Alpha‐lipoic acid: An inimitable feed supplement for poultry nutrition

Alpha‐lipoic acid (ALA) is a multifunction antioxidant that is produced in small amount by cells as well as its dietary provision facilitates fatty acid mobilization, energy expenditure as well as can scavenge free radicals in poultry birds. It exists in oxidized as well as reduced form, characterized by growth promoting, anti‐inflammatory, antioxidative, immunostimulatory, and hypocholesterolemic properties when fed as dietary supplement to farm animals particularly chicken birds. Recently, several studies reported that dietary supplementation of ALA can influence growth performance indicators, immunological, biochemical characteristics, lipid metabolism, and oxidative stress as well as increase antioxidant potential and storability of poultry meat and meat products. Accordingly, this paper adds the reviews and discusses the outcomes of studies documenting the effect of lipoic acid dietary fortification on growth performance, biochemical, and immunological characteristics as well as the effects on lipid peroxidation of fresh meat and meat‐based products. Furthermore, this paper also describes the possibilities of utilization of ALA as a feed additive in poultry nutrition to improve the growth performance of poultry as well as meat quality of resultant chicken birds.     

Hypertension in renal disease: diagnosis and treatment

Hypertension is a common sequela to renal disease in cats and dogs, affecting as many as 61% cats and 93% of dogs, respectively. Undiagnosed and untreated, elevations in blood pressure can have deleterious effects on the brain and heart as well as promote further renal injury. In this article, we discuss the identification of patients at risk for hypertension as well as methods for measuring blood pressure and the treatment of hypertensive patients.     

International and collaborative strategies to enhance genetic health in purebred dogs

Health problems in pedigree dogs have recently been highlighted in the media worldwide and verified internationally by cynological organisations. Collaborative actions are now needed to deal with both existing and future issues. In this article, potential roles for various stakeholders are discussed and the value of national and international platforms for collaborations is stressed. Development of specific strategies for action must be based on criteria of significance, such as severity, prevalence and inheritance, as well as availability of effective preventive measures. Assessment of options should be founded on evidence from appropriate populations-at-risk and consider broader issues, such as demographics and human-animal interactions. Existing data, such as those from insurance statistics and health surveys, should be used as a reference until representative national/international population-level breed-specific data are available. Key issues and challenges, as well as possible strategies to address them, are discussed.     

平禹一矿立井深厚表土层普通法施工技术研究

本文经过钻孔资料分析和周边矿井的调查研究、判断对比,认为虽然平禹一矿立井掘进时表土层深厚,含水层、含砂层既多又厚,涌水量大,但不会形成流砂。只要采取针对性措施如采用外壁套挂、短段掘砌、快挖快进混合作业,采用堵、降、导、排、桩等联合治水,加强支护等完全可以采用普通法施工。本文详细阐述了平禹一矿立井施工技术,为以后类似条件的井筒施工提供了先进的施工经验,有着较好的社会经济效益和推广价值。     

The complex relationship between welfare and reproduction in cattle

Using reproduction parameters as indicators for cattle welfare has limitations and, at best, these parameters should only be viewed as indirect indicators of welfare. On a farm level, measures such as fertility rates emphasize biological performance of the herd but fail to consider the welfare of individual animals. Even on an individual level, the relationship between reproductive effectiveness and animal welfare is complex. Good reproductive performance does not automatically signify good welfare, as domestication and targeted breeding programmes have led to prioritization of high productive and reproductive performance in most modern farm animal species. In this review, we synthesize literature regarding cattle husbandry, reproduction, welfare and their multidimensional relationships. We argue that practices such as artificial insemination or the use of sexed semen may provide potential welfare advantages as these practices reduce the risk of disease transmission and injury or enable selection of specific beneficial traits. Furthermore, they may offer a solution to current practices jeopardizing welfare, such as the management of surplus bull calves in the dairy industry. Conversely, the animals’ ability to perform natural behaviours such as oestrous expression, an aspect arguably contributing to welfare, is often limited on commercial farms; this limitation is particularly evident in housing systems such as tie stalls where movement is restricted. Moreover, common management practices such as oestrus manipulation may lead to negative attitudes in citizens who often regard naturalness as important element of animal welfare.     

潲水油理化特性的检验分析

将潲水油与其他合格食用油的各项指标进行了对比试验。通过对潲水油的各项理化指标检验分析发现,潲水油的水分含量是金浩茶油的35倍、过氧化值是金浩茶油的5.5倍、酸价是金浩茶油的25.2倍,色泽和相对密度也高于合格食用油;碘值低于其他合格食用油;经冷冻试验,潲水油有析出物,油脂混浊;潲水油的电导率大于合格食用油,可利用电导率的特异性快速测定、鉴别潲水油。     

