Effect of Japan Sea climate on geographic distribution ofCastanopsis sieboldii andC. cuspidata

The geographic distributions ofCastanopsis sieboldii andCastanopsis cuspidata overlap each other on the Pacific coast of Japan, but on the Japan Sea coastC. sieboldii tends to dominate at similar temperatures. The authors attempted to explain this phenomenon by analyzing the effects of climatic factors. Nuts were collected from the Pacific and Japan Sea coasts of the Kinki and Chugoku districts, and the nut characteristics and the number of layers of epidermis in the leaves of the seedlings were investigated. The distribution ofC. sieboldii andC. cuspidata was satisfactorily explained by a multiple regression equation that was developed using three climatic factors: maximum snow depth in winter, lowest temperature in the coldest month, and annual mean temperature, out of fourteen such factors that were considered. The estimated distribution ofC. sieboldii andC. cuspidata from the multiple regression equation agreed with 66.2% of the actual observations.     

Isolation of phenylisoserine methyl ester from the leaves of Taxus cuspidata var. nana

From methanolic extracts of leaves of kyaraboku, Taxus cuspidata var. nana, phenylisoserine methyl ester (3) was isolated along with taxinine (1), taxol (2), sciadopitysin (4), ginkgetin (5), isorhamnetin (6), and quercetin (7). This is the first time that phenylisoserine methyl ester has been isolated from T. cuspidata var. nana. Compound 3 was also isolated from the ethanolic extracts of leaves of T. cuspidata var. nana. Furthermore, compound 3 was identified in methanolic extracts from the bark of this tree.     

A PRELIMINARY STUDY ON THE PHENOLOGY OF TAXUS CUSPIDATA SIEB.ET ZUCC.

lNTRODUCTION7twuscu3Pidalaisalsocalled'Japaneseyex`,ricetree,redCyPresspine,anditisaprecioustreeremainedoftheTertimpPeriod.ltmainl3'growsinthemountainareasoftheeastofl1ortheastof5o()-l()oOmabovesealcvel,t"itllcoldhumidacidsoiI.Itoftengrowsintheforest,enduresshadeandtvctsvers't'ellandgrowsslo.,1y.ItiscultivatedinShandong'Jial1gsh1-.Jiangxi,pro\IincesofChinaaswellasNorthKorca'RussiaandJapan,Thequalityol'itstimberisfinc.Thc\'einisstraight.Itstcxturcisfineandcloscal1drichinresilience.T…     

Phenolic constituents ofTaxus cuspidata I: lignans from the roots

The phenolic constituents of the roots ofTaxus cuspidata (Japanese yew) were investigated. Four lignans, [(+)-taxiresinol (1), (+)-lariciresinol (2), (–)-secoisolariciresinol (3), and (+)-pinoresinol (4)] were isolated and identified. The assignment of proton and carbon atoms for the lignans were finally solved by one- and twodimensional-nuclear magnetic resonance spectra. The enantiomeric excess of these lignans were determined by chiral high-performance liquid Chromatographic analyses. (+)-Lariciresinol and (–)-secoisolariciresinol were optically pure; (+)-taxiresinol was also suggested to be optically pure, although (+)-pinoresinol was not (77% enantiomeric excess).     

Structure identification for compound I separated and purified fromtaxoids-produced endophytic fungi （Alternaria. alternata var. taxi 1011）

Endophytic fungi are widely found in almost all kinds of plants. Many endophytic fungi can produce some physio-logical active compounds, which are same to or analog to those isolated from their hosts. Producing physiological active compounds through microbial fermentation can give a new way to resolve resource limitation and to find out alternative source.Through the methods of organic solvent extraction, thin layer chromatography (TLC) and column chromatography, compound I was isolated, purified from the liquid fermentation metabolites of the taxoids-produced endophytic fungi (Altemaria. altemata var.taxi 1011 Y. Xiang et LU An-guo) that was screened from the bark of Taxus. cuspidata Sieb.et Zucc.. Compound I was identified as one kind of taxoids type Ⅲ, based on the analyzing results by using the methods of ultraviolet spectroscopy (UV), infrared spectroscopy (IR), mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). This study provides a completed method for separation and purification of the endophytic fungi as well as structure identification of its fermentation metabolite     

Allelopathy in agroforestry systems: the effects of leaf extracts ofCupressus lusitanica and threeEucalyptus spp. on four Ethiopian crops

