海南岛东寨港红树林盐土的理化性状

采用常规方法研究了海南岛东寨港红树林盐土(酸性硫酸盐土)的理化性状。结果表明：各土层土粒密度平均值为2.2g/cm3，剖面上不同深度间变化小，有缓慢的下降趋势；平均土壤容重1.2g/cm3，大多数介于1.1～1.5g/cm3之间，属于粘质土壤；平均土壤含水量17.7%，不同土层无规律变化，剖面上绝大部分土层的土壤孔隙度在30%～60%之间，平均47.2%；土壤pH值为4.，平均有机质含量(质量分数)w为130.10g/kg；土壤水溶性盐分平均含量15.03g/kg(9.15～16.60g/kg)，硫酸根含量w(SO42-)平均为0.990g/kg，远高于当地其它土壤；平均有效磷含量为3.690mg/kg；水解性氮在不同深度的土壤剖面中分布无规律，平均值为49.022mg/kg；土壤速效钾含量高，平均值高达127.445mg/kg；土壤有效硫含量高，平均值高达118.740mg/kg，都明显高于其它土壤。     

液相色谱法测定甘蓝中啶虫脒残留

用乙腈提取样品,正己烷/丙酮作固相萃取淋洗液,两步净化后,采用液相色谱仪-紫外检测器进行甘蓝中啶虫脒残留量的分析测定。结果表明,该方法检出限为0.01 mg/kg。在0.10、0.50、1.00 mg/kg三个添加水平,回收率为82.2%～97.8%,相对标准偏差为2.1%～5.5%。     

液相色谱法测定香蕉中赤霉素残留

建立香蕉中赤霉素残留量的测定方法。样品经甲醇提取，使用石油醚进行脱色，经C18固相萃取小柱净化后，使用高效液相色谱法(紫外检测器)进行测定。方法检出限为0.1 mg/kg，在0.50～10.0 mg/kg添加水平，回收率为86% ～105%，相对标准偏差为2.0%～4.8%。     

河口县香蕉园土壤肥力状况分析

采用化学分析方法对河口县8个香蕉种植区的194个土壤样品的养分指标进行分析，结果表明：71.6%的土样pH值在正常范围内；有机质、水解氮、有效磷、速效钾、交换镁低于临界值20 g/kg、90 g/kg、10 mg/kg、100 g/kg、50 mg/kg的土样分别为23.2%、30.4%、59.3%、75.8%和63.9%；所有土样的有效铁、锌含量均高于临界值；少数样品的交换钙、有效铜、锰含量低于临界值。据此提出河口县香蕉园相应的施肥建议，对指导香蕉的合理施肥具有重要意义。     

气相色谱法测定香蕉和土壤中苯醚甲环唑残留

建立气相色谱法测定香蕉和土壤中苯醚甲环唑残留量的分析方法。样品经乙腈萃取，采用气相色谱法-氮磷检测器(GC-NPD)进行测定。方法的检出限为0.010 mg/kg，在0.02、0.20、1.00 mg/kg 3个添加水平，香蕉回收率为82%～105%，相对标准偏差为7.4%～10.7%；土壤回收率为80%～104%，相对标准偏差为5.1%～9.3%。方法的重复性较好。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定茶叶中灭草松及其代谢产物残留量

建立了超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定茶叶中灭草松及其代谢产物的快速检测方法。茶叶样品使用0.1%冰乙酸-甲醇混合溶液提取，上清液使用石墨化碳黑(GCB)、N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)、Mg SO₄组成的复合填料净化过滤后，经超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定，最后通过外标法定量。结果表明，在试验条件下，灭草松在0.001～0.010 mg/L含量范围内具有较好的线性关系，其代谢产物在0.000 2～0.002 0 mg/L含量范围内同样具有较好的线性关系，相关系数(R²)均大于0.995；本方法对灭草松的定量限为0.01 mg/kg，对两种代谢产物的定量限均为0.002 mg/kg。该方法操作简单、快捷、灵敏、精密度高、成本低，能够满足茶叶中灭草松及代谢物的检测需求。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定香蕉中吡虫啉和高效氯氰菊酯

