Biometric parameters of the uterus and ovaries in sheep after administration of Depotocin inj. Spofa in early puerperium]

Objectivisation of the physiological course of puerpery and control of involution processes of uterus represent topical questions of an increased frequency of lambing. Our study was directed at the determination of the weight, length of body and horns of uterus as well as of the weight, length, width and height of ovaries, following the administration of carbetocin (Depotocin inj. Spofa), in the puerperal period of Slovak Merino sheep. The study was aimed at obtaining objective biometric data on uterus and ovaries and recording the influence of carbetocin on the involution of uterus and ovaries of sheep. Thirty ewes, divided into two groups, were included in the experiment. The animals of the experimental group (n = 15) were subjected to treatment with carbetocin (Depotocin inj. Spofa) at the amount 2 x 0.07 mg. The first dose was applied intramuscularly (i. m.) on the 2nd day after parturition and the second dose was injected subcutaneously (s.c.) on the 4th day after lambing. The second group (n = 15) served as a control. Three ewes (n = 3) were bled on each of the following days: 1, 7, 17, 25 and 34