菲律宾蛤仔苗种土池中间培育及越冬生产试验

利用26000m2(39亩)和31349m2(47亩)2个养虾池,分别移入在室内培育的菲律宾蛤仔壳顶后期幼虫和双水管稚贝各80亿粒和9.7亿粒,经土池中间培育、越冬后,共生产出2 000-3 000粒／500g幼贝7.9亿粒,成活率分别达到4.5％和4.3％。     

菲律宾蛤仔苗种土池中问培育及越冬生产试验

利用26000m^2(39亩)和31349m^2(47亩)2个养虾池，分别移入在室内培育的菲律宾蛤仔壳顶后期幼虫和双水管稚贝各80亿粒和9．7亿粒，经土池中间培育、越冬后，共生产出2000—3000粒／500g幼贝7．9亿粒，成活率分别达到4．5％和4．3％。     

硬壳蛤土池人工育苗技术

本试验对硬壳蛤（Mercenaria mercenaria Linnaeus）进行规模化土池人工育苗,包括亲贝培育、苗池清整、基础饵料培养、人工催产、浮游幼虫及稚幼贝培育、水质监测和敌害防除等。硬壳蛤土池育苗面积60亩,经过近7个月的人工培育,共培育苗种8.25亿粒（平均规格2861粒/kg）,每亩产蛤苗1375.68万粒,亩利润20675元。     

温度和盐度对菲律宾蛤仔稚贝生长及发育的影响

本文叙述了，在室内控制条件下，温度和盐度对菲律宾蛤仔稚贝生长及发育的影响。蛤仔稚贝生长的适宜水温为15—30℃，其中以25℃为最好。在此温度范围内，稚贝生长迅速，成活率高达80％以上。稚贝对10℃以下的低温有强的忍耐性，也能忍耐35℃的高温，其死亡的临界温度在40℃左右。稚贝生长的适宜盐度为14．0—33．5‰，最适盐度是20．5‰左右。在此盐度范围内，稚贝发育整齐，成活率高达85％以上。生长的盐度下限和上限分别为7．5‰和40．0‰左右。幼虫变态的适宜盐度在20．5～33．5‰之间，在此盐度范围内，幼虫成活率为65％以上。盐度在27‰时幼体的成活率最高，达到92．5％。幼虫变态的盐度下限为7．5‰左右，而上限则在于40．0—46．5‰之间。     

滩涂与土池进行菲律宾蛤仔稚贝中间育成的效果比较

2001年、2002年8～11月分别比较滩涂与土池暂养的菲律宾蛤仔稚贝密度、总平均日生长速度、损耗率。两年的试验结果分别为:24万枚/m2、0.042 mm/d、95.8％;26万枚/m2、0.093mm/d、20.2％。综合分析结果表明:稚贝土池中间育成比滩涂育成效果更好。     

波纹巴非蛤人工育苗技术

本试验参照波纹巴非蛤在自然海区中的生长繁殖以及幼体发育习性,开展土池生态育苗.在室内水泥池进行催产和浮游期以及附着后稚贝的培育.在稚贝生长至壳长1.Omm的幼贝后,移人准备好的土池中培育,解决了稚贝在水泥池中培育遇到的饵料和环境条件制约瓶颈.通过3年的摸索,在2010年度,培育出平均壳长9.70毫米,平均体重0.117...     

杂色蛤仔浮游幼虫阶段的食性研究

杂色蛤仔浮游幼虫阶段的食性研究安永菊李曰中（营口市水产科学研究所）本实验是在室内条件下，使用几种单胞藻为饵料，做了较系统的对比试验，其结果，可为杂色蛤土池人工育苗幼虫培养的饵料品种提供参考。一、材料与方法（一）材料面盘幼虫：用阴干、流水刺激种贝获得精...     

菲律宾蛤仔稚贝最适生长环境条件的响应面法分析

为考察温度(T)、盐度(S)、pH及三者交互作用对菲律宾蛤仔稚贝期壳长生长的影响,使用Design-Expert 7.0软件采用BBD(Box-Behnken Design)实验设计方案,进行响应面分析,寻找最适生长条件组合,并构造蛤仔稚贝壳长生长模型。实验进行30 d对蛤仔稚贝壳长(L)进行测量。实验条件梯度设计为温度(30℃、25℃、20℃)、盐度(15、20、25)、pH[(7.00±0.09)、(8.00±0.09)、(9.00±0.09)]。结果显示:(1)温度在实验区间内与蛤仔稚贝壳长生长呈一定的正相关,在30℃附近达到壳长极值,盐度在实验区间内也与壳长生长呈一定正相关,但在接近25时达到壳长极值,pH在8～9时出现壳长极值,略偏碱性水体有利于蛤仔稚贝生长。(2)温度、盐度及pH三者间对蛤仔稚贝生长无显著交互作用(P>0.05)。通过Design-Expert 7.0软件对数据进行二次多元回归拟合,得到蛤仔稚贝壳长Y对编码自变量A、B和C的二次多元回归方程:Y=4.08+0.10A+0.18B+0.11C-0.055A2-0.13B2-0.12C2(R2=0.977 4),软件模拟最适蛤仔稚贝生长的条件组合为[T=29.65℃,S=23.35,pH=(8.46±0.09)]。     

杂色蛤仔垦区育苗中浮游幼虫与稚贝的培育

福建省在20世纪80年代初期建立了杂色蛤仔(Venerupis variegata)土池育苗的技术工艺，此后，逐步向大面积的垦区育苗发展，并在生产实践巾不断完善育苗工艺，苗种产量亦随之提高。本文根据笔者l998～2002年在福建省福清、平潭两地蛤苗生产中积累的经验，介绍杂色蛤仔垦区育苗中浮游幼虫与稚贝培育各主要环节的技术要点。     

不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔的选择反应及现实遗传力

对不同地理群体的3龄菲律宾蛤仔(Pp莆田群体、Dp大连群体、Tp东京群体)进行了混合选择。测量了各实验组的壳长,计算了不同地理群体菲律宾蛤仔的选择反应和现实遗传力。结果表明,3个地群体菲律宾蛤仔子代的上选组壳长显著大于对照组(P<0.05)。在不同生长发育阶段,菲律宾蛤仔的选择反应(R)和现实遗传力(hR2)随着日龄的增大而减小,即R幼虫培育期0.804±0.084>稚贝期0.705±0.039>养成期0.671±0.024;hR2幼虫期0.458±0.051>稚贝期0.402±0.025>养成期0.382±0.013。从总体水平上分析,菲律宾蛤仔R为0.726±0.1074,莆田群体、大连群体、东京群体的R分别为0.758±0.101、0.690±0.049、0.732±0.059;hR2为0.414±0.044,莆田群体、大连群体、东京群体的hR2分别为0.432±0.058、0.393±0.028、0.417±0.033。地理群体间的R和hR2次序为莆田群体>东京群体>大连群体,且彼此间无显著差异。     

3种淡水鱼肉中Ca、Te、Cu、Ze含量测定

采用原子吸收光谱仪对鲫、鲢、草鱼肌肉中Ca、Fe、Cu、Zn元素含量进行测量。样品用干法灰化和湿法消解。结果表明3种淡水鱼肉中微量元素含量丰富,其中草鱼中Ca含量高,鲢中cu含量高,鲫中Fe含量高。ca的加标回收率95％～108％,相对标准偏差RSD〈5．0％;Fe的加标回收率92％～109％,RSD〈2．4％;Zn的加标回收率94％-111％,RSD〈1．1％;Cu的加标回收率109％～113％,RSD〈2．4％。     

Double-Cropping Malaysian Prawns,Macrobrachium rosenbergii,and Red Swamp Crawfish,Procambarus clarkii

Prawns, "Macrobrachium rosenbergii," and crawfish, "Procambarus clarkii," were alternatively grown in ponds to determine if they were compatible and if total production could be increased. Brood crawfish were stocked into replicated ponds at rates of 0,60, 120 or 180 kg/ha on 18 April. Water was removed to encourage burrowing. Following this, rice was planted as forage. Post-larval prawns (0.02 g) were stocked 3 July in all ponds at 17,500/ha. Prawns in half the ponds were fed and those in the other ponds were not. Ponds were drained from 7 to 11 October. Prawn production ranged from 157 to 248 kg/ha; survival ranged from 69% to 88%, and average size ranged from 11 to 7 g. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between fed and non-fed treatments. The ponds were reflooded and crawfish were harvested by trapping from 15 January to 15 May. The average yield of crawfish ranged from 746 to 1,266 kg/ha. Stocking rate had no effect of crawfish yields (P > 0.25). Total yield, with prawns and crawfish combined, ranged from 1,037 to 1,237 kg/ha. Overall, prawns and crawfish were compatible in rotation. Prawns were a good size for soft shell production during months when crawfish are not available for soft shell production.     

The immune response of rainbow trout, Salmo gairdneri Richardson, to the haemoflagellate, Cryptobia salmositica Katz, 1951

Abstract. Rainbow trout that recovered from experimental Cryptobia salmositica infection 6 and 10 weeks earlier were protected against multiple intraperitoneal challenges of 50 000 and 10 000 parasites isolated from infected fish. The immunity was non-sterile; low parasitaemias were detected following a larger challenge (112 000 parasites). The indirect haemagglutination test was used to detect C. salmositica -specific agglutimns. Antibody titers increased during the first 18 weeks of infection. The infectivity of cultured C. salmositica was neutralized by incubation in heat-inactivated immune plasma. Infectivity of C, salmositica from infected fish was not neutralized by similar treatment. Complement fixing antibody was detected using the in vitro immune lysis test. Immune lysis occurred when cultured C. salmositica were used. Adoptive transfer of both leucocytes and plasma from immune fish conferred partial protection against the parasite in naive recipients. Complement fixing antibody may be important during early acute infection while phagocytosis may be important during the later chronic phase.     

Habitat preference,distribution and growth of postlarvae,juvenile and pre-adult Indian white shrimp,Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards,in Ghubat Hasish Bay,Gulf of Masirah,Sultanate of Oman

Abstract An investigation of postlarvae, early juveniles and pre-adult Indian white shrimp, Penaeus indicus H. Milne Edwards, in Ghubat Hasish Bay around Mahawt Island in the Gulf of Masirah was carried out from January 1991 to December 1992. Peak abundance of postlarvae and juveniles was observed during March and April. The size of newly recruited postlarvae ranged from 9 to 11 mm total length. The highest concentration of postlarvae and early juveniles occurred in muddy substratum covered by mangrove detritus. Postlarvae and juvenile densities varied significantly between years, seasons and habitats. The main fishery recruitment observed in late August and early September resulted from the major postlarval abundance peaks in March and April. Growth rates of postlarvae, juveniles and pre-adult shrimp of the main cohort recruited in March were calculated. During the peak fishing season (September to November), pre-adults were concentrated at depths of 3–5 m in muddy substrata south-west of Mahawt Island. An environmental impact study is recommended in this area prior to the proposed harbour development at Mahawt.     

Ration level for salmonids: I. Growth, survival, body composition, and feed conversion in Atlantic salmon fry and fingerlings

Twelve groups of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.), raised in fibre-glass tanks, were fed at 12 ration levels for 7 periods, each period lasting 28 days. The basic ration level was calculated from an expected maximum growth rate, depending on fish size and water temperature. This level was defined as “level 1.00”. The experimental ration levels varied from 0.50 to 3.25 in intervals of 0.25.

During the start-feeding period there was an average survival rate of 95%. After the remaining 6 periods the group which was fed least had a survival rate of 48%. The other groups had an average survival rate of 81%. In all 7 periods, increasing the ration levels from 0.50 to 1.00 resulted in increased growth. A further increase in ration level did not result in extra growth. The weight distribution of the fingerlings was bimodal, with the majority of fish in the scantiest fed groups being in the lower mode. The majority of the fish in the adequately fed groups were distributed in the upper mode.

