裂隙岩体渗流补给特性及边坡稳定对策研究

“岩土二元结构体”边坡失稳现象由于其物质组成、形成年代、地质结构等方面的特点,与其他岩土边坡失稳有不同的表现.为探讨降雨诱发“岩土二元结构体”边坡失稳的机理及保证边坡稳定的对策,采用自记雨量计、时域反射仪（TDR）、翻斗式自记流量测定仪对“岩土二元结构”小流域的降雨特性、坡地岩土水分的动态变化以及裂隙岩体渗流的动态过程进行了测定分析.结果表明,降雨特性、坡地岩土前期水分含量以及坡地的地质结构特性是影响降雨入渗补给渗流及降雨诱发边坡失稳的重要因素;在强降雨条件下,距坡地表层50cm深度的土壤层与岩体层结合部位存在暂时饱和区,该饱和区通过对滑动面的浸泡软化,可以促使滑坡体的滑动;降雨入渗补给裂隙岩体渗流在坡面尺度上存在“优先流”现象,这主要是由于太行山区坡面尺度介质的非均匀性与空间变异性所造成的,同时,暂时饱和区的形成也起了重要的促进作用,这有利于区域地下水资源的形成,但也为诱发边坡失稳提供了条件;可以通过渗流集蓄技术降低暂时饱和区内的水分含量及裂隙网络中的侧向水压力,从而保证边坡的稳定.      

含水裂隙岩体抗剪断试验单点法试验研究

本文作者在室内试验研究的基础上,将“岩体抗剪断试验单点法”应用于万家沟水库技术设计阶段,对石英片岩裂隙岩体在饱水条件下的抗剪断强度特性进行较为深入的研究,取得了进展.本文为现场试验研究报告摘选。     

浅谈直岔水库防渗设计

近年来,随着水库大坝除险加固工程的增多,研究的对策不断向纵深发展。影响水库大坝安全因素中,渗流及其渗透破坏是一项特别重要的因素,控制渗流及其渗透破坏成为水库大坝除险成败的关键。本文以直岔水库为例,通过对渗流控制方案的比选,渗透破坏的控制以及计算设计选择一种实用、经济的除险加固方法,可对类似水库除险加固提供参考。     

玻璃纤维增强杨木重组木的表面动态润湿性

研究了密度和添加玻璃纤维这两个因素对杨木重组木的表面动态润湿性能的影响,采用水和环氧树脂作为实验液体。利用动态接触角模型对接触角随时间增加的变化情况进行拟合,并通过拟合函数得出的液体在表面铺展和渗透的速率来反映表面动态润湿性的高低。结果表明,随着密度的增加,杨木重组木表面动态润湿性呈降低趋势,且水相比于环氧树脂在杨木重组木表面的铺展渗透速率更高,润湿性更高。对玻璃纤维增强杨木重组木空白处和玻璃纤维与杨木基交界处两种不同表面的动态接触角进行了测试分析,发现水和环氧树脂在玻璃纤维与杨木基交界处的表面动态润湿性相比在空白处均有显著降低。因此,通过玻璃纤维的添加可以抑制水的渗透,进而改善杨木重组木的尺寸稳定性。     

基于饱和与非饱和理论的滑坡稳定性分析——以雾江滑坡为例

库水位下降是导致滑坡失稳的主要因素之一,涔天河水库扩建工程在施工期为进行老灌溉洞改造,需将老坝库水位从253.0 m下降到235.0 m,研究其对库首雾江滑坡体稳定性的影响,对保证工程安全具有重要意义。基于饱和与非饱和理论,用有限元模拟库水位从253.0 m下降到235.0 m时滑坡暂态渗流场,将得到的暂态孔隙水压力分布用于滑坡稳定性计算。研究表明:扩建工程施工期库水位下降使滑坡稳定性系数由1.09下降到1.05,降幅约5%,不会导致滑坡体整体失稳。     