The potential allelopathic effect ofCupressus lusitanica, Eucalyptus globulus, E. camaldulensis andE. saligna on seed germination, radicle and seedling growth was investigated with four crops:Cicer arietinum (chickpea),Zea mays (maize),Pisum sativum (pea) andEragrostis tef (teff). Aqueous leaf extracts of all the tree species significantly reduced both germination and radicle growth of the majority of the crops mostly starting from concentrations of 1% or 2.5%. The shoot and root dry weight increase of the crops was significantly reduced after 10 weeks treatment with leaf extracts. Among the four crops, chickpea and teff were most susceptible with respect to germination, and teff with respect to growth. From the overall data the leaf extracts of the four tree species can be arranged according to increasing allelopathic potential:C. lusitanica, E. globulus, E. saligna andE. camaldulensis. It is suggested that the planting ofE. camaldulensis andE. saligna in integrated land use systems should be minimized, whereas the use ofC. lusitanica andE. globulus seems less environmentally damaging in this respect.     

Arrangement of cortical microtubules in compression wood tracheids of Taxus cuspidata visualized by confocal laser microscopy

Cortical microtubules (MTs) in differentiating compression wood tracheids of Taxus cuspidata stems were visualized by confocal laser microscopy. They were oriented obliquely at an angle of about 45° to the tracheid axis during formation of the secondary wall. Artificial inclination altered the pattern of alignment of MTs. Banding MTs were helically oriented late during the formation of the secondary walls. These results indicate that MTs might control the orientation and localized deposition of cellulose microfibrils in the secondary walls of compression wood tracheids.Part of this report was presented at the 46th annual meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kumamoto, April 1996     

Antifungal activities of compounds isolated from the leaves of Taxus cuspidata var. nana against plant pathogenic fungi

Antifungal activities of seven compounds, taxinine (1), paclitaxel (2), phenylisoserine methyl ester (3), sciadopitysin (4), ginkgetin (5), isorhamnetin (6), and quercetin (7), isolated from the leaves of kyaraboku, Taxus cuspidata var. nana, against five plant pathogenic fungi, Gibberella fujikuroi, Cladosporium cucumeninum, Fusarium oxysporum, Colletotrichum fragariae, and Corynespora cassiicola, were investigated for utilization of extractives from trees of the genus Taxus. Also, the amounts of compounds 2 and 3 on the leaf surface was measured in relation to the antifungal activities of compounds. Taxinine (1) showed antifungal activity against G. fujikuroi, C. cucumeninum, F. oxysporum, and C. cassiicola. The minimum inhibitory concentration of taxinine for the four fungi was 0.4mol. In addition, from the results of antifungal tests, it may be concluded that paclitaxel on the leaves and stem of T. cuspidata var. nana does not play an important role as an antifungicide in the resistance of trees to plant pathogenic fungal attack.     

间作玉米对南方红豆杉幼苗生长的影响

研究了间作玉米对南方红豆杉幼苗生长的影响。结果表明：有玉米间作较无玉米间作的苗圃地南方红豆杉幼苗成活率提高6．66％,主梢生长提高29．68％,侧梢生长提高11．74％;主梢和侧梢生长规律不同,主梢的生长节律为双峰型,而侧梢为单峰型,速生期出现的时间也有差异。     

Identification of Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc. endophytic fungi-new species, species known and their metabolite

A total of 94 isolates of endophytic fungi were isolated from the bark of 200-yr.-old Taxus cuspidata Sieb. et Zucc.in the primeval forest of the Changbai Mountain Natural Reserve, and 19 species of endophytic fungi were identified, including 10 new recorded-genus-species, 2 new species (Phomopsis Iongiscoleosporu Y. Xiang et Lu An Guo Wu Wen Fang, Coniothyrium macrospoum Y. Xiang J.X. et Lu An Guo Wu Wen Fang), 1 new varied species (Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler var. taxi Y.Xiang et Lu An Guo) and 6 known species of China (Eurotium amstelodomi Mgngin, Eurotium repens de Bary, Botrytis sp.,Penicillium citrinum Thom, Epicoccum nigrium LinK, Fusarium sp.). Through thin layer chromatography (TLC), liquid fermentation metabolite of the strains was determined, and four strains (Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler var. taxi Y. Xiang et Lu An Guo Wu Wen Fang, Botrytis sp., Eurotium amsteloodomi Mgngin, Eurotium repens de Bary) were screened out, whose metabolites reacted positively with the vanillic aldehyde that was one special taxoid developer. Among the four strains, Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler var. taxi Y. Xiang et Lu An Guo, produced one compound largely, which positively reacted with one alkaloids developer-Bismuth potassium iodide. The compound is identified as taxoids type through spectrum analysis. This demonstrates that Alternaria alternata (Fr.) Keissler var. taxiY. Xiang et Lu An Guo can highly produce taxoids largely.     