建立了香蕉中吡虫啉和高效氯氰菊酯多残留分析方法。样品经1%乙酸乙腈提取,N-丙基乙二胺(PSA)和石墨化炭黑(GCB)净化,以甲醇和2mmol/L乙酸铵水溶液为流动相,进行梯度洗脱分离,采用电喷雾正离子源模式(ESI+),多反应监测(MRM)采集数据,基质匹配外标法定量。吡虫啉和高效氯氰菊酯在0.001～0.1mg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数r> 0.9991,方法检出限(LOD)为1 pg,定量限(LOQ)为0.01 mg/kg。在0.01、0.05、0.10 mg/kg3个添加水平下,吡虫啉和高效氯氰菊酯在香蕉中的回收率为84.91%～104.78%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为1.23%～9.69%。该法操作简单、灵敏度高、重现性好,适用于香蕉中吡虫啉和高效氯氰菊酯的残留量测定。     

在线凝胶色谱-气相色谱质谱测定菠菜中55种农药残留

运用在线凝胶色谱-气相色谱质谱联用(GPC-GC/MS)技术,建立一种快速、准确测定菠菜样品中55种农药残留的方法。样品用乙腈提取,经盐析、PSA净化后,使用GPC-GC/MS进行检测。结果表明：各组分分离良好,在0.025、0.05及0.10 mg/kg 3个添加水平,55种农药的回收率在81.3%～106.2%,相对标准偏差均低于10.3%;在0.01～0.5 μg/mL浓度范围内,线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.995 3;55种农药的检出限为0.005～0.5 μg/kg。该方法准确、灵敏、快速,可满足对菠菜中55种农药残留的检测需要。     

SPE-GC/MS法同时测定蔬菜中克百威和三羟基克百威残留

采用乙腈提取，经石墨化碳黑氨基复合柱净化，GC/MS测定，采用内标法定量，建立了蔬菜中克百威和三羟基克百威残留的SPE-GC/MS同时测定方法。克百威的添加质量分数为0.16、0.4、1.0 mg/kg，方法平均回收率为94.3%、99.1%、97.7%，变异系数在5.0%、4.7%、5.1%，检出限0.0016mg/kg；三羟基克百威添加质量数为0.16、0.4、1.0 mg/kg，方法平均回收率为96.3%、100. %、95.9%，变异系数4.0%、4.2%、8.7 %，检出限0.0012mg/kg。     

茉莉花产量与氮营养关系研究

[目的]研究茉莉花产量与土壤氮含量、植物氮含量的关系,为提高茉莉花产量提供氮营养管理科学依据。[方法]通过调查、采样、测试和统计分析,对横州茉莉花产量与氮营养关系进行系统研究。[结果]土壤全氮含量1.65～2.45 g/kg和水解氮含量51.20～124.19 mg/kg是高产地块的必要不充分条件。土壤水解氮含量与根、枝、叶、花氮和诸多营养元素含量均达到显著或极显著负相关关系,而在高产地块土壤水解氮含量51.20～124.19 mg/kg的必要不充分条件下,均未达到显著相关,说明当土壤水解氮含量超过124.19 mg/kg后,可能由于土壤水解氮含量过高引起其他养分的不均衡吸收,结果导致根、枝、叶、花氮和其他营养元素含量显著降低,此种情况下不利于高产。茉莉花叶硼含量与土壤全氮含量呈显著正相关,而高产地块叶硼含量差异不明显。[结论]高产地块土壤全氮含量和水解氮含量范围分别为1.65～2.45 g/kg和51.20～124.19 mg/kg;高产地块根、枝、叶、花氮和其他诸多营养元素的含量与土壤氮含量相关性不显著。     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Redox Status and Neuro Inflammation Indexes in Cerebellum and Motor Cortex of Wistar Rats Supplemented with Natural Sources of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Astaxanthin: Fish Oil,Krill Oil,and Algal Biomass