二塘沟水库右坝肩工程地质问题初步探讨分析

【目的】通过现场试验、测试,对二塘沟水库右坝肩主要工程地质问题进行准确评价分析,为设计提供合理的地质参数和建议。【方法】以二塘沟水库右岸坝肩区为主要研究对象,进行现场岩石鉴定试验,钻孔压水试验,平洞岩石构造观测试验,室内岩石化学成分分析试验等。【结果】二塘沟水库右岸地形较为陡峭,岩性主要为层状凝灰岩夹凝灰质砂岩和砂岩。水库右坝肩整体构造发育:岩体完整性较差,靠近断层附近透水性和深度较大。据钻孔和平洞揭露,岩体强风化层厚2～3m,岩体较破碎。据钻孔水质分析得知,右岸地下水硫酸根离子含量514.37mg/L,具有结晶类硫酸盐型腐蚀性。【结论】二塘沟水库右坝肩岩体存在较深和较长的中等透水带、裂隙密集带和断层破碎带岩石碎屑水溶盐含量较高,岩体和地下水中硫酸盐对混凝土存在腐蚀性问题。     

旁海航电枢纽工程右岸边坡变形特征及成因分析

通过详细的地质调查,在对区域地质环境条件和边坡变形特征研究的基础上,认为旁海航电枢纽工程右岸边坡岩体产状平缓,岩性软弱,具有遇水软化、失水干裂的特点,且岩体中节理裂隙较发育,地下水较丰富,埋深浅,是边坡产生变形破坏的内在因素;施工开挖和降雨是主要的诱发因素,由于开挖形成新的临空面,坡体应力重新调整,使坡体内的节理裂隙扩展松弛张开,降雨易于下渗,岩体强度及变形特性显著降低,最终导致边坡岩土体产生蠕滑拉裂、卸荷松弛、坍滑等现象。     

石峡口水坠坝经受强烈地震情况的调查及分析

石峡口水库位于内蒙古清水河县,是一座以灌溉为主的中型水库,大坝为水坠坝,见图1。水库集流面积254平方公里,库容1,866万立米,坝高33米。一九七三年十月竣工。一九七六年四月六日遭受了一次强烈地震,这是在内蒙古自治区一九二九年毕克齐6.0级、一九三四年五原6 1/4缀之后的最大一次地震。这次地震的基本参数为:     

龙羊峡水库年末水位控制与汛期弃水研究

【目的】合理控制龙羊峡水库年末(水文年年末,6月末)运行水位,为安全高效利用龙羊峡水库和保障黄河水资源综合利用效益提供参考。【方法】通过逐步回归分析方法,率定龙羊峡水库年末水位关键影响因子;建立BP神经网络预测模型,通过反推法确定龙羊峡水库年末消落水位下限;引入水库临界弃水概率的概念及计算公式,通过控制汛期临界弃水概率确定龙羊峡水库年末消落水位上限。【结果】龙羊峡水库年末消落水位关键影响因子为当年入库水量、年初水位、次年入库水量和当年黄河干流用水量;当年年末水位不低于死水位且汛期弃水概率在10%以内时,龙羊峡水库合理的年末水位应控制在2 575.0~2 576.5m。【结论】通过BP神经网络模型对水库年末消落水位的预测控制,并结合水库汛期临界弃水概率指导水库汛期防洪,可在防洪安全的基础上有效地提高水库的发电效益。     

基于Geo-studio心墙内高渗透区渗透特性研究

黏土心墙土石坝是我国应用最广泛坝型之一,其优点是适应地基变形能力较强、对地质条件要求较低、就地取材、造价低等。土石坝因自身构造特点存在渗流问题,渗透破坏是诱发土石坝失稳破坏的主要原因。心墙作为防渗体会因质量问题或施工不当等易出现高渗透区域,促使坝体发生渗透破坏,威胁坝体安全。以黑龙江省通河县二甲沟水库的黏土心墙土石坝为研究对象,采用二维有限元数值模拟技术和大数据统计分析方法,研究高渗透区域心墙对土石坝渗流场的影响。结果表明,高渗透区域显著提高坝体渗漏速率及渗漏量,提高心墙出逸点高程,增加局部孔隙水压力,影响心墙右侧（下游）渗流场。随着高渗透区域位置升高,坝体渗漏量逐步减少,心墙出逸点高程逐渐降低,孔隙水压力升高区域逐渐扩大,加剧对单宽渗漏量及心墙出逸点高程影响。高渗透区位置处于距坝基2、7、12和17 m时,引发区域内孔压偏高18%、50%、60%以及90%以上。当高渗透区域渗透系数增加时,位于中位高渗透区域的土体孔隙水压力偏高区域有缩小趋势。研究结果可为未来依据大坝监测数据作渗流反演分析及动态安全监控和评估提供参考,保证大坝在整个生命周期中具有连续性控制,提高坝体安全性。     