Lateral female strobili production in a Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) clone by exogenous cytokinin application

Application ofN ⁶-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and gibberellin (GA₃) to a grafted Japanese red pine (Pinus densiflora Sieb. et Zucc.) clone promoted flowering. BAP (250 mg/l) was sprayed five times to the top of branches in July or September 1992. GA₃ (100 or 500 mg/l) was applied five times to the whole plants by spray treatment during the above period, or GA₃ solution of the same concentration was injected once into a small incision made in the main stem of clone trees at the beginning of July or the middle of September 1992. In May 1993, no apical female strobili were observed at the top of the new shoots in any treatment. However, lateral female and bisexual strobili were produced in the lower part of new shoots by BAP application in September, regardless of GA₃ application. BAP applied in September without GA₃ application was sufficient to produce lateral female and bisexual strobili. In such treatment, production of female and bisexual strobili was 47 and 25, and they occurred in 16 out of 68 new shoots, 11 out of 15 treated branches and 5 out of 5 treated trees. The average number of female and bisexual strobili per new shoot was 1.06. BAP treatment either in July or in September significantly decreased (p<0.05) the production of male strobili. These results indicate that BAP application induces the development of lateral female strobili in Japanese red pine when applied during the period of floral differentiation. A part of this paper was presented at the 105th annual meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society.     

东北红豆杉的组织培养技术研究

为了得到珍贵药用植物东北红豆杉的组织培养快繁技术，以MS基本培养基为基础，加入不同质量浓度的6-BA、KT、IBA、NAA等植物激素对东北红豆杉的茎尖和休眠枝进行组织培养。结果表明：东北红豆杉茎尖的芽分化与生长对不同质量浓度的激素不太敏感。IBA和NAA对茎尖分化无明显差异，6-BA较有利于芽的生长分化，而KT有利于产生愈伤组织。     

The process of decline of an endangered tree species,Pinus armandii Franch. var.amamiana (Koidz.) Hatusima, on the southern slope of Mt. Hasa-dake in Yaku-shima Island

The process of decline of an endangered tree species,Pinus armandii var.amamiana, was monitored on the southern slope of Mt. Hasa-dake in Yaku-shima Island from 1994 to 1998. There are 163 trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana over 1.3 m in height. They are distributed on steep ridges and rocks with a thin soil layer mostly consisting of friable granite. During the monitoring period, 21 trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana died and the mortality rate was 12.9%. Dead trees were categorized into three types: standing, uprooted and landslide. The uprooted- and landslide-typed dead trees were found only after a severe typhoon struck Yaku-shima Island. This suggests that the combination of fragile site conditions and severe typhoons play an important role in the process of decline ofP. armandii var.amamiana. The standing-typed dead trees were presumed to have been killed by pine wilt disease, accounting for 71.4% of the dead trees. However,Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the cause of pine wilt disease, was not detected from any of the wood chips or branch samples from the standing-typed dead trees ofP. armandii var.amamiana. This might indicate that some factor(s) other than pine wilt disease could be responsible for the standing-typed death ofP. armandii var.amamiana in natural habitats. A part of this paper was presented at the 109th Meeting of the Japanese Forestry Society.     

Assessment of factors affectingin vitro shoot regeneration from axillary bud explant ofCamptotheca acuminata

Axillary buds from 3-yr.-old seedlings ofCamptotheca acuminata in the greenhouse were cultured on the different basal media with different concentrations of growth regulators for shoot regeneration for studying the effects of different basal media, different concentrations of growth regulators (BA or TDZ), sucrose, agar and pH value on shoot regeneration from axillary bud. The results showed that B5 and WPM media were the optimal basal media and the optimal phyotohormone was BA of 1.0 mg/L or TDZ of 0.1 mg/L; The concentrations of sucrose of 30g/L and agar of 6g/L were most suitable for the shoot regeneration; pH value from 5.8 to 6.6 were broadly effective, but the best at pH 5.8. Foundation item: The research was supported by the Key Project of Chinese Ministry of Education (03061) and Supported by Application Fund of Agricultural Research Production (03EFN216700297). Biography: Wang Hui-mei (1973-), female, Ph.D., Lecturer in Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, P.R. China. Responsible editor: Zhu Hong     

