magnitude and nature of errors in yield estimation, suggesting that improved understanding of estimation errors are needed to realize the full potential of remote sensing for yield risk analysis.     

Evapotranspiration data assimilation with genetic algorithms and SWAP model for on-demand irrigation

Evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the indicators of water use efficiency. Periodic information of ET based on remote sensing is useful for an on-demand irrigation (ODI) management. The main objective of this paper was to develop an ET data assimilation scheme to optimize the parameters of an agro-hydrology model for ODI scheduling. The soil, water, atmosphere, and plant (SWAP) simulation model has been utilized for this purpose. We computed remote sensing-based ET for a wheat field in the Sirsa Irrigation Circle, Haryana, in India using 18 cloud-free moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer images taken between December 2001 and April 2002. The surface energy balance algorithm for land (SEBAL) was used for this purpose. Because ET estimates from SEBAL provide information on the surface soil moisture state, they were treated as observations to estimate unknown parameters of the SWAP model via a stochastic data assimilation (genetic algorithm) approach. The SWAP parameters were optimized by minimizing the residuals between SEBAL and SWAP model-based ET values. The optimized parameters were used as input to SWAP to estimate soil water balance for ODI scheduling. The results showed that the selected parameters (i.e. sowing, harvesting, and irrigation scheduling dates) were successfully estimated with the data assimilation methodology. The SWAP model produced reasonable states of water balance by assimilating ET observations. The root mean square of error was 0.755 and 2.132 cm³/cm³ for 0–15 and 15–30 cm soil depths the same layers, respectively. With optimized parameters for ODI, SWAP predicted higher yield and water use efficiency than traditional farmer’s irrigation criteria. The data assimilation methodology produced can be considered as an operational tool at the field scale to schedule irrigation or predict irrigation requirements from remote sensing-based ET.     

Integrating remote sensing, census and weather data for an assessment of rice yield, water consumption and water productivity in the Indo-Gangetic river basin

Crop consumptive water use and productivity are key elements to understand basin water management performance. This article presents a simplified approach to map rice (Oryza sativa L.) water consumption, yield, and water productivity (WP) in the Indo-Gangetic Basin (IGB) by combining remotely sensed imagery, national census and meteorological data. The statistical rice cropped area and production data were synthesized to calculate district-level land productivity, which is then further extrapolated to pixel-level values using MODIS NDVI product based on a crop dominance map. The water consumption by actual evapotranspiration is estimated with Simplified Surface Energy Balance (SSEB) model taking meteorological data and MODIS land surface temperature products as inputs. WP maps are then generated by dividing the rice productivity map with the seasonal actual evapotranspiration (ET) map. The average rice yields for Pakistan, India, Nepal and Bangladesh in the basin are 2.60, 2.53, 3.54 and 2.75 tons/ha, respectively. The average rice ET is 416 mm, accounting for only 68.2% of potential ET. The average WP of rice is 0.74 kg/m³. The WP generally varies with the trends of yield variation. A comparative analysis of ET, yield, rainfall and WP maps indicates greater scope for improvement of the downstream areas of the Ganges basin. The method proposed is simple, with satisfactory accuracy, and can be easily applied elsewhere.     

基于多时相多参数融合的麦玉轮作小麦产量估算方法

为了进一步提高冬小麦产量预测的准确性,针对麦玉轮作体系缺乏直接把前茬作物信息纳入到当季作物的产量估算及管理中的研究状况,利用前茬玉米季中长势遥感信息及产量信息,融合小麦拔节期、灌浆期及成熟期长势遥感信息、播前施肥信息及土壤特性信息等多时相多模态数据,基于GPR算法,建立多时相多模态参数融合的麦玉轮作体系小麦产量估算模型,结果显示：基于多生育期的产量估算模型较单生育期最优产量估算模型性能有所提升,R²提高0.01～0.03。其中基于拔节期产量估算模型精度略低于多生育期产量估算模型,但精度相近。基于多模态参数融合的产量估算模型中,除玉米作物信息与土壤特性信息融合构建的产量估算模型,多模态参数融合的产量估算模型精度较相应低模态参数融合的产量估算模型精度高。四模态参数融合的GPR模型决定系数R²为0.92,RMSE为213.75 kg/hm²,较其他模型,R²提高0.02～0.41。对于小麦产量估算模型,各模态参数影响由大到小依次为施肥信息、小麦遥感信息、土壤特性信息、玉米作物信息。玉米作物信息对于多模态参...     

谷物联合收获机智能测产系统设计和应用

对谷物联合收获机智能测产系统基本组成、主要工作过程、主要传感器进行了分析；利用单位时间小区谷物产量计算模型和专用产量图生成软件绘制了一块小麦产量数据点图、栅格图和等值线图。