Health authorities worldwide have consistently recommended the regular consumption of marine fishes and seafood to preserve memory, sustain cognitive functions, and prevent neurodegenerative processes in humans. Shrimp, crabs, lobster, and salmon are of particular interest in the human diet due to their substantial provision of omega-3 fatty acids (n-3/PUFAs) and the antioxidant carotenoid astaxanthin (ASTA). However, the optimal ratio between these nutraceuticals in natural sources is apparently the key factor for maximum protection against most neuro-motor disorders. Therefore, we aimed here to investigate the effects of a long-term supplementation with (n-3)/PUFAs-rich fish oil, ASTA-rich algal biomass, the combination of them, or krill oil (a natural combination of both nutrients) on baseline redox balance and neuro-inflammation indexes in cerebellum and motor cortex of Wistar rats. Significant changes in redox metabolism were only observed upon ASTA supplementation, which reinforce its antioxidant properties with a putative mitochondrial-centered action in rat brain. Krill oil imposed mild astrocyte activation in motor cortex of Wistar rats, although no redox or inflammatory index was concomitantly altered. In summary, there is no experimental evidence that krill oil, fish oil, oralgal biomass (minor variation), drastically change the baseline oxidative conditions or the neuro-inflammatory scenario in neuromotor-associated rat brain regions.     

Potential of dry fractionation of wheat bran for the development of food ingredients,part II: Electrostatic separation of particles

Wheat bran is a composite material made of several layers, such as pericarp, testa and aleurone. It could be fractionated into purified fractions, which might either be used as food ingredients, or serve as a starting material for extraction of bioactive compounds. The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of using electrostatic separation as a way to obtain purified fractions from wheat bran. Ultrafine-ground bran obtained either by cryogenic grinding or by grinding at ambient temperature was used as starting material. The ultrafine bran was then charged by tribo-electrification and introduced in a chamber containing two high voltage electrodes, where bran particles were separated depending on their acquired charge, allowing positively and negatively charged fractions to be collected separately. The particle size distribution, microstructure and biochemical composition of the obtained fractions were studied. The charge of the particles was influenced by their biochemical composition: particles rich in highly branched and cross-linked arabinoxylans (pericarp) were separated from particles rich in β-glucan, ferulic acid and para-coumaric acid (aleurone cell walls). The testa and the intracellular compounds from aleurone were not highly charged, neither positively nor negatively. The most positively charged fraction represented 34% of the initial bran, and contained 62% of the ferulic acid present in the initial bran. The yield of the separation process was good (5.4% loss), and could be further increased.     

Pharmacokinetics of Marine-Derived Drugs

Marine organisms represent an excellent source of innovative compounds that have the potential for the development of new drugs. The pharmacokinetics of marine drugs has attracted increasing interest in recent decades due to its effective and potential contribution to the selection of rational dosage recommendations and the optimal use of the therapeutic arsenal. In general, pharmacokinetics studies how drugs change after administration via the processes of absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). This review provides a summary of the pharmacokinetics studies of marine-derived active compounds, with a particular focus on their ADME. The pharmacokinetics of compounds derived from algae, crustaceans, sea cucumber, fungus, sea urchins, sponges, mollusks, tunicate, and bryozoan is discussed, and the pharmacokinetics data in human experiments are analyzed. In-depth characterization using pharmacokinetics is useful for obtaining information for understanding the molecular basis of pharmacological activity, for correct doses and treatment schemes selection, and for more effective drug application. Thus, an increase in pharmacokinetic research on marine-derived compounds is expected in the near future.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

