生物安全的由来及发展

第一次基因重组实验成功以来,现代生物技术迅猛发展,生物安全同时也成为国际社会争论和关注的焦点.本文介绍了生物安全的由来,并以主要国家和国际组织的相关立法情况为线索,阐述了生物安全问题的发展概况;介绍了生物安全的最新进展情况;最后指出了生物安全问题在立法管理上的最终发展趋势.     

动物性产品中药物残留的控制

概述了动物性产品中药物残留的危害及控制现状，提出了药物残留的控制措施，即：加快兽药残留莳立法，健全监控体系；养殖企业要大力发展绿色畜牧业，建立生物安全体系；开发中药饲料添加剂及自然畜产品名牌；开展国际合作与交流，加强药物残留分析方法的技术研究和引进。     

国际马术赛事中的生物安全管理要求

生物安全是保障国际马术赛事成功举办的先决条件。本文从国际马术场馆生物安全管理要求、赛事期间及运输途中生物安全管理要求等方面，概述了生物安全管理体系在国际马术赛事中的实际应用要点。在国际马术场馆生物安全管理中，需加强场馆硬件设施、场馆日常生物安全的管理；在赛事期间的生物安全管理中，需制定详细生物安全管理及应急计划、疫病防控及管理措施；在运输环节生物安全管理中，应提前做好详尽的运输计划等。本文为强化我国马术赛事中的生物安全管理，高质量开展马术相关赛事提供了参考。     

中医药本科院校生物安全教育情况调查与分析

为了解贵州中医药大学本科生的生物安全教育现状，以相关专业各年级本科生为调查对象，采用问卷调查的方式对23个涉及生物安全的问题进行调查，着重研究本科生对生物安全基本知识的了解程度，以及获得生物安全知识和接受生物安全教育方式的偏好性。结果：随着学年增加，本科生对生物安全基本知识的了解逐渐增加，但整体掌握程度还较低(平均得分<50分),需要进一步加强；获得生物安全知识的主要途径是“指导老师的讲解”和“基本知识的延伸”,符合本科生对生物安全知识的认知规律；获得生物安全知识的方式更倾向于通过“实验室演示”和“课堂讲授”,而对专家讲座和网络自学的认可度不高。结论：学校对本科生的系统性生物安全培训不够全面，需要拓宽学生获得生物安全知识的途径。可以通过开设和加强本科期间生物安全有关的理论和实践课程推进本科生的生物安全教育工作。     

我国养殖业生物安全现状与对策

生物安全涉及动物与人的生存生长，是全人类的问题，养殖业的生物安全是全球生物安全链中的一个关键环节。无论香港的禽流感、台湾的口蹄疫和大陆的瘦肉精，还是英国的疯牛病、比利时的二恶英、马来西亚的猪瘟、日本乙型脑炎和法国的李氏杆菌中毒等，无一不是全世界关注的问题；     

应用型本科院校动物医学专业实验教学中生物安全工作探析

随着人们对动物源性病原传染性和危害性研究的不断深入,动物医学实验教学过程中的生物安全问题也越来越受到重视。特别是我国已把生物安全纳入国家安全体系。应用型本科院校动物医学专业在实验教学过程与生物安全和公共安全息息相关。笔者结合动物医学专业实验教学中涉及到的相关实验和实际运行情况,简要介绍实验操作中可能出现的生物安全问题与应对措施。     

鸡病控制的几个重要问题

许多养鸡企业与养户生物安全体系不健全，主要问题表现为：1、缺乏一个有力的领导班子与队伍：缺乏生物安全的宏观控制规划；出现重大问题时找不到问题的根源与应采取的有效措施；生物安全措施得不到完全落实；经常发生同样的重大问题；每年因防疫方面的问题所造成的损失很大。     

全国兽医实验室生物安全管理总体状况良好

2009年2月以来，农业部组织各省级兽医主管部门对全国兽医实验室生物安全情况进行了专项检查，并组织对湖北省、上海市部分兽医实验室生物安全管理情况进行抽查。结果表明，全国兽医实验室生物安全管理总体状况良好，兽医实验室生物安全管理水平进一步提高。     

生物安全实验室及其管理初探

作者简要阐述了生物安全的涵义及建立生物安全实验室的必要性。在此基础上,重点介绍了P3实验室的生物安全防护方法,并对现有生物安全实验室管理中存在的一些问题提出了合理化的意见和建议。希望能对我国生物安全试验室的建设和管理有所裨益。     

养猪业中的疾病防制问题

养殖业中的疾病防制与生物安全密不可分，随着我国进入WTO，生物安全问题也就有了国际意义，对于具有巨大的猪肉出口市场的国家来说生物安全更是其主要的关注所在。据有关资料，２００１年我国已成为世界第二大饲料生产国，２００１年我国饲料总产量为８０２０万t，其中配合饲料６２００万t，浓料１４３０万t，添加剂预混料２９０万t。我国很多地方包括我省的一些地方已经开始向香港等地提供活猪及肉产品，我省要发展成畜牧业大省，各级政府和农业、畜牧部门正在采取各种措施加快养殖业硬件的建设，养殖业中的生物安全问题就显得尤其重要…     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -