Interaction of spatially separated Pratylenchus penetrans and Verticillium dahliae on potato measured by impaired photosynthesis

Experiments were conducted under growth-chamber conditions to determine if Pratylenchus penetrans systemically alters light use efficiency (LUE) of Russet Burbank potato infected by Verticillium dahliae. Pathogen separation was achieved by inoculating potato roots with the nematode prior to injecting fungal conidia into the stem vasculature. Treatments were P. penetrans alone, V. dahliae alone, nematode and fungus together, and a no-pathogen control. Gas exchange was repeatedly and nondestructively measured on the fifth-youngest leaf with a Li-Cor LI-6200 portable photosynthesis system. By 16 and 20 days after stem injection with the fungus, LUE was synergistically impaired in jointly infected plants. Transpiration in plants infected with both pathogens was significantly reduced. However, the combined effect of nematode and fungus was synergistic in one experiment and additive in the other. Stems were destructively harvested when LUE was synergistically impaired. Coinfected potato plants contained more colony-forming units (CFU) of V. dahliae in stem sap than those infected by the fungus alone in one experiment. Evidence is provided that infection of Russet Burbank roots by P. penetrans systemically affects disease physiology associated with stem vascular infection by V. dahliae . The findings indicate that the role of the nematode in the fungus/host interaction is more than simply to facilitate extravascular and/or vascular entry of the fungus into potato roots.     

Phenological and phytochemical changes correlate with differential interactions of Verticillium dahliae with broccoli and cauliflower

Cauliflower (Brassica oleracea var. botrytis subvar. cauliflora) is susceptible to wilt caused by Verticillium dahliae but broccoli (B. oleracea var. italica subvar. cyamosa) is not. Infection of broccoli and cauliflower by a green fluorescent protein-expressing isolate of V. dahliae was examined using epifluorescence and confocal laser-scanning microscopy to follow infection and colonization in relation to plant phenology. Plant glucosinolate, phenolic, and lignin contents were also assayed at 0, 4, 14, and 28 days postinoculation. V. dahliae consistently infected and colonized the vascular tissues of all cauliflower plants regardless of age at inoculation, with the pathogen ultimately appearing in the developing seed; however, colonization decreased with plant age. In broccoli, V. dahliae infected and colonized root and stem xylem tissues of plants inoculated at 1, 2, or 3 weeks postemergence. However, V. dahliae colonized only the root xylem and the epidermal and cortical tissues of broccoli plants inoculated at 4, 5, and 6 weeks postemergence. The frequency of reisolation of V. dahliae from the stems (4 to 22%) and roots (10 to 40%) of mature broccoli plants was lower than for cauliflower stems (25 to 64%) and roots (31 to 71%). The mean level of aliphatic glucosinolates in broccoli roots was 6.18 times higher than in the shoots and did not vary with age, whereas it was 3.65 times higher in cauliflower shoots than in the roots and there was a proportional increase with age. Indole glucosinolate content was identical in both cauliflower and broccoli, and both indole and aromatic glucosinolates did not vary with plant age in either crop. Qualitative differences in characterized glucosinolates were observed between broccoli and cauliflower but no differences were observed between inoculated and noninoculated plants for either broccoli or cauliflower. However, the phenolic and lignin contents were significantly higher in broccoli following inoculation than in noninoculated broccoli or inoculated cauliflower plants. The increased resistance of broccoli to V. dahliae infection was related to the increase in phenolic and lignin contents. Significant differential accumulation of glucosinolates associated with plant phenology may also contribute to the resistant and susceptible reactions of broccoli and cauliflower, respectively, against V. dahliae.     

Verticillium longisporum and V. dahliae: infection and disease in Brassica napus

Verticillium wilt of oilseed rape ( Brassica napus ) is caused primarily by Verticillium longisporum and has become a serious problem in northern Europe. In order to evaluate whether V. longisporum and V. dahliae differ in their interaction with oilseed rape, phenotypical and molecular assessments were made. Oilseed rape plants for fungal assessments were inoculated with V. longisporum and V. dahliae via root-dipping and samples were taken from roots, stems, leaves, flowers, pods and seeds during plant development. The infection by V. longisporum was found to start mainly in lateral roots and root-hairs, followed by colonization of the xylem vessels and extensive spread in stems and leaves, whereas V. dahliae infected the main roots and remained in the region below the cotyledon node of the plants. Re-isolation studies, together with PCR analysis of samples taken from early growth stages through to fully ripe plants, showed that the onset of flowering was a critical phase for V . longisporum to colonize plants. No seeds infected with V. longisporum were found. Mycelial growth from V. dahliae but not V. longisporum was significantly reduced on media containing tissue from a low glucosinolate B. napus genotype compared with growth on media containing tissue from a high glucosinolate cultivar. The results of this study suggest that V. longisporum favours B. napus as host and that the transition from the vegetative to the generative phase is of importance for the spread of the fungus in oilseed rape plants.     

