西藏高寒牧区燕麦作物系数的推求及验证

运用FAO-56推荐的单作物系数法和双作物系数法推求充分灌溉条件下西藏高寒牧区燕麦的作物系数,并通过灌溉试验数据验证所求作物系数的可靠性以及这2种方法在海拔4 000m以上地区的适用性。结果表明,基于单作物系数法,2011年和2012年作物系数Kcini、Kcmid、Kcend分别为1.06、1.18、0.28和1.09、1.17、0.28。2011年和2012年双作物系数法与单作物系数法计算的ETc拟合相关系数分别为0.743和0.894。理论计算的作物需水量与实测值接近,该2种作物系数法均适用于西藏高寒牧区。     

不同地下水埋深时甜椒需水量及作物系数试验研究

采用排水式蒸渗仪试验,研究了不同地下水埋深时,甜椒需水量和地下水利用量的变化规律及与外界环境因子的关系。分析和模拟了甜椒作物系数,并与FAO-56推荐作物系数值进行了比较。结果表明,地下水埋深为0.6~0.9m时,地下水与降雨利用量占需水量的40%~50%,灌溉量较低。地下水埋深较浅时,需水量与地下水利用量与蒸发量、气温和地温具有显著的线性关系。地下水埋深较深时,需水量主要受降雨的影响,与环境因子的相关性较小;地下水利用量与蒸发量、气温、地温及饱和水气压差仍具有显著的线性关系。甜椒全生育期作物系数为1.35,与移栽后旬数、地温和需水系数分别表现出3次、2次和3次多项式的关系。生长中期和后期,作物系数分别为1.25和1.25~1.1,高于FAO-56推荐值。研究结果为蔬菜类作物节水灌溉制度的制定和高效灌溉管理提供参考。     

不同滴灌处理下紫花苜蓿的耗水特征及作物需水量的估算

在鄂尔多斯地区对太阳能光伏提水地埋滴灌紫花苜蓿进行了需水规律的田间试验研究。试验设置高水分(30 mm)、中水分(22.5 mm)和低水分(15 mm)3个处理,采用FAO-56推荐的单、双作物系数法计算了作物需水量,并和实测值进行了对比。结果表明,太阳能光伏提水地埋滴灌紫花苜蓿条件下双作物系数法更接近实测值;作物耗水量主要取决于灌水量,呈正相关;建议采用中水分处理(22.5 mm)的灌溉制度,灌水周期4~5 d,遇到降水时灌水日期顺延,整个生育期的需水量为460 mm。     

单双作物系数法计算玉米需水量的对比研究

基于云南持续干旱对水资源高效利用的要求以及研究作物需水量规律的重要性,利用低纬度高原区的云南省曲靖市的陆良站1990～1992年的逐日气象资料及历史试验资料,采用FAO-56推荐的计算作物需水量的单作物系数法和双作物系数法,计算了陆良站玉米各阶段的需水量,并和实测值进行了对比。结果表明：用单作物系数法和双作物系数法计算的玉米需水量与实测值是十分接近的;在地面覆盖度比较大的情况下,两者差别不大;总体上,两种方法计算的作物需水量具有很好的相关性。     

不同沟灌方式下夏玉米单作物系数试验研究

采用FAO推荐的单值作物系数法,对常规沟灌和控制性交替隔沟灌溉两种灌水方式下不同水分处理（水分控制下限为田间持水率的80%、70%、60%）的夏玉米作物系数进行研究。结果表明：灌水方式修正系数可用相对蒸腾量来表示,与播后天数具有良好的6次函数关系,相关性显著;两种沟灌方式的单作物系数呈现相同脉冲波动变化趋势,但交替隔沟灌的作物系数小于常规沟灌;利用单作物系数法计算作物需水量与实测值相比偏差均低于10%,吻合良好。     

基于灌溉需求指数的滇中地区烤烟需水量时空变化分析

基于云南省滇中地区4个国家气象站点逐日气象资料和烤烟不同生育期作物系数,根据FAO 56推荐的Penman-Monteith公式和单作物系数法,计算了滇中地区近58 a(1956—2013年)参考作物蒸发蒸腾量、烤烟净灌溉需水量及净灌溉需求指数,分析了滇中地区烤烟生育期净灌溉需水变异特征;利用GIS普通克里金法,对滇中地区烤烟需水量、净灌溉需水量和净灌溉需求指数进行空间分布分析;采用通径分析法研究灌溉需求指数变化成因。研究结果表明,滇中地区烤烟净灌溉需求指数随生育期变化逐渐减少,即伸根期、旺长期、成熟期;其中,净灌溉需求指数大于零的年数占54%,表明烤烟区在平水年条件下需人工灌溉补给;影响净灌溉需水量最主要的气象因子为降水量。     

