北京市中小河流治理技术探讨

借鉴国外河流生态治理方面的先进经验,结合北京市中小河流现状及治理中存在的问题,提出了中小河流治理原则,对中小河流治理的平面形态修复、断面形态修复及岸坡防护等关键技术进行了探讨。结合北京的典型实例,阐述了中小河流生态治理技术的应用及效果,对保障河流防洪安全和水资源利用,促进人水和谐,推进北京市经济社会健康、快速发展意义重大。     

山区小流域沟道生态及防洪结合治理浅析——以房山区芦子水小流域治理为例

山区小流域沟道治理保证行洪,协调当地景观,体现人水和谐和生态安全优先。通过对河道进行清理整治,恢复河道行洪宽度,保障河道泄洪安全,保护河道下游水质,改善河道沿线水环境,改善生活环境。以芦子水小流域为例,探讨山区小流域沟道生态和防洪安全相结合治理的模式,以期为同类山区小流域治理提供借鉴。     

大汶河流域健康状况及治理对策研究

由于经济社会的发展及城市化进程的加快,大汶河流域显现出森林植被破坏、水土流失严重、水患频繁、水体污染严重等一系列的健康问题,大汶河的生态系统服务功能也遭到严重的损害.在大汶河流域健康状况调查的基础上,围绕"维持河流健康生命"治河新理念,提出了加强对环境污染的治理,搞好水土保持,防止水土流失,改善山区生态,推广节水产业,节约用水,优化配置水资源,善待河流水体,恢复河流健康等对策,努力实现人水和谐、人与自然和谐,促进流域的经济、社会、环境可持续发展.     

安远县优化治理成效显著

<正>安远县水土保持工作始终坚持"产业富民、生态立县"的发展理念,按照治理与开发相结合,治理与县域经济发展和农村脱贫致富相结合,治理与新农村建设、构建和谐社会相结合的思路,以小流域为单元,实行山、水、田、林、路、能、居统一规划,综合治理,为实现生态、经济、社会效益同步发展,人与自然和谐作出了贡献。     

老虎山河湿地建设技术与工程实践

河流湿地作为主要的湿地资源之一,对人类的生产生活具有重要的意义。伴随着经济社会的发展,人们对河流水资源的开发利用程度越来越高,如何通过建设河流湿地工程来改善水质、恢复河流生态、实现地区生态环境的良性循环,成为中小型季节性河流治理的当务之急。以老虎山河朝阳段为例,提出以湿生植物为主体的河流悬浮物降速促沉的清除技术和河流功能与负荷分区的控制技术,将水质处理与水利生态建设相结合,因地制宜地采取工程拦截、植物降解等方法,分层次、分区段地治理河流悬浮沉积物,对推动中小河流生态治理有重要意义。     

基于北票市城市河道的生态治理对策研究

将生态理念应用到城市河道治理中,是河道整治的发展趋势,北票市市委市政府高度重视城市河道治理工作,但城市上下游河段均未系统治理,防洪体系尚不完善,部分河段仍存在堤防不达标或无堤防段等防洪隐患,威胁着沿岸居民及企业的生命财产安全。同时,早期城市河道治理主要考虑其疏浚功能,将其作为“泄洪渠”实行渠道化、简单硬化整治,破坏了河流净化功能和原有生态平衡,导致内河水质污染、生态退化等一系列问题。考虑用地条件和投资成本等因素,结合北票市城市河道既有治理措施以及“城水和谐”理念提出顺应自然、山水相依、生态净化、城水相融等适用于当地的生态治理措施,可为构建环境宜居、城水相融的生态河道提供科学依据。     

隆德县清流河生态清洁流域治理模式探讨

宁夏的水土保持工作长期处于“治理-贫穷-破坏-治理”的恶性循环,这种状况已严重制约了当地的经济和社会发展。清流河流域“顶部生态保护利用、中部生态经济开发、底部生态景观休闲”的治理模式,把生态文明建设与经济产业开发、文化旅游休闲、新农村建设等相结合,在治理规划阶段将治理水土流失、改善生态环境与发展流域经济统筹考虑,着力提升水保措施自身经济效益并加强经济产业建设和旅游资源开发,为解决流域治理反弹问题和创新流域治理模式提供了一条新途径。     

澜沧江流域可持续型生态保护与水土流失治理规划研究

以云南澜沧江流域为研究区域,对可持续型生态保护与水土流失治理规划的基本内涵、指导思想、原则、目标进行探讨,通过构建生态民生水保统筹体系,按照"基础防治—民生结合—和谐发展"的模式编制规划,注重生态修复与人类辅助防治相结合,产业结构总体布局与民生工程建设相结合,措施实施与政策扶持相结合,监督监测与技术推广相结合,以实现区域内生态、经济、社会的可持续发展。     