The water temperature varied from 10 to 17°C, and the thermal sum was 2430 day-degrees. The average final weight of the fish which received ration levels from 1.00 to 3.25 was 28.3 g, while the fish on the scantiest ration weighed only 9.6 g at the end of the study. The feed conversion rate, which was 0.9–1.0 kg dry feed/kg growth for the two underfed groups, ranged from 1.0 to 3.0 in the other groups. The chemical composition of the fish varied according to fish size and ration level.     

Seasonal distribution, age, growth, and reproductive biology of marbled sole Pleuronectes yokohamae in Tokyo Bay, Japan

ABSTRACT:   The seasonal distribution, age, growth and reproductive biology of marbled sole Pleuronectes yokohamae (Günther) from Tokyo Bay, Japan were studied. A clear seasonal distribution trend was observed, with P. yokohamae limited to the south of the bay in summer and expanding almost throughout the bay in other seasons. The formation and dynamics of hypoxic areas in the bay limited the northward distribution of P. yokohamae in summer. Age was determined by counting growth rings on otoliths; maximum ages were found to be 5 years for males and 6 years for females. The mean back-calculated length for females at each estimated age was greater than that for males. Growth of males and females was shown by the von Bertalanffy growth equations. Reproductive biology was studied on the basis of gonadosomatic indices and histological sections of gonads. The spawning season lasted from November to March, peaking in December and January. Sixty per cent of males at 1 year and all males ≥ 2 years had mature testes, whereas 6.7% of females at 1 year, 58.3% of females at 2 years, and all females ≥ 3 years had attained maturity.     

The piracatinga,Calophysus macropterus,production chain in the Middle Solimões River,Amazonas, Brazil

Piracatinga, Calophysus macropterus Lichtenstein, was not exploited in Brazil until the early 2000s, when fish pressure increased markedly due to growing demands. The methods for capturing piracatinga involve the use of caiman and dolphin carcasses as bait; and the growing organization of the hunting and marketing of these animals raises concern. This study describes the production chain of piracatinga fishing in the region of the middle Solimões River, in Brazilian Amazonia. It was conducted in 19 local communities of the Mamirauá Reserve; data were collected from 50 individuals involved in the activity, divided into eight categories within the production chain. The production of piracatinga reaches its peak in the first months of the closed season for other fishes. The average profit margins of the activity between 2011 and 2013 were higher than those of other artisanal fishing activities, but they varied from 38% of losses by event to profits of 90%. The use of corrals and baits from aquatic vertebrates in piracatinga fishing are exclusive to this activity. It is important to develop participatory and sustainable options, such as the use of commercial fishes as bait or the engagement of the people involved in legal activities.     

Glucose-stimulated lipolysis in rainbow trout,Oncorhynchus mykiss,liver

Rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, were used to characterize further the influence of glucose on hepatic lipolysis. Liver was removed from fed fish, cut into 1 mm³ pieces and incubated for up to 5 h in Hanks medium containing either 2 mM, 5.5 mM, 10 mM, or 25 mM glucose. Glucose-stimulated lipolysis was indicated by tissue triacylglycerol (TG) lipase activity and by medium concentrations of glycerol and fatty acids (FA). Triacylglycerol lipase activity in liver pieces incubated in the presence of higher concentrations (25 mM) of glucose was significantly higher than that in liver pieces incubated in lower concentrations (2 mM) of glucose, rising from 0.075 ± 0.002 (mean ± SEM) nmol FA released/h/mg protein to 0.092 ± 0.004 units. Similarly, higher concentrations of glucose stimulated significantly more FA release and glycerol release from liver pieces than that stimulated by lower concentrations of glucose. Glycerol release from liver pieces incubated in the presence of 10 mM glucose and 25 mM glucose was ca. 2-fold to 2.8-fold, respectively, higher than that from liver pieces incubated in the presence of either 2 mM or 5.5 mM glucose. Fatty acid release from liver pieces incubated in the presence of 10 mM or 25 mM glucose was ca. 1.8-fold higher than that from liver pieces incubated in the presence of either 2 mM or 5.5 mM glucose. Notably, increased glycerol release was not accompanied by a parallel increase in FA. Fatty acid reesterification was more pronounced in liver pieces exposed to higher glucose (10 mM and 25 mM) than in liver pieces exposed to lower glucose (2 mM and 5.5 mM). ¹⁴C-incorporation studies indicated that glucose serves as a carbon source for reesterified FA in trout liver. The route of reesterification appears to be from glucose to glycerophosphate to phosphatidic acid to diacylglycerol to TG. Increasing concentrations of glucose did not affect glycerol kinase activity, indicating that glucose-stimulated lipolysis was not accompanied by increased glycerol recycling within the liver. These results suggest that glucose stimulates fatty acid reesterification and directly enhances net lipolysis in trout liver incubated in vitro.A part of this study was presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Zoologists, December 26–30, 1991, Atlanta, GA.     