泾惠渠灌区作物种植结构变化对灌溉需水量的影响

研究种植结构变化对灌区作物需水量和灌溉需水量的影响,能够为作物生育期的灌溉用水管理和农业水资源规划提供基础数据。依据泾惠渠灌区实测降水和蒸发蒸腾等气象数据,采用FAO推荐的Penman-Monteith公式和作物系数法计算灌区主要作物需水量;通过频率计算和配线法确定灌区丰水年(25%)、平水年(50%)和枯水年(75%)的有效降水量;根据1988—2014年Landsat卫星遥感影像提取的泾惠渠灌区不同历史时期农业种植结构数据,计算典型水文年份灌区总灌溉需水量,并分析作物需水量和灌溉需水量在不同典型水文年的年际和月际变化。结果表明,随着泾惠渠灌区农业种植结构的变化,灌区总的作物需水量和灌溉需水量都呈现显著下降趋势。但泾惠渠灌区在1988—2005年间,单位面积平均作物需水量和平均灌溉需水量都基本保持不变,随后均呈小幅下降趋势。各月份作物总需水量和总灌溉需水量除6月份之外,其余各月份都呈现显著下降趋势;但在此期间,灌区单位面积平均作物需水量和平均灌溉需水量除在4、8、9月份呈下降趋势,而6月份呈显著增加趋势外,其余各月份基本保持不变。灌区总的作物需水量和灌溉需水量的下降主要是由农作物种植面积大量减少所致,种植结构的变化对其影响较小,但灌区种植结构调整后的作物需水量状况更符合区域有效降水特点。     

干湿循环作用下稻田地下水补给过程变化特征

【目的】探究节水灌溉模式条件下稻田地下水补给特征。【方法】采用定地下水埋深的蒸渗仪开展试验,分析节水灌溉干湿循环下稻田地下水补给量变化过程,研究地下水补给对节水灌溉稻田作物需水的贡献及对土壤水分的调节作用。【结果】控制灌溉稻田地下水补给过程频繁,当稻田干湿循环过程中土壤水分降至一定限度时,稻田地下水补给量在复水后(灌水或降雨)1 d内出现峰值,稻季共出现16次峰值。控制灌溉稻田稻季地下水补给量达253.98mm,约占水稻需水量的51.1%。稻田干湿循环中,在稻田地下水补给与土壤水入渗的综合作用下,30 cm深度以下土壤含水率保持稳定,0～30 cm深度土壤含水率总体呈下降趋势。【结论】节水灌溉干湿循环下稻田地下水补给量显著增加,有效补给了水稻需水。浅地下水埋深条件下,稻田地下水补给过程直接影响水稻根区土壤水分变化。     

浅埋区地下水--土壤水资源动态过程及其调控

分析了冬小麦生长期地下水-地下水资源量动态过程和地下水、土壤水分变化特征.结果表明,在地下水浅埋区地下水对土壤水的补给为农田蒸散的重要的水分来源,现行的灌溉制度不考虑这一作用,过多的灌溉量不仅会消弱地下术对土壤水的补给,而且多余的土壤水分还会下渗补给地下水,造成水资源的无效损失和动力能源的损耗.为了提高作物水分利用效率,提出了相应的地下水-土壤水资源调控措施.     

河套灌区典型区土壤水-地下水动态与转化关系研究

为确定限制引水背景下河套灌区土壤水-地下水动态及其转化关系,为优化农田水管理策略提供理论依据,选取河套灌区典型斗渠区域,基于2年土壤水、地下水的监测数据,分析在不同作物种植区、不同灌溉期的农田土壤水、地下水的动态变化规律。运用水量平衡法对地下水浅埋区农田土壤水与地下水的转化关系进行定量研究,结果表明：生育期内农田土壤水分变化属于“灌溉降水入渗补充-腾发消耗型”;受灌溉影响,不同时期地下水埋深动态具有显著的灌溉型特征,土壤水渗漏补给地下水明显抬升地下水位,地下水排水和潜水蒸发又降低地下水位;在作物生育期内,土壤水与地下水进行双向补给,且不同时期具有不同的转化特征;研究区2年生育期内灌溉降水补给土壤水分别为544.56mm和541.85mm,平均腾发量为465.5mm和434.8mm,土壤储水量减少61.96mm和63.1mm,土壤水补给地下水为207.73mm和236.94mm。研究可为当地及相近地区农业节水灌溉提供科学依据。     