屏边空竹四季出笋及幼竹生长发育规律研究

[目的]揭示屏边空竹的发笋、退笋和幼竹生长规律。[方法]定点观测了30丛屏边空竹周年的出笋、退笋、秆高及地径生长数据,运用SPSS软件分析评价了不同季节出笋及幼竹生长规律。[结果](1)屏边空竹笋期历时9个月左右(从9月至次年5月),根据出笋量的差异可分为初期、盛期和末期,春季最多而夏季最少;其中5丛(16. 67%)每季出笋,具有四季发笋的习性。(2)退笋率随着笋期逐渐增加,在出笋末期达到最高,为87. 76%。(3)笋-幼竹高生长约130 d完成,平均秆高达6. 36 m;呈现"慢-快-慢"的生长规律,生长曲线可用三次曲线方程描述:H=0. 806-0. 029t+0. 001t2-5. 894×10-6t3,R2=0. 980。(4)地径的生长历时16 d左右,平均地径为18. 50 mm,也呈现"慢-快-慢"的生长规律。[结论]屏边空竹发笋期长约9个月,具有四季发笋的习性,但各季节出笋量差异显著;秆高和地径呈现"慢-快-慢"的生长规律。     

New parasitoids of<Emphasis Type="Italic"> Saperda populnea</Emphasis> (L.) (Col. Cerambycidae) in Bulgaria

The parasitoid complex of Saperda populnea (L.) (Col., Cerambycidae) was studied during the period 2002–2003 at different sites in Bulgaria. Galls containing cerambycid larvae were collected on branches of aspen (Populus tremula L.), goat willow (Salix caprea L.) and hybrid poplars and were studied under laboratory conditions. As a result, four new species for the parasitoid complex of S. populnea in Bulgaria were recorded: Dolichomitus tuberculatus (Geoffroy), Xylophrurus lancifer (Gravenhorst), Gelis ornatulus (Thomson) (Hym., Ichneumonidae) and Dendrocerus serricornis (Boheman) (Hym., Megaspilidae). D. serricornis and G. ornatulus are new species for Bulgarian fauna. D. tuberculatus and X. lancifer were found as primary parasitoids, and G. ornatulus and D. serricornis as hyperparasitoids. The primary parasitoids developed solitarily in the host larvae. D. serricornis was reared gregariously from a puparium of Billaea irrorata (Meig.) (Dipt., Tachinidae). The host of G. ornatulus was not identified, but the hyperparasitid could be connected with Iphiaulax impostor (Scop.) (Hym., Braconidae). The mortality of S. populnea caused by the parasitoids was 2.0–6.3%.     

Growth response ofMelaleuca cajuputi to flooding in a tropical peat swamp

We investigated the growth response ofMelaleuca cajuputi Powell to flooding at 3 sites in a tropical swamp in southern Thailand. The relative growth rate (RGR) in height tended to be higher where the water level was higher. The maximumRGR in height was achieved during the flood period at the 2 sites where water levels were higher than at the other site. The height growth ofM. cajuputi was not reduced by flooding, but enhanced. No decline in growth due to post-anoxic injury was observed after flooding.Melaleuca cajuputi may have mechanisms to tolerate rhizospheric oxygen deficiency and to avoid post-anoxic injury. This study was supported by a Grant-in-Aid for Basic Research (No. 09NP0901) from the Ministry of Education, Science, Sports, and Culture of Japan.     

矮紫杉营养器官的生长规律研究

为了更好 地认识矮 紫杉 营 养 器官 的 生 长规 律, 于１９９５ ～１９９６ 年定 株 对 其进 行 了研 究。结果表 明： 矮紫 杉的地径 生长缓 慢, 在年 生长周期 中有两 次生长高 峰, 而１ ａ 生枝 径相对生 长较快。枝 条的高 生长时间 较短, 从４ 月 上旬开 始到６ 月上 旬结 束, 整 个生 长过 程呈 单峰 曲线,且顶枝 的生长明 显地快 于侧枝。     

Wheat cultivation in association with Acacia nilotica (L.) Willd ex. Del. field bund plantation — a case study

The paper presents the results of a case study conducted to find out the influence of single row bund plantation of Acacia nilotica var. juquemontii on the growth and yield of associated wheat crop under irrigated conditions in Haryana, India. The indications are that the tree line does affect all crop parameters like height growth, shoot numbers, ear length, grain number and grain yield in the vicinity of trees upto 4 m distance from the tree line and establishes that as the distance from the tree line increases the growth and yield of wheat crop also improves. The effect on wheat crop was found more pronounced in the plots laid out towards the middle of the tree line as compared to plots towards the outer border.