Control of the taeniosis/cysticercosis complex: future developments

Cysticercosis is due to the establishment of the larval stage of the zoonotic cestode parasite Taenia solium. The infection causes substantial human morbidity and mortality, particularly in several Latin American countries and parts of Africa and Asia, as well as economic losses in pig husban dry due to condemnation of infected pork meat. The life cycle of T. solium includes human beings as definitive hosts and pigs as intermediate hosts. Cysticercosis is acquired by the ingestion of eggs released by human tapeworm carriers, who become infected after ingesting pork meat contaminated with cysticerci. Taenia solium transmission has been associated with poverty, lack of sanitary services and practices of rearing backyard pigs with free access to the areas that villagers use as toilets, as well as cultural behaviour. Nonetheless, due to the recent increase of migration and tourism, industrial countries are also reporting cases of human cysticercosis. There are many epidemiological studies that have been conducted mainly in Latin American countries that have evaluated intervention measures for control of cysticercosis including the development and testing of vaccines. Furthermore, the involvement of international agencies and institutions, such as the World Health Organization, the Food and Agriculture Organization and the International Livestock Research Institute, as well as the commitment of policymakers, scientists and field workers, are key means for the sustainable control and, hopefully, eradication of T. solium infections.     

Fungal diagnostics: current techniques and future trends.

The diagnosis of fungal disease is a challenge that requires diligent attention to history and clinical signs as well as an astute ability to interpret laboratory data. Because fungal disease can mimic other infectious and neoplastic diseases in clinical presentation, the clinician has to be aware of fungal diseases common locally as well as in other regions of the country. A global approach to the diagnosis of fungal disease that correlates clinical signs as well as physical examination, clinical pathology, and histopathology findings with serology, culture, and the newer immunohistochemical and molecular techniques, where available, is the best approach to optimize the identification of the underlying agent.     

Results of histochemical and biochemical studies of uterus of gilts during the estrous cycle]

Alkaline phosphatase activity as well as lipid, polysaccharide, glycogen, and acid mucopolysaccharide levels in the uteri of 79 gilts were histochemically tested during the first three sexual cycles. Intra-cyclic alkaline phosphatase activity exhibited clearly pronounced variations in the surface epithelium, with maximum values reached in metoestrus, and moderate variations in the endometrial stroma, with maximum values reached in dioestrus. Cycle-dependent variations were recordable also from the glycogen and lipid levels in the surface and glandular epithelia and from the acid mucopolysaccharide levels in the endometrial stroma. The activity of alkaline phosphatase as well as the levels of glycogen and acid mucopolysaccharides during the first cycle still were lower than those in the second and third. Biochemical examinations of the endometrium revealed significant cycle-dependent variations in the activities of alkaline phosphatase, inorganic pyrophosphatase, and succinate-dehydrogenase as well as in the concentrations of soluble protein and glycogen, with maximum values being recordable on the tenth day of cycle. No significant intracyclic variations were recordable from the activities of acid phosphatase as well as of aspartate alanine-amino transferase.     

开菲尔粒菌相构成的研究

开菲尔乳的风味和特性与开菲尔粒的菌相组成密切相关,对来自波兰的开菲尔粒中的微生物菌相进行分离鉴定表明,该开菲尔粒主要由干酪乳杆菌(9株)、乳酸乳球菌乳酸亚种(6株)、肠膜明串珠菌右旋匍聚糖亚种(3株)、酿酒酵母(2株)以及巨大克鲁维氏酵母(5株)构成.     

Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) of intra- and extra-cranial vessels in dogs

Until recently intra- and extra-cranial vessels in dogs have been imaged using conventional X-ray or digital subtraction angiography. As both of these methods are surgically demanding and involve the use of complex equipment with potential risks for the animal, they are now mainly used in experimental work. In this study, a method for delineating the intra- and extra-cranial vessels of dogs using contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography (CE-MRA) has been examined. The MR images were acquired on a 1.5-T scanner after a bolus injection of gadolinium contrast medium. CE-MRA showed most of the major intra- and extra-cranial arteries and veins as well as most venous sinuses and plexuses of the brain. Difficulties may arise in differentiating between minor arterial and venous vessels as well as in the measurement of vessel diameter. More frequent use of this diagnostic method in clinical cases will indicate whether MRA of the head and brain is of as much use in veterinary medicine as it has become in human medicine. There is certainly potential value in detecting rare conditions in animals such as aneurysms and vascular malformations, as well as in examining vessels feeding intracranial masses and the investigation of cerebrovascular accidents.     

Comparison of live avirulent M-9, Minnesota, and CU fowl cholera vaccines

The M-9 and Minnesota (MN) avirulent Pasteurella multocida vaccines were evaluated and compared with the Clemson University (CU) vaccine, which had been shown to be highly effective in preventing fowl cholera in turkeys. Neither the M-9 nor the MN vaccine given in the drinking water was as effective as the CU vaccine in protecting turkeys against challenge with virulent P. multocida. When grown in brain-heart infusion (BHI) agar as recommended, the M-9 was not as efficacious as when it was grown in BHI broth. The M-9 was as effective as the CU vaccine only when grown in BHI broth and given at 10 times the standard dosage. Injection of the M-9 vaccine into the air spaces of the head at a site near the caudal rim of the ear after one vaccination in the drinking water was not as effective for hyperimmunizing potential breeders as was the CU vaccine injected at the same site. A microtiter agglutination test demonstrated a significant (P less than 0.05) correlation between the level of anti-P. multocida antibody found 1 week after vaccination and survival after challenge with virulent P. multocida.     

奶牛乳腺炎金黄色葡萄球菌新型疫苗研究进展

病原微生物感染是导致奶牛乳腺炎发生的最主要原因,其中金黄色葡萄球菌的带菌率最高。疫苗被认为是当前预防疫病传播并最终根除传染病的最有发展前景和最经济有效的方法和措施。随着基因工程、分子生物学、遗传学及免疫学等学科知识的迅猛发展,多种新型疫苗因为具有安全可靠、容易进行质量控制等优点正引起更多研究者的广泛关注,金黄色葡萄球菌新型疫苗的研究取得了长足进步,本文针对金黄色葡萄球菌新型疫苗加以综述。     

Tuberculosis in badgers; a review of the disease and its significance for other animals

This review examines the current state of knowledge of aspects of tuberculosis in the badger. The gross pathology and pathogenesis are elaborated as well as the immune mechanism, diagnosis of infection and excretion and viability of infected products. The epidemiology in badgers is considered, as is the significance of infection in this species for other wildlife species as well as domestic animals sharing the same habitat. Trials of the effects of the removal of badgers on the occurrence of tuberculosis in cattle are summarised. It is concluded that badgers are well adapted as the primary host of bovine tuberculosis in parts of Britain and much of Ireland.     

固始鸡不同品系及部分外来鸡种遗传多样性的微卫星分析

利用10个微卫星标记,对固始鸡5个系和4个非固始鸡品系共9个群体的等位基因频率、遗传杂合度、群体间的遗传距离等进行了分析,并根据遗传距离进行了聚类分析。结果表明:星红褐鸡与绿壳蛋鸡被聚为一类,固始鸡慢羽系与快羽系被聚为一类,固始鸡被聚为一大类,罗曼鸡自成一类,艾维茵鸡也自成一类。     

栀子中的营养活性物质及其组方在猪生产中的应用示例分析

文章就药食同源中草药栀子的营养活性物质及其抗菌、抗内毒素引起的炎症反应等生物活性进行了综述。并对以这些生物活性为基础的栀子示例组方及其组合效应进行了分析,旨在为新的替抗栀子饲料组学产品的研制提供新的思路。     

O型口蹄疫病毒VP1基因区序列系统发育树分型

从GenBank和世界口蹄疫参考实验室基因库(WRLFMD)下载O型FMDV全VP1序列共210条,其中23条为已知基因型序列,其他为未知基因型序列.利用分子生物学软件DNA Star中的ClustalW和TreeView工具,以已知基因型的VP1区序列构建系统发育树,验证分型结果与已知基因型是否一致.然后以已知基因型序列作为参照,将未知基因型序列与已知基因型序列一起构建系统发育树,以已知基因型序列在系统发育树中所处的位置,来判断未知基因型序列的归属,从而明确它们归属于何种基因型.结果表明,采用此种分型方法获得Cathay型74条、SEA型24条、EA型4条、WA型4条、Euro-SA型21条、ME-SA型68条、ISA-1型3条、ISA-2型2条,未能分型序列10条.     

Veterinarians as experts in court

General veterinarians such as veterinary officers act as experts at court. They are in so far part of the evidence. Due to his experience the veterinary expert shall give systematical uniform principles concerning even domains adjacent to the field of animal protection such as protection of animal epidemics and food cases, verifiable by science and university research. Examples for expert's topics as well as the requirements of expert reports are shown. According to paragraph 15 II Tierschutzgesetz (Animal Protection Act), as well as according to paragraph paragraph 63, 76 Ordnungswidrigkeitengesetz the experts participation in the proceeding is necessary. In consideration of paragraph paragraph 74, 22 Strafprozessordnung (Code of Criminal Proceedure) conflicts may arise because the veterinarian officer is self-contained investigator, witness as well as expert in the same proceeding. In general the veterinarian officer, who has been involved in the investigations must be excluded from expert activity in the same case. The veterinarian officers have to solve this problem by seperating tasks and functions within one legal case.     

植物乳杆菌微胶囊化的研究

为了保证足够的乳酸菌在动物肠道中发挥益生作用,试验以海藻酸钠、脱脂奶粉、乳糖为壁材,采用挤压包埋和冷冻干燥结合的方法对植物乳杆菌进行微胶囊化研究。通过正交试验找到最佳的微胶囊化条件及载体的添加量。结果表明,海藻酸钠浓度为3％,脱脂奶粉浓度为4％,乳糖浓度为6％,CaCl₂浓度为2％时,制备的微胶囊中活菌数最高,达到7.67×10¹⁰ CFU/g,且产品具有耐酸性。