蚂蚁河流域水资源状况与综合管理研究

 水资源的非安全问题是21世纪人类面临的严重难题之一。结合蚂蚁河流域水土保持生态建设设计与监测,重新认知流域水资源的时空分布、供需矛盾、水质污染和水旱灾害等问题,分析流域非和谐、非健康、非安全方面存在的植被破坏、水土流失、超负荷用水、点面源污染及水环境保护和管理中存在的诸多弊端,以科学发展观为指导,以水资源安全与人水和谐为目标,进行流域的生态保护、生态自我修复、生态治理和生态监控等综合管理。     

生态河流构建原理与技术

传统的河流整治技术，如裁弯取直、疏开挖河道、浆砌石或混凝土加固河岸、高筑河堤等，忽略了河流的生态特性，结果导致河流水文发生改变，生态系统受到严重创伤。分析了河流治理技术的发展现状及遇到的问题，提出生态河流的概念，并探讨了生态河流的基本特征和构建原理，然后分别从河道景观设计、河道平面形态设计、河道断面设计和岸堤设计几个方面论述了生态河流构建的技术体系。最后，以镇江古运河生态岸堤构建为例，介绍了生态岸堤构建的实施办法，旨在探讨河流的生态治理的方法，实现人与自然和谐发展。     

郑州市农村饮水不安全问题分析及对策研究

为了解决农村饮水问题，郑州市进行了农村饮水不安全问题的调查与研究。结果表明，农村饮水不安全人口为140万人，占农村总人口的33．64％。水质不安全问题主要是高氟水、苦咸水和污染水，分别占农村总人口的6％、9％和15％，高氟水的形成原因主要是水对含氟矿物的淋溶、山前断陷带氟的大量聚集和工业污染；苦咸地下水的形成是古地理环境、地貌、气候条件、地质构造和积盐作用共同导致的结果；污染水主要由于城市雨污水、工业废水污染河流，进而污染河流周围的地下水。部分县市还存在水源保证率、生活用水量及用水方便程度方面不达标问题。针对上述问题，提出了相应的技术、建设管理、投资、运行管理对策。     

基于河流生态类型划分的海河流域平原河流生态需水量计算

根据河流现有生态状况,首次将海河流域平原河流划分为干涸沙化、水质污染和生境破坏三种类型,并针对不同类型河流特点和修复目标,分别用植被需水定额法、75%保证率最枯月平均流量法、生物空间最小需求法和槽蓄法计算了生态需水量。结果表明,海河流域平原河流最小生态需水量为18.12亿m3,相当于流域多年平均流量的8.4%。最后将上述四种计算方法分别与Ten-nant法进行了比较。用植被需水定额法计算的干涸沙化型河流生态需水量结果约占多年平均径流量的2.4%～5.5%,远小于Tennant法的最小生态需水量;75%保证率最枯月平均流量计算的水质污染型河流所需的生态水量占多年平均径流量的百分比为15%左右,略高于Tennant法计算的最小生态需水量;用生物空间最小需求法计算的滦河生态需水量占多年平均径流量的百分比为6%,接近于Tennant法计算的最小生态需水量;槽蓄法计算的生态需水量结果与河流水量修复目标密切相关。总的说来,本文所采取的计算生态需水量的方法在海河流域是可行的。     

济南市水安全问题成因分析及防治对策

水安全问题是城市安全问题的重要组成部分.以水资源匮乏、水污染严重、水土流失加剧、洪涝灾害加重等为特征的城市水安全问题,成为制约城市社会、经济、生态可持续发展的重要因素之一.为此,以济南市为例,探讨了城市发展过程中存在的主要水安全问题,分析了产生这些问题的原因,提出了解决这些问题的对策.     

新郑市水资源需求预测研究

河南省新郑市地处中原半干旱半湿润地区,水资源相对匮乏,人均水资源量200m3,属于严重缺水地区。目前新郑市地下水超量开采,地表水污染严重,存在着一系列较严重的水资源问题。随着人口的增加,城市化进程加快,国民经济的发展及生活水平的提高,水资源将直接制约新郑市经济发展和小康社会的建设。针对新郑市地区特点,采用3种不同的经济发展方案,应用定额法分别对不同水平年的需水量进行预测,结合可供水量和现状用水问题分析确定了较合理的方案。根据需水预测结果和新郑市水资源存在的问题及实际情况,给出了适当的建议和对策,为新郑市水资源的合理配置和规划管理提供参考。     