渗透动水压力对坝基双斜面深层抗滑稳定的影响分析

大坝高水位蓄水运行期间,坝基渗流通道中会出现很大的渗透动水压力。本研究对坝基岩块透水性低的双斜面深层滑动情况,用等安全系数法,分析了滑动面上的动水压力对坝基稳定的影响。计算结果显示,蓄水位一定时,双滑动面上的动水压力对降低抗滑稳定安全系数的影响很小,稳定分析时可以忽略动水压力。分析中还发现,从不同的角度对抗滑力和滑动力组成做不同的处理,会出现不同的稳定性评判结果。基于此结果,本研究可为进一步完善刚体极限平衡法提供理论参考。     

土质心墙堆石坝应力变形研究

研究了土质心墙坝应力变形计算方法，结合金盆水利枢纽黑河水库大坝的建设，对坝体施工填筑和水库蓄水运行的全过程进行了三维仿真模拟，研究了坝体沉降和心墙中空隙水压力的发展过程，以及心墙拱效应和心墙开裂情况。     

急性盐度胁迫对光裸星虫渗透压和超氧化物歧化酶活性的影响

[目的]探讨盐度胁迫对光裸星虫体腔液渗透压及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性的影响。[方法]对光裸星虫进行不同盐度急性胁迫48 h,用渗透压仪检测所有样品渗透压,采用羟胺法检测48 h所取部分样品的超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性。[结果]从暂养盐度30‰中移到盐度5‰、10‰、15‰、20‰、25‰、30‰、35‰和40‰海水中时,48 h内光裸星虫体腔液渗透压均能调节到一定的稳定状态,且与水环境渗透压相近;达到相近水平所需时间分别为15、15、9、6、6、0、6和9 h,随盐度的升高呈先降低后升高的趋势。在盐度15‰～40‰的梯度中,星虫体腔液SOD活性整体上随盐度的升高呈现先下降再上升的趋势,其中盐度25‰与盐度30‰组的光裸星虫SOD活性差异不显著(P0.05),但均显著低于其他组(P0.05)。[结论]在急性胁迫下,较适合光裸星虫生存生长的盐度为15‰～40‰,最适合的盐度为25‰～30‰。     

不同生长条件对番茄早疫病菌抗腈菌唑菌株生长的影响

通过改变生长条件,如碳氮源、pH和渗透压等研究其对番茄早疫病菌抗腈菌唑菌株生长的影响。结果表明,与对敏感菌株生长的影响相比,碳氮源、pH和NaC1渗透压的变化对抗性菌株的生长无明显影响,而葡萄糖渗透压的变化对抗性菌株的影响要比对敏感菌株的明显。由此可推断抗性菌株在自然环境中可能会与敏感菌株形成竞争关系,甚至会成为优势种群而影响腈菌唑的药效。     