Reproductive biology of a tropical catfish, Mystics nemurus Cuvier & Valenciennes, in Chenderoh reservoir, Malaysia

Abstract. The reproductive biology of a popular and abundant freshwater catfish, Mystus nemurus Cuvier & Valenciennes, was examined, including sex ratio, gonadosomatic index, ova diameter and fecundity. The numerical ratio of male to female was 1:1.06 and was not significantly different (P > 0.05). Mean female gonadosomatic indices (GSI) in April and September corresponding to north-east and south-west monsoons were significantly different (P < 0.05) from the dry season (May, June, July and August). Thus the apparent GSI maxima in April and September were indicative of peak spawning period. However, there were no significant differences (P > 0.05) in the fluctuation of the measure of GSI except for those in the dry months, which probably suggested the existence of a protracted breeding season. Mean male GSI in February and November were similarly significant (P < 0.05) to the dry season, although not statistically different (P > 0.05) from those of January, March, April, July, August, October and November. This was probably attributable to an extended breeding period with spawning peaks in February and November corresponding to early and late monsoons. The aseasonal reproduction is common in tropical fishes. GSI were positively correlated with rainfall and water level fluctuations. Fecundity varied from a minimum 6900 to a maximum 93510 in specimens with total lengths of 34.8cm and 45.0cm respectively. Fecundity was found to increase linearly with length and weight and was significantly different (P < 0.05) from them.     

Use of biological reference points for the conservation of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, in the River Lune, North West England

Abstract  The development and use of biological reference points (BRPs) for salmon, Salmo salar L., conservation on the River Lune, England were examined. The Lune supports recreational and net fisheries with annual catches averaging 1332 and 2146 salmon, respectively. Using models transported from other river systems, BRPs were developed that were exclusive to the Lune; specifically the number of eggs deposited and carrying capacity estimates for age 0+ and 1+ parr. The conservation limit was estimated at 11.9 million eggs, and to ensure that the conservation limit was exceeded 80% of the time, the management target was set at 14.4 million eggs (equivalent to ∼5000 adults). Between 1989 and 1998 the management target was exceeded in only 2 years. Comparison of juvenile salmon densities in 1991 and 1997 with estimates of carrying capacity indicated that 0+ and 1+ parr densities were at around 60% of carrying capacity and may relate to the number of eggs deposited in 1990 and 1996 being approximately 70% of the target value. From, and including, the 2000 fishing season, regulations to ensure that the conservation limit is met 4 years out of 5 were introduced. These consisted of a reduction from 26 to 12 haaf nets, from 10 to seven drift nets and a four-fish bag limit for the rod fishery. In the period between 2000 and 2004 there was a marked increase in the estimated number of salmon spawning and the management target value of ∼5000 spawning adults was exceeded in all years. There was also an increase in the juvenile salmon population. The estimated level of exploitation in the net and rod fisheries reduced from 29.9% to 13.8% and from 26.4% to 14.8% respectively, after the introduction of the regulations.