饮料中柠檬黄含量测定的不确定度分析

对饮料中的柠檬黄含量进行了测定和不确定度分析,通过对各影响因素的不确定度评定,试验重复性对饮料中合成着色剂的测量结果不确定度的影响最大,其次是样品处理回收率和标准曲线拟合引入的不确定度对试验结果也有较大的影响。结果表明:饮料中柠檬黄的含量为（103.5?3.5）mgkg,k＝2。      

Role of farmers' attitudes in adoption of irrigation in Saskatchewan

Adoption of a new technology, such as irrigation, is a complex phenomenon. Several factors of economic and social nature contribute to the farm-level decisions affecting adoption. In this study, the role played by attitudes of potential adopters towards irrigation and its subsequent adoption on their farm unit was estimated. Two models were estimated, one incorporating only adopters' socio-economic characteristics, and the other, only their attitudes towards irrigation. Results suggest that adopters' attitude, particularly with respect to economic and environmental effects of irrigation, were significant determinants of their decision to proceed with adoption of irrigation, and have a role to play in adoption of irrigation over and above that explained by socio-economic characteristics. In particular, these results suggest that negative perceptions with respect to economics of irrigation and those related to its detrimental impacts on environmental quality, particularly through soil salinity, may be significant deterrents for adoption of irrigation. The study suggests that planning of large scale water development projects, particularly those involving irrigation, must be cognizant of attitudes of potential adopters. Furthermore, during the planning stages, more attention should be paid to the development of proper educational programs, as well as extension packages, to ensure that potential adopters formulate correct attitudes towards the new technology.     

技工院校数学教学中培养学生应用能力的对策分析

数学作为一门基础性学科，在学生的各个学习阶段都起到了不可替代的作用，在工科院校中数学教学的重要性更是升到了一个新的高度。通过数学的学习，可以培养学生的应用能力和探究思维，通过对数学知识的学习和灵活运用，学生的综合能力会得到系统性的提高。对于数学的教学工作，应当做到有针对性、有目标，在教学工作中，充分做到对症下药、有的放矢，让学生通过对数学的学习，提高自身的综合能力，更好地为社会建设贡献力量。     

沼气在冬季温室生产中的应用

本试验通过沼气燃烧,提高冬季温室温度,促进西红柿生长发育.试验结果表明:增温可有效提高冬季温室温度,为西红柿越冬生产提供良好条件,有利于西红柿植株茎粗增加及果实膨大速率提高;可使西红柿坐果期提前10天左右,采收期延长20天左右,并提早上市.同时,增温可显著提高西红柿产量,亩增产800kg.     

四川简阳地区砂岩层中水分利用研究

分析了四川简阳地区砂岩和土壤中的水分运动特性和砂岩中储存的水分对土壤水分补给量的多少。对当地的砂岩和土壤进行了水分特征曲线的测定试验、入渗试验和蒸发试验,并采用研究中常用模型对试验结果进行了拟合,通过对拟合结果的分析,得出了当地土壤和砂岩的水分特性,总结出了该地区表面土层在缺水时水分很容易被下部砂岩层补给,砂岩中的水分是作物利用的重要水资源的结论。这对于充分利用当地水资源,合理确定类似地质条件地区灌溉定额,解决无灌溉条件丘陵区作物缺水问题,实现农业节水灌溉有一定的参考价值。     

Advances in application of climate prediction in agriculture

Agricultural ecosystems and their associated business and government systems are diverse and varied. They range from farms, to input supply businesses, to marketing and government policy systems, among others. These systems are dynamic and responsive to fluctuations in climate. Skill in climate prediction offers considerable opportunities to managers via its potential to realise system improvements (i.e. increased food production and profit and/or reduced risks). Realising these opportunities, however, is not straightforward as the forecasting skill is imperfect and approaches to applying the existing skill to management issues have not been developed and tested extensively. While there has been much written about impacts of climate variability, there has been relatively little done in relation to applying knowledge of climate predictions to modify actions ahead of likely impacts. However, a considerable body of effort in various parts of the world is now being focused on this issue of applying climate predictions to improve agricultural systems.