Effects of Sewage on the Chemical Composition of Piracicaba River,Brazil

Water samples were collected from 7 locations along major rivers of Piracicaba River basin for 22 months. The 4 upstream points represent non-polluted sites and the 3 downriver points represent polluted sites. Due to sewage input, concentrations of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC), major conservative cations and anions increased significantly in the polluted sites. The major increases were observed for sodium, chloride and sulfate. Nitrate was an exception for this pattern, with similar concentrations between polluted and non-polluted sites. The probable cause was reduction of nitrate to ammonium in the polluted sites, where anoxic conditions prevail. Most of the variables had an inverse correlation with water discharge, especially in the polluted points. The sewage load was diluted by precipitation and surface waters.     

Relationships between Levels of Lead,Cadmium, Zinc,and Copper in Soil and Settleable Particulate Matter in Cartagena (Spain)

In this article we report the relationships between heavy metals(Pb, Cd, Zn, Cu) in soil and settleable particulate matter usingdata from 6 yr at six different sampling points withinCartagena, a Spanish Mediterranean city. The use of enrichmentfactors and factor analysis allowed us to predict the majorsources of these metals. Soils were classified as one of threetypes: soils from polluted zone L, soils from polluted zone Z,and non-polluted soils. Settleable particulate matter was alsoclassified in the following three groups: Industrial zone, Urbanzone, and Intermediate zone. Enrichment factors showed that soilsfrom polluted zone L are enriched in Pb and Cd when compared with soils from polluted zone Z, and soils from polluted zone Zare enriched in Zn and Cu when compared with soils from pollutedzone L. In this context, soils from polluted zones L and Z areidentified as specific sources of metals in the settleableparticulate matter samples. We also suggest the importance ofanthopogenic contribution of metals to soil-enrichment fromancient times up to the present. This process was most severeduring the XIX century, when our city suffered an importantindustrial development. The concentration of these heavy metalsare also affected by regional meteorological conditions, whichinclude scarce rainfalls and a significant wind dispersion ofsoil aerosols.     

The otter Lutra lutra in Albania

During a survey in Albania we found signs of otters at 17 (54·8%) of the 31 stations investigated. Otters were widespread in much of the country, and healthy populations were localised in rivers and marshes in the north-west and in the south. Average sprainting activity was 1·7 positive sites per 200 m and 3–6 spraints per 200 m. Frogs, probably Rana ridibunda, as well as fish, appeared to be important prey for otters. In the coastal plains, several rivers were grossly polluted and the growing agricultural and industrial development may endanger the survival of otters.     

基于GIS的杭州市居民区土壤重金属污染现状及空间分异研究

研究了杭州市50个代表性居民小区土壤重金属(Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb和Zn)的含量,按照国家《土壤环境质量标准》对该市居民区土壤重金属污染状况做出了评价,并在GIS技术支持下,研究了土壤重金属污染的空间变异性。结果表明,杭州市居民区土壤均受到了不同程度的污染。其中4%的土壤轻度污染,54%的土壤中度污染,42%的土壤严重污染。土壤重金属污染具有显著的空间分异特征,严重污染区域大致呈西北-东南走向,包括了城北的大部分地区、市中心和城东南一些地区。工业生产和居民区形成时间对居民区土壤重金属积累有较大的影响。     

Restoration of the Rivers in Israel's Coastal Plain

Israel's chronic water shortage has aggravated problems of river pollution, as almost no dilution of inadequately treated wastewater takes place. Since the early 1990s, large investments were made to build new wastewater treatment plants, designed to produce effluents of secondary quality or better. Consequently, it became of interest to examine the possibility of using tertiary treated effluents as a water source for rehabilitation of aquatic habitats. A survey of water quality in clean and polluted segments of Israel's coastal rivers was initiated, including analyses of riverbed sediments. Although many segments are still heavily polluted, there are examples of measurable improvement in water quality, which should lead to better sediment quality. It is argued that sediments serve both as a memory bank of past pollution events and as an ongoing source of anaerobic and toxic compounds, such as sulfides and ammonium compounds. Their chemical compositions are, therefore, of much importance for river restoration processes and monitoring.     

The otter Lutra lutra in southern Italy

During a survey of otters in southern Italy signs were found at 16 (8·5%) of the 188 sites visited. The River Sele holds a potentially viable population of otters and there was a remnant population on the River Crati, but positive signs on five other rivers were restricted to single sites only. The overall position is bleak. Italian rivers were frequently found to be polluted, riparian vegetation is extensively managed or removed, and disturbance is high from the gravel extraction industry, fishing and hunting.