Interaction of root-lesion nematodes, Pratylenchus thornei and P. crenatus, with the fungus Thielaviopsis basicola and a grey sterile fungus on roots of pea (Pisum sativum)

Pratylenchus thornei invaded excised pea roots in agar in greater numbers and penetrated the cortex more deeply than P. crenatus . Both species fed on the roots ectoparasitically and displaced root cells into the surrounding medium. The cytoplasm of cortical cells near cither nematode became granulated, with enlarged vacuoles and nuclei. P. thornei also caused these responses in the endodermis. Infection of the root surface with a grey sterile fungus inhibited invasion by P. crenatus and P. thornei . Infection by Thielaviopsis basicola inhibited P. thornei invasion but encouraged penetration by P. crenatus and the hyphae were found deeper in the cortex when P. crenatus was present.     

Differential interactions of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Verticillium longisporum</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">V. dahliae</Emphasis> with <Emphasis Type="Italic">Brassica napus</Emphasis> detected with molecular and histological techniques

The differential interactions of V. longisporum (VL) and V. dahliae (VD) on the root surface and in the root and shoot vascular system of Brassica napus were studied by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), using GFP tagging and conventional fluorescence dyes, acid fuchsin and acridin orange. VL and VD transformants expressing sGFP were generated by Agrobacterium-mediated transformation. GFP signals were less homogenous and GFP tagging performed less satisfactory than the conventional fluorescence staining when both were studied with CLSM. Interactions of both pathogens were largely restricted to the root hair zone. At 24 h post-inoculation (hpi), hyphae of VL and VD were found intensely interwoven with the root hairs. Hyphae of VL followed the root hairs towards the root surface. At 36 hpi, VL hyphae started to cover the roots with a hyphal net strictly following the grooves of the junctions of the epidermal cells. VL started to penetrate the root epidermal cells without any conspicuous infection structures. Subsequently, hyphae grew intracellularly and intercellularly through the root cortex towards the central cylinder, without inducing any visible plant responses. Colonisation of the xylem vessels in the shoot with VL was restricted to individual vessels entirely filled with mycelium and conidia, while adjacent vessels remained completely unaffected. This may explain why no wilt symptoms occur in B. napus infected with VL. Elevated amounts of fungal DNA were detectable in the hypocotyls 14 days post-inoculation (dpi) and in the leaves 35 dpi. Root penetration was also observed for VD, however, with no directed root surface growth and mainly an intercellular invasion of the root tissue. In contrast to VL, VD started ample formation of conidia on the roots, and was unable to spread systemically into the shoots. VD did not form microsclerotia in the root tissue as widely observed for VL. This study confirms that VD is non-pathogenic on B. napus and demonstrates that non-host resistance against this fungus materializes in restriction of systemic spread rather than inhibition of penetration.     

An Efficient Inoculation Method for Colonization of Chinese Cabbage Seedlings by the Root Endophytic Fungus Heteroconium chaetospira

To develop an efficient method to inoculate Chinese cabbage seedlings with the root endophytic fungus Heteroconium chaetospira, an appropriate nursery soil and glucose concentration for the nutrient medium for fungal colonization were determined. A grid-sheet method was established for estimating the degree of colonization of entire roots by the fungus. The fungus colonized at high frequencies when peat moss was used as the rooting medium. Colonization was highest (75%) when peat moss was amended with 0.1% glucose. Under these conditions, fungal hyphae developed intracellularly in root cortical cells. In contrast, under high glucose conditions, fungal colonization was restricted mostly to intercellular regions of epidermal or cortical root tissues. Here, hyphae formed inter- or intracellular microsclerotia. Received 19 August 2002/ Accepted in revised form 5 December 2002     

Changes in the structure of Arabidopsis thaliana roots induced during development of males of the plant parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii

Plant parasitic nematodes of the genus Heterodera show a high degree of sexual dimorphism, which is reflected by different nutritional demands and differences in the structure of the induced specific syncytial feeding site in the plant. The determination of the sex of the nematode Heterodera schachtii and other related species was repeatedly reported to be dependent on trophic factors, which are provided by the induced syncytia. The structural differences of syncytia induced by H. schachtii in roots of Arabidopsis thaliana were analysed at the anatomical and ultrastructural level. Syncytia of males were induced in the root pericycle. The developing syncytium then expanded into procambial or cambial cells of the vascular cylinder. Differentiated vascular elements were not included. The expansion of the syncytium triggered the proliferation of cambial and peridermal tissues, in a manner similar to secondary growth, and the formation of additional xylem and phloem elements. In comparison to syncytia associated with females, syncytia associated with males were less hypertrophied and were composed of more cells. Distinct cell wall openings were mostly found between the few strongly hypertrophied syncytial elements at the actual feeding site in the pericycle. The ultrastructure was very similar to female-associated syncytia but showed conspicuous differences in the structure and localization of cell wall ingrowths. These ingrowths were rare and weakly developed and occurred not only at the interface with xylem elements but also at the internal and external walls of the syncytia. After feeding had ceased at the end of the third developmental stage the syncytia degenerated.     

Colonization of resistant and susceptible lettuce cultivars by a green fluorescent protein-tagged isolate of Verticillium dahliae

Interactions between lettuce and a green fluorescent protein (GFP)-expressing, race 1 isolate of Verticillium dahliae, were studied to determine infection and colonization of lettuce cultivars resistant and susceptible to Verticillium wilt. The roots of lettuce seedlings were inoculated with a conidial suspension of the GFP-expressing isolate. Colonization was studied with the aid of laser scanning confocal and epi-fluorescence microscopes. Few differences in the initial infection and colonization of lateral roots were observed between resistant and susceptible cultivars. Hyphal colonies formed on root tips and within the root elongation zones by 5 days, leading to the colonization of cortical tissues and penetration of vascular elements regardless of the lettuce cultivar by 2 weeks. By 8 to 10 weeks after inoculation, vascular discoloration developed within the taproot and crown regions of susceptible cultivars well in advance of V. dahliae colonization. Actual foliar wilt coincided with the colonization of the taproot and crown areas and the eruption of mycelia into surrounding cortical tissues. Advance colonization of stems, pedicels, and inflorescence, including developing capitula and mature achenes was observed. Seedborne infection was limited to the maternal tissues of the achene, including the pappus, pericarp, integument, and endosperm; but the embryo was never compromised. Resistant lettuce cultivars remained free of disease symptoms. Furthermore, V. dahliae colonization never progressed beyond infected lateral roots of resistant cultivars. Results indicated that resistance in lettuce may lie with the plant's ability to shed infected lateral roots or to inhibit the systemic progress of the fungus through vascular tissues into the taproot.     

Cytological Analysis of Defense-Related Mechanisms Induced in Pea Root Tissues in Response to Colonization by Nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum Fo47

The ability of nonpathogenic Fusarium oxysporum, strain Fo47, to trigger plant defense reactions was investigated using Ri T-DNA-transformed pea roots. Cytological investigations of strain Fo47-inoculated roots showed that the fungus grew actively at the root surface and colonized a number of epidermal and cortical cells, inducing marked host cell metabolic changes. In roots inoculated with pathogenic F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi, the pathogen multiplied abundantly through much of the tissues, whereas in Fo47-inoculated roots, fungal growth was restricted to the epidermis and the outer cortex. Invading cells of strain Fo47 suffered from serious alterations, a phenomenon that was not observed in control roots in which F. oxysporum f. sp. pisi grew so actively that the vascular stele was invaded within a few days. Strain Fo47 establishment in the root tissues resulted in a massive elaboration of hemispherical wall appositions and in the deposition of an electron-opaque material frequently encircling pathogen hyphae and accumulating in the noninfected xylem vessels. This suggests that the host roots were signaled to defend themselves through the rapid stimulation of a general cascade of nonspecific defense responses. The specific relationship established between strain Fo47 and the root tissues is discussed in relation to other types of plant-fungus interactions, including pathogenic and symbiotic associations.     