In this paper, we outline the basis for climate prediction, with emphasis on the El Niño-Southern Oscillation phenomenon, and catalogue experiences at field, national and global scales in applying climate predictions to agriculture. These diverse experiences are synthesised to derive general lessons about approaches to applying climate prediction in agriculture. The case studies have been selected to represent a diversity of agricultural systems and scales of operation. They also represent the on-going activities of some of the key research and development groups in this field around the world. The case studies include applications at field/farm scale to dryland cropping systems in Australia, Zimbabwe, and Argentina. This spectrum covers resource-rich and resource-poor farming with motivations ranging from profit to food security. At national and global scale we consider possible applications of climate prediction in commodity forecasting (wheat in Australia) and examine implications on global wheat trade and price associated with global consequences of climate prediction.

In cataloguing these experiences we note some general lessons. Foremost is the value of an interdisciplinary systems approach in connecting disciplinary knowledge in a manner most suited to decision-makers. This approach often includes scenario analysis based on simulation with credible models as a key aspect of the learning process. Interaction among researchers, analysts and decision-makers is vital in the development of effective applications — all of the players learn. Issues associated with balance between information demand and supply as well as appreciation of awareness limitations of decision-makers, analysts, and scientists are highlighted. It is argued that understanding and communicating decision risks is one of the keys to successful applications of climate prediction.

We consider that advances of the future will be made by better connecting agricultural scientists and practitioners with the science of climate prediction. Professions involved in decision making must take a proactive role in the development of climate forecasts if the design and use of climate predictions are to reach their full potential.     

Fate and transport of atrazine in a sandy soil in the presence of antibiotics in poultry manures

Pesticides degrade principally through biodegradation processes, whereas antibiotics kill microorganisms or inhibit their growth in soils and thus may affect the fate of pesticides. In this study, the impact of antibiotics on the degradation of atrazine in a sandy soil is investigated in lysimeters over a ninety-day period. Four treatments, monensin, narasin, salinomycin and non-antibiotic, were assigned in triplicate to twelve PVC lysimeters. Both soil and leachate samples were collected and analyzed at predetermined time intervals. In all treatments, atrazine was found to leach down through the soil profiles with the concentration level decreasing with depth, and only trace amounts of atrazine were found in the leachate. However, the statistical analysis of the results showed that all the three antibiotic treatments yielded a significantly slower dissipation of the atrazine level as compared to the non-antibiotic treatment; the mass balance analysis indicated an increased half-life of atrazine in the presence of antibiotics.     

北京典型灌区土壤和农产品多氯联苯污染风险评估

为明确北京东南郊灌区表层土壤和农作物多氯联苯(PCBs)含量和污染水平以及人体健康风险,2015年在该灌区采集了20个土壤样品和28个作物样品,利用气相色谱-质谱联用仪分析了样品中7大类PCBs含量。研究结果表明,灌区表层土壤PCBs质量比为ND(低于检出限)到0.711 776μg/kg,均值为0.43μg/kg,总体上土壤PCBs含量随污灌历史年限增加而增加。本研究区表层土壤PCBs含量处于较低水平,土壤未受到PCBs污染且其生态风险概率均小于10%。灌区采集的冬小麦籽粒、大葱、茄子、梨、白薯、芥蓝PCBs含量均低于实验检出限,未检出;夏玉米籽粒、菜心和油菜PCBs总量分别为0.17~0.47μg/kg、1.63μg/kg和5.91μg/kg。不同污灌历史年限并未显著影响夏玉米籽粒PCBs含量。本研究区农产品PCBs含量处于较低水平,均低于美国卫生及公共服务部建议限量。采集的土壤和农产品样品仅四氯联苯含量高于实验检出限,能检测出;一氯联苯到三氯联苯和五氯联苯到七氯联苯均低于实验检出限,未检出。本研究中成人和儿童PCBs致癌风险分别为8.49×10-7和4.66×10-7,非致癌风险分别为1.41×10-1和3.88×10-1,均低于US EPA规定限值,说明PCBs未对人群产生明显的健康危害。致癌危害和非致癌危害均以口-作物(玉米和蔬菜)为主,其对人体健康所造成的风险占总个人年风险的比例分别为99.79%~99.95%和99.81%~99.94%。