紫色泥岩土壤＜2 mm岩屑及其对抗剪强度的作用机制

【目的】土壤抗剪强度是反映土壤抗滑、抗侵蚀及抗倾覆稳定性的重要指标。而紫色土中大量岩石碎屑能够显著影响土壤抗剪强度。但过去的研究主要集中在＞2 mm的岩石碎屑上,而＜2 mm的岩石碎屑却被忽视。因此,研究＜2 mm岩屑及其对抗剪强度的作用机制对紫色土区域土壤资源的可持续发展有非常重要的实践指导意义。【方法】以紫色泥岩发育的坡耕地土壤为研究对象,采用吸管法测定土壤颗粒组成,采用应变控制式直剪仪测定土样在不同含水率和垂向压力下的抗剪强度,通过对比分析研究＜2 mm的岩石碎屑及其对抗剪强度的作用机制。【结果】从坡顶至坡谷,坡顶至坡脚旱地土壤与母岩的颗粒组成呈极显著性相关,而坡脚与坡谷水田土壤与母岩的颗粒组成的相关性则不显著,即紫色泥岩发育的旱地土壤的颗粒组成与其母岩的颗粒组成具有高度的一致性;土壤中＜0.25 mm颗粒累积含量在99.84%-99.91%,其中,以＞0.25 mm岩石碎屑存在的土壤颗粒的比例为0.96%-57.82%,以＞0.25 mm团聚体存在的土壤颗粒的比例为6.33%-19.66%,随着位置高程的降低,土壤中岩石碎屑含量减少,且旱地土壤中岩石碎屑的含量显著高于水田土壤;而团聚体及黏粒含量则逐渐增加。在土壤含水率从7%增加到25%的过程中,土壤水分对旱地土壤黏聚力的影响要小于水田土壤;内摩擦角随着土壤含水率的降低而线性减小,且随着位置高程的降低,土壤水分对内摩擦角的影响逐渐增大;在相同垂直压力下,土壤水分对土壤抗剪强度的影响同样也随着位置高程的降低、岩石碎屑含量的减少而增大。【结论】在紫色泥岩发育的土壤中存在大量＜2 mm的岩石碎屑。这些＜2 mm岩石碎屑的存在改变了对传统土壤团聚体的认识,使得土壤团聚体可进一步细分为先天团聚体（＜2 mm岩石碎屑）以及后天团聚体（水稳性团聚体）。同时,土壤中这些＜2 mm岩石碎屑能够降低土壤水分对黏聚力及内摩擦角的影响,从而降低土壤水分对土壤的抗剪强度特性的影响。     

水培修剪条件下渗透胁迫和磷对草地早熟禾生长的影响

通过温室水培,研究渗透胁迫和磷对修剪条件下的草地早熟禾生长的影响。结果表明,渗透胁迫使同等磷处理植株修剪草屑干质量、修剪草屑总干质量、地下部分干质量、修剪草屑含水量下降,根冠比增加。磷的加入促进草地早熟禾的生长,使植株修剪草屑干质量、修剪草屑总干质量、地下部分干质量、修剪草屑含水量增加。相对于不抗旱品种Brilliant,抗旱品种Midnight在渗透胁迫下的高生长量对草坪品质及其功能的发挥具有重要作用。     

化学示踪实验技术在水利工程渗漏检测中的应用

[目的]研究化学示踪实验技术在水利工程渗漏检测中的应用。[方法]根据陕西省咸阳市三原西郊水库的现状,布置L1、L2、L3共3个断面,选用KI（碘化钾）作为化学示踪剂进行示踪剂跟踪检测试验研究。[结果]L1、L2、L3断面不存在明显渗漏现象;局部坝肩岩土抗渗性能较差。[结论]西郊水库渗漏原因为水库坝肩岩土抗渗性能不能满足防渗要求,水库投入运行后坝前水位上升,坝肩地下水位随之升高,渗透水压相应增大,增大了大坝下游岸坡水量。     

Loss of Responsiveness to Osmotic Stress in Maize Root： the Effect of Water Channel Blocker HgCl2

In order to investigate the effect of water channel blocker HgCl2 on the hydraulic resistance in roots of maize seedlings, a xylem pressure probe was used to monitor the changes in root xylem pressure in response to NaCl- or mannitol-induced osmotic stresses before and after the application of HgCl2. When the maize roots were subjected to 500 umol L-1 HgCl2 in root bathing solution, not only a considerable decline in xylem pressure （increase in xylem tension） was observed, but the loss of responsiveness of the plant to both salt- and mannitol-induced osmotic stresses in terms of xylem pressure change was seen as well when the transpiration rate of the plant was not significantly changed. The results are similar but different from the reversed osmosis by the Fenton reaction in the internodes of Chara coralline, showing that the mechanisms of water transport across cell membrane in plant roots are far more complicated than expected.     

Polar Volatiles on Mars--Theory versus Observation: Excess solid carbon dioxide is probably present in the north residual cap

The residual frost caps of Mars are probably water-ice. They may be the source of the water vapor associated with seasonal polar hoods. A permanent reservoir of solid CO(2) is also probably present within the north residual cap and may comprise a mass of CO(2) some two to five times that of the present atmosphere of Mars. The martian atmospheric pressure is probably regulated by the temperature of the reservoir and not by the annual heat balance of exposed solid CO(2) (37). The present reservoir temperature presumably reflects a long-term average of the polar heat balance. The question of a large permanent north polar cap is reexamined in light of the Mariner 9 data. The lower general elevation of the north polar region compared to the south and the resulting occurrence in the north of a permanent CO(2) deposit are probably responsible for the differences in size and shape of the two residual caps. The details of the processes involved are less apparent, however. It might be argued that the stability of water-ice deposits depends on both insolation and altitude. The present north and south residual caps should be symmetrically located with respect to such a hypothetical stability field. However, the offset of the south cap from the geometrical pole, the non-symmetrical outline of the north cap, and the apparently uniform thickness of the thin, widespread water-ice all argue against control by simple solid-vapor equilibrium of water under present environmental conditions. We think that the present location of the water-ice may reflect, in part, the past location of the permanent CO(2) reservoir. The extreme stability of polar water-ice deposits increases the likelihood that past environmental conditions may be recorded there. Detailed information on elevations in the vicinity of the residual caps is needed before we can further elucidate the nature and history of the residual caps. This, along with measurements of polar infrared emission, should be given high priority in future missions to Mars. Two conclusions follow from the limitation of the mass of solid CO(2) on Mars at present to two to five times the mass of CO(2) in the atmosphere. If all of this CO(2) was entirely sublimated into the atmosphere as a result of hypothetical astronomical or geophysical effects, the average surface pressure would increase to 15 to 30 mbar. Although such a change would have considerable significance for eolian erosion and transportation, there seems to be little possibility that a sufficiently earthlike atmosphere could result for liquid water to become an active erosional agent, as postulated by Milton (38). The pressure broadening required for a green-house effect requires at least 10 to 20 times more pressure (39). If liquid water was ever active in modifying the martian surface, it must have been at an earlier epoch, before the present, very stable CO(2)/H(2)O system developed. There can be no intermittent earthlike episodes now. Furthermore, the present abundance of CO(2) on Mars may be an indicator of the cumulative evolution of volatiles to the surface of the planet (40). Thus, even the possibility of an earlier earth-like episode is dimmed. On Mars, the total CO(2) definitely outgassed has evidently been about 60 +/- 20 g/cm(2). On the earth, about 70 +/- 30 kg/cm(2) of CO(2) have been released to the surface (41). Hence, the total CO(2) devolved by Mars per unit area is about 0.1 percent of that evolved by the earth. Thus, the observational limits we place on solid CO(2) presently located under the north residual cap also may constitute considerable constraints on the total differentiation and devolatilization of the planet. If they are valid, it would seem unlikely that Mars has devolatilized at all like the earth, or ever experienced an earthlike environment on its surface.     

Comparison of Three Methods for Determination of Root Hydraulic Conductivity of Maize （Zea mays L.） Root System

Three techniques of root pressure probe, pressure chamber and high pressure flow meter were used to measure the hydraulic conductivities （Lpr） of whole root systems of young maize （Zea mays L.） seedlings grown hydroponically under either drought or normal water conditions. Compared to normal water conditions, drought stress simulated by polyethylene glycol 6 000 （osmotic potential =-0.2 MPa） reduced Lpr in the root system by over 50%. It indicated that water permeability in the roots decreased significantly when plants suffered from water shortages. Moreover, there was no significant difference （P〈 0.05） on the Lpr values in the root systems developed under a given water stress regime among the three techniques used. Therefore, all three methods are acceptable to study the hydraulic conductivity of maize seedling root systems. We have also highlighted some of the technical limitations of each method. It can be inferred that the root pressure probe is preferable for young maize seedlings because it is subtle and has the additional ability to determine solute transport properties, but the method is time consuming. Other advantages and disadvantages of each technique are discussed in order to acquaint researchers with basic information that could contribute to their choice of an appropriate technique for future studies.