根际微生物多样性与棉花品种对黄萎病抗性关系研究——Ⅰ.根际微生物数量与棉花品种对黄萎病抗性的关系

 对抗、感黄萎病6个棉花品种的根际线虫、真菌、细菌和放线菌的数量在苗期和现蕾期采用选择性培养基和直接观察法进行了分析。分析结果表明:棉花对黄萎病的抗性与根际真菌和放线菌数量呈正相关;与根际线虫数量负相关;与根际细菌数量无显著相关性。     

禾顶囊壳小麦变种对小麦种子根的侵染过程

 光镜和电镜观察表明,禾顶囊壳小麦变种(Gaeumannomyces graminis var.tritici,小麦全蚀病菌)对小麦种子根的侵染过程可分为侵入前、侵入表皮层、进入皮层和进入中柱等4个连续阶段。麦根接菌后在15℃下培养,48 h后侵入表皮层细胞,60 h后进入皮层,120 h后进入中柱。病原菌主要以侵染菌丝直接侵入表皮层,表皮细胞间隙和根毛基细胞是主要侵入部位,少数由附着枝侵入。菌丝穿透细胞壁有明显的酶解作用特征,菌丝先端前方胞壁上还产生电子密物质。皮层细胞是病原菌定殖和发展的主要场所,病原菌还能离解胞间层,形成胞外空间,特别有利于菌丝和菌丝束的扩展。在侵入位点的寄主细胞壁和质膜之间,形成多种形状的木质管,其数量与侵入菌丝的数目相对应,但木质管不能阻止菌丝进入细胞。菌丝进入中柱后,可阻塞导管和筛管。小麦细胞发生退行性病变,尤以细胞壁膨大崩坏和早期质壁分离最明显,细胞间隙还产生性质不明的黄色物质。     

Basal stem rot of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis); mode of root infection and lower stem invasion by Ganoderma boninense

Reproducible infection of intact roots of oil palm ( Elaeis guineensis ) with Ganoderma boninense , the cause of basal stem rot, showed penetration followed by rapid longitudinal progression of hyphae and colonization of the lower stem (bole). Light and transmission electron microscopy showed invasion of the root cortex, with no evidence of selective progression through the vascular system or lacunae. In newly colonized tissue the fungus behaved as a hemibiotroph, with numerous, wide, intracellular hyphae occupying entire host cells that possessed intact cell walls and contained discernible cytoplasm and organelles. In the bole this phase coincided with a complete depletion of previously abundant starch grains in advance of invasion. Subsequently, in the roots and colonized stem base, widespread necrotrophic, enzymatic attack of all layers of the host cell walls occurred. Hyphae were intra- and intercellular and intramural and associated host cell wall degradation was often at a distance from hyphae, resulting in cavities within cell walls. A third developmental stage was the formation of an extensive, melanized, tough mycelium or pseudo-sclerotium which surrounded roots and comprised many very thick-walled cells encasing more typical thin-walled hyphae. Macroscopic observation of and isolation from the bole of randomly felled, commercial palms provided confirmatory evidence that multiple infections originated in the roots before spreading into the base of long-established palms.     

Synergism of Pratylenchus penetrans and Verticillium dahliae Manifested by Reduced Gas Exchange in Potato

ABSTRACT The effects of solitary and concurrent infection by Pratylenchus pene-trans and Verticillium dahliae on gas exchange of Russet Burbank potato (Solanum tuberosum) were studied in growth chamber experiments. Treatments were P. penetrans at low, medium, and high density; V. dahliae alone at one initial density; the combination of the nematode at these three densities and V. dahliae; and a noninfested control. Gas exchange parameters of leaf cohorts of different ages in the different treatments were repeatedly measured with a Li-Cor LI-6200 portable photosynthesis system. At 45 days after planting, joint infection significantly reduced net photosynthesis, stomatal conductance, and transpiration of 1- to 25-day-old leaf cohorts. Intercellular CO(2) levels were significantly increased by co-infection, especially in older leaves. The synergistic effect of co-infection on gas exchange parameters was greater in the oldest cohort than in the youngest cohort. No consistent effects on leaf gas exchange parameters were observed in plants infected by the nematode or the fungus alone. The relationship between the assimilation rate and stomatal conductance remained linear regardless of solitary or concomitant infection, indicating that stomatal factors are primarily responsible for regulating photosynthesis. The significant reduction of gas exchange in leaves of co-infected plants without reduction in intercellular CO(2) concentrations suggests that nonstomatal factors also play a role when both organisms are present.     

Disease Progress Based on Effects of Verticillium dahliae and Pratylenchus penetrans on Gas Exchange in Russet Burbank Potato

ABSTRACT The interactive effects of concomitant infection by the nematode Pratylenchus penetrans and the fungus Verticillium dahliae on symptom expression in Russet Burbank potato was studied in growth chamber experiments. Treatments were P. penetrans at three initial densities, V. dahliae at one inoculum density, the combination of the nematode at these three densities and the fungus, and a noninfested control. Gas exchange was measured nondestructively in leaf cohorts of different ages, one to three times weekly, with a LI-COR portable photosynthesis system. The single-pathogen treatments had no effect on assimilation or transpiration rates, but joint infection had a significant impact. In concomitant infection, photosynthesis was impaired more than transpiration, so estimates of leaf health were based on carbon assimilation rates only. Reductions in assimilation rate were apparent before the onset of visual symptoms. Assimilation rates decreased as much as 44% in the top, and newest, leaves of concomitantly infected plants, compared to rates in control plants. Even so, the health of newly produced leaves did not become progressively worse through time. With light use efficiency less than 0.20 mol of CO(2) fixed per mol of photosynthetically active radiation used as the criterion for disease incidence, disease progressed acropetally from the oldest to the youngest leaves. In plants infected with P. penetrans (0.8 nematodes per cm(3) of soil) in combination with V. dahliae, all leaves in cohorts 1 and 2 were symptomatic by 45 days after planting, and leaves in cohorts 3 to 6 became symptomatic at weekly intervals thereafter. For the control and single-pathogen treatments, the first time that light use efficiency fell below 0.20 in all leaves in cohort 1 was 71 days after planting. Concomitant infection reduced leaf life span by about 3 weeks. Both visual and physiological symptom expression were invariant to differences in initial nematode inoculum densities ranging from 0.8 to 2.5 nematodes per cm(3) of soil in one experiment and from 1.3 to 4.1 nematodes per cm(3) of soil in a second experiment.     

Histopathology of Infection and Colonization of Susceptible and Resistant Port-Orford-Cedar by Phytophthora lateralis

ABSTRACT Port-Orford-cedar (POC) root disease, caused by Phytophthora lateralis, continues to kill POC in landscape plantings and natural forests in western North America. POC trees resistant to P. lateralis have been identified and propagated. Cytological observations of P. lateralis in susceptible and resistant roots and stems were made with light and transmission electron microscopy to identify resistance mechanisms. No differences in infection pathway and initial colonization were observed between susceptible and resistant roots, although there were differences in the rate and extent of development. Germ tubes formed appressoria, and penetration hyphae grew either between or directly through epidermal cell walls; inter- and intracellular hyphae colonized the root cortex. In susceptible roots, hyphae penetrated into the vascular system within 48 h of inoculation. In contrast, hyphae in roots of resistant seedlings grew more slowly in cortical cells and were not observed to penetrate to the vascular tissues. In resistant roots, infection was marked by general thickening of cortical cell walls, wall appositions around penetrating hyphae, collapse of cortical cells, and accumulation of osmophillic granules around hyphae. In susceptible stems, hyphae grew inter- and intracellularly in all cells of the secondary phloem except fiber cells, but were concentrated in sieve and parenchyma cells in the functional phloem. The pattern of penetration and colonization of hyphae was similar in the resistant stems, except that hyphae were found in the fiber cells of the xylem. In resistant stems, there were fewer hyphae in the functional phloem, and cytological changes such as damaged nuclei and disintegrated cytoplasm were evident. Structural changes in resistant stems included collapsed cells, wall thickening, secretory bodies, apposition of electron dense materials, and crystals in cell walls.     

基质中添加西兰花残体对大丽轮枝菌GFP标记菌株在棉花体内扩展的影响

 由大丽轮枝菌引起的棉花黄萎病是一种难以防治的土传病害,西兰花残体还对其有一定的防治作用,防效为62.82%。为解析西兰花残体对棉花黄萎病的防治机制,本研究通过土壤杆菌转化的方法构建了大丽轮枝菌的绿色荧光标记菌株,采用共聚焦显微镜观察标记菌株在添加西兰花残体营养基质中和空白对照营养基质种植的棉花体内的侵染和扩展情况。结果表明构建的标记菌株gfp-wx-1与野生菌株wx-1的生物学特性无显著性差异。同时发现大丽轮枝菌在添加西兰花残体营养基质中棉花体内扩展较慢,具体表现为:在空白营养基质种植的棉花体内,大丽轮枝菌在接种第2 d时就可侵染根尖表层及根内部,第3 d到达茎部维管束,第5 d叶片可观察到少量病原菌,第7 d第一片子叶呈现大量病原菌,后期迅速扩展,叶片出现黄萎病斑;而在营养基质中添加西兰花残体种植的棉花体内,大丽轮枝菌在接种第2 d时就可侵染根尖表层,第3 d侵染根尖内部,第5 d侵染茎部维管束,直到第7 d第一片子叶才出现少量病原菌,后期扩展慢,叶片病斑较少。本研究通过荧光定量PCR方法检测了大丽轮枝菌在两个处理棉花根部定殖情况,结果表明西兰花残体能够显著降低大丽轮枝菌在棉花根部定殖的量。该研究初步明确了西兰花残体对棉花黄萎病的防治机制,为棉花黄萎病的绿色防治提供了一条新的途径。     

