湿地松、加勒比松人工林优树选择研究

以树高、胸径、材积为生长量指标,结合干形、冠幅、皮厚等形质指标,采用5株优势木对比法对40 a生湿地松(Pinus elliottii)、13~40 a生加勒比松(P. caribaea) 人工林开展优树选择研究,提出优树选择标准。40 a生湿地松优树树高、胸径、单株材积分别大于5株优势木平均值的1%、15%、35%以上,树干通直,共选择出优树10株,入选率为 4348%。13～40 a生加勒比松优树树高、胸径、单株材积分别比5株优势木平均值大8%～12%、15%～22%、49%～70%,树干通直,共选择出优树77株,入选率为 4919%。湿地松、加勒比松优树选择应以生长性状为主要目标,同时注重木材密度、产脂等性状的选择,进而丰富其育种群体的遗传多样性。     

米老排优树选择技术研究

以材积、树高、胸径为数量评价指标,结合树干通直度、冠高比、饱满度、分枝粗细等形质指标,采用5株优势木对比法开展了米老排人工林优树选择技术研究。通过对14~22年生不同林龄阶段的优树选择标准的总结,提出优树选择标准,即14年生优树单株材积、树高、胸径分别大于5株对比优势木平均值的54%、25%、21%以上,22年生优树单株材积、树高、胸径分别大于5株对比优势木平均值的75%、11%、26%以上,形质指标综合得分大于9.0,共选择米老排优树11株,入选率为64.7%。同时选优即要考虑其生长性状,还应注意材性、抗性的选择,以确保育种群体的遗传多样性。     

广西红锥优树选择标准研究

通过对广西7个县（市）的红锥天然分布区和人工栽培区的调查，共初选优树89株（其中天然次生林56株，人工株35株），优势木445株（其中天然次生林280株，人工林165株）。经统计分析，确定在红锥天然次生林中优树选择的标准为：树高超过优势木平均树高的9％或超过林分平均木树高的17％，胸径超过优势木平均胸径的16％或超过林分平均木胸径的44％，材积超过优势木平均材积的52％或超过林分平均木材积的143％；在红锥人工林中优树选择的最低标准为：树高超过优势木平均树高的10％或超过林分平均木树高的21％，胸径超过优势木平均胸径的21％或超过林分平均木胸径的43％，材积超过优势木材积的55％或超过林分平均木材积的140％。该标准适用于广西红锥的天然分布区和人工栽培区内的作为用材林的红锥优树选择。     

广东省台湾相思优树选择技术分析

采用5株优势木对比法,以胸径、树高、材积为生长指标,同时结合枝下高、通直度、尖削度、枝叶浓密度和侧枝粗等形质指标,在广东省汕头潮阳西环山、潮州饶平石壁山和仙春村、惠州西湖公园宝塔山等9个地点开展了台湾相思的优树调查研究。总共筛选了43株候选优树和215株优势木进行统计分析,并归纳总结出了广东省台湾相思优树选择的技术标准,即优树树高5株优势木平均树高,胸径≥5株优势木平均胸径的1.17倍,单株材积≥5株优势木平均单株材积的1.52倍,形质指标0.33A(尖削度得分)+0.32B(通直度得分)+0.35C(浓密度得分)2,最终入选的台湾相思优树有19株,入选率为44.2%。     

红豆树立木的主要性状特征研究（I）

分别测量与分析了红豆树立木的胸径、树高、枝下高、胸高心材比率、枝粗系数、树干通直度系数、枝下高系数等13个性状特征及其变异程度,及各主要性状间相关关系进行了探讨。结果表明,材积生长与胸径、冠长、I级侧枝粗度、树高、枝角、通直度呈极显著正相关,与枝下高呈显著相关。红豆树材用性优树选择因子的重要性序列为：胸径、枝下高、树高和胸高心材比率;枝下高与通直度可择其一作优树选择的评价指标;枝粗系数可作为红豆树干材的形质控制指标。     

柏木优树选择初报

以五株优势木对比法开展湖北省内柏木主产区天然林和人工林的柏木优树选择研究。以胸径、树高、材积为主要指标结合形质评价,采用相应的数据统计分析方法共选出不同龄优良单株123株。通过分析,选择的优树平均胸径、平均树高大于五株优势木17%以上。优树平均材积大于五株优势木100%以上。通过柏木资源调查和选优,收集适应性广、抗逆性强,具有地方特色和优良性状突出,开发利用价值高的优树资源。     

辽东山区日本落叶松用材林优树选择标准的商榷

通过对辽宁东部山区日本落叶松用材林的调查，初选优树２５株，优势木７５株。经过ｔ经验，初步确定日本落叶松用材林优树选择的最低标准为：树高超过优势木平均树高的８％，胸径超过优势木平均胸径的１４％，材积超过优势木平均材积的４６％，该标准适用于辽宁省东部山区日本落叶松用材林的优树选择。     

红豆树立木的主要性状特征研究(Ⅰ)

分别测量与分析了红豆树立木的胸径、树高、枝下高、胸高心材比率、枝粗系数、树干通直度系数、枝下高系数等13个性状特征及其变异程度,及各主要性状间相关关系进行了探讨。结果表明,材积生长与胸径、冠长、Ⅰ级侧枝粗度、树高、枝角、通直度呈极显著正相关,与枝下高呈显著相关。红豆树材用性优树选择因子的重要性序列为:胸径、枝下高、树高和胸高心材比率;枝下高与通直度可择其一作优树选择的评价指标;枝粗系数可作为红豆树干材的形质控制指标。     

湖南省闽楠优树选择

采用5株对比木法,在湖南省8个县市区的闽楠林中进行闽楠优树选择。共初选出闽楠优树41株、优势木205株。经统计分析,确定闽楠林中优树的选择标准为:树高超过优势木平均树高的6%,胸径超过优势木平均胸径的16%,材积超过优势木平均材积的41%,形质指标综合评分大于等于54。最终选出闽楠优树16株,入选率为39%。研究结果可为湖南地区闽楠的种质保护、遗传改良和进一步开展闽楠良种推广造林提供材料基础。     

蓝桉,直干桉,亮果桉的优树选择

蓝桉、直干桉、亮果桉的优树选择,经回归和相关分析,选择性状的筛选,初步认为采用优势木法较好。蓝桉,直干桉以测定胸径为主,亮果桉以测定树高为主,选择标准为优树胸径或树高大于优势木平均植15％以上。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.