La pourriture fongique des tubercules de pomme de terre en atmosphère contrôlée

Résumé Fusarium culmorum et, dans une moindre mesure,F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes etCylindrocarpon sp. ont été isolés de tubercules entreposés en atmosphère contr?lée (AC) et atteints de pourriture grave. Des expériences d'inoculation de tubercules avec 10 espèces ou variétés fongiques et conservation en AC à 8 et 10°C ont montré que: 1) les champignons non pathogènes en atmosphère normale (ex.:Cylindrocarpon sp.) le devenaient en AC, 2) ceux qui étaient faiblement pathogènes en atmosphère normale étaient nettement plus virulents en AC (ex.:F. culmorum), 3) les espèces ou variétés virulentes en conditions d'air normales (Fusarium sulphureum etPhoma exigua var.foveata) ne provoquaient pas de pourriture plus grave en AC et leur activité pouvait même être légérement freinée.

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Summary The extensive rotting of tubers which occurred during storage trials in controlled atmospheres has led to a mycological and pathological study of the rots. The most frequently isolated species wasFusarium culmorum althoughF. avenaceum, F. Sambucinum, Coletotrichum coccodes and aCylindrocarpon sp. were also present. Tubers of cvs Bintje and Ulla were inoculated with 19 isolates of 10 fungal species or varieties associated with rotting of stored tubers (Table 1). The tubers were incubated at 8 or 10°C in normal or controlled (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂) atmospheres and the extent of rotting was determined a month later (Tables 2 and 3 and Fig. 2). Species which were weakly virulent in a normal atmosphere (variousFusarium spp. andPhoma exigua var.exigua) were clearly more aggressive in the controlled atmosphere and this was especially evident in the case ofF. culmorum. Species ot pathogenic in a normal atmosphere under experimental conditions (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp.,Phoma eupyrena) caused rotting in the controlled atmosphere. The two species which were virulent in a normal atmosphere (F. sulphureum andP. exigua var.foveata) were also virulent in the controlled atmosphere and in some cases the extent of rotting was even less. As a general rule, rotting caused by weakly virulent fungi was greater in both cultivars in the controlled than in a normal atmosphere.

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Zusammenfassung Eine starke F?ulnis von in Kontrotrollierter Atmosph?re gelagerten Kartoffelknollen veranlasste eine mykologische und pathologische Untersuchung. Der am h?ufigsten isolierte Pilz warFusarium culmorum. F. avenaceum, F. sambucinum, Colletotrichum coccodes undCylindrocarpon sp. wurden ebenfalls bestimmt. Neunzehn St?mme von 10 Pilzsorten oder-Arten welche bei Lagerf?ulnis vorkommen (Tab. 1) wurden auf Knollen der Sorten Bintje und Ulla inokuliert. Die Lagerung wurde bei 8 oder 10°C under Normalbedingungen oder kontrollierter Atmosph?re durchgeführt (2% O₂:1% CO₂, 2% O₂:6% CO₂, 2% O₂:12% CO₂, 6% O₂:6% CO₂). Der F?ulnisgrad (Abb. 1) wurde nach einem Monat bonitiert. Die Ergebnisse sind in den Tabellen 2 und 3 dargestellt und in der Abb. 2 illustriert. Unter in Normalbedingungen nur schwach virulente Arten (verschiedeneFusarien undPhoma exigua var. exigua) waren deutlich aktiver in kontrollierter Atmosph?re. Dies was besonders der Fall fürF. culmorum. Pilze, die im Versuch unter Normalbedingungen nicht pathogen waren (Colletotrichum coccodes, Cylindrocarpon sp., Phoma eupyrena), haben unter kontrollierter Atmosph?re Sch?den verursacht. Hingegen werden die beiden unter Normalbedingungen sehr pathogenen Arten (F. sulphureum undP., exigua var.foveata), durch kontrollierte Atmosph?re wenig beeinflusst. Es wurde sogar in einigen F?llen eine gewisse Verringerung des F?ulnisbefalls beobachtet. Ganz allgemein haben die getesteten kontrollierten Bedingungen die Entwicklung der Pilzf?ulnis an beiden Kartoffelsorten gef?rdert, speziell durch Pilzarten, welche unter Normal-bedingungen wenig Sch?den verursachen.