基质中添加西兰花残体对大丽轮枝菌GFP标记菌株在棉花体内扩展的影响

 由大丽轮枝菌引起的棉花黄萎病是一种难以防治的土传病害,西兰花残体还对其有一定的防治作用,防效为62.82%。为解析西兰花残体对棉花黄萎病的防治机制,本研究通过土壤杆菌转化的方法构建了大丽轮枝菌的绿色荧光标记菌株,采用共聚焦显微镜观察标记菌株在添加西兰花残体营养基质中和空白对照营养基质种植的棉花体内的侵染和扩展情况。结果表明构建的标记菌株gfp-wx-1与野生菌株wx-1的生物学特性无显著性差异。同时发现大丽轮枝菌在添加西兰花残体营养基质中棉花体内扩展较慢,具体表现为:在空白营养基质种植的棉花体内,大丽轮枝菌在接种第2 d时就可侵染根尖表层及根内部,第3 d到达茎部维管束,第5 d叶片可观察到少量病原菌,第7 d第一片子叶呈现大量病原菌,后期迅速扩展,叶片出现黄萎病斑;而在营养基质中添加西兰花残体种植的棉花体内,大丽轮枝菌在接种第2 d时就可侵染根尖表层,第3 d侵染根尖内部,第5 d侵染茎部维管束,直到第7 d第一片子叶才出现少量病原菌,后期扩展慢,叶片病斑较少。本研究通过荧光定量PCR方法检测了大丽轮枝菌在两个处理棉花根部定殖情况,结果表明西兰花残体能够显著降低大丽轮枝菌在棉花根部定殖的量。该研究初步明确了西兰花残体对棉花黄萎病的防治机制,为棉花黄萎病的绿色防治提供了一条新的途径。     

Ultrastructural localization of chitin in cell walls of Rigidoporus lignosus, the white-rot fungus of rubber tree roots

The distribution of N-acetylglucosamine residues in the cell wall of the white-rot pathogenic fungus, Rigidoporus lignosus, was studied by using gold labelled wheatgerm agglutinin bound to ovomucoid-colloidal gold. Ultrastructural investigation of R. lignosus-infected root tissues of Hevea brasiliensis showed a modification of the fungal cell wall throughout the infection process. Gold particles were found to occur on both thick- and thin-walled hyphae of R. lignosus rhizomorphs at the root surface. Walls of hyphae that had penetrated the roots were only labelled when they were out of the host cell, suggesting that modification of chitin molecules may be related to the excretion of host cell wall degrading enzymes. Variation in the distribution of gold particles was observed over hyphal walls of both colonized phellem and xylem cells. The observation that N-acetylglucosamine residues were released in the host cell cytoplasm suggests that lytic enzymes alter the fungal cell walls. Released chitin oligosaccharides may play a role in the induction of the root's defence system against fungal attack.     

韭菜等几种植物根系分泌物对棉花黄萎病菌的影响

通过水培法收集韭菜、大葱、野薄荷、藿香和薰衣草的根系分泌物,研究其对大丽轮枝菌菌丝生长、孢子萌发的影响,并通过室内盆栽试验研究了植物根系分泌物对大丽轮枝菌微菌核萌发的影响。结果表明,5种植物根系分泌物对大丽轮枝菌菌丝生长和孢子萌发均表现为抑制作用;随着浓度的升高,抑制作用增强,而在同一浓度下,随着处理时间的延长,根系分泌物对孢子萌发的抑制作用逐渐减弱。盆栽试验表明,植物根系分泌物对大丽轮枝菌微菌核的萌发均表现为抑制作用,且微菌核对韭菜根系分泌物最为敏感。5种植物中,韭菜根系分泌物的抑制作用最强,野薄荷次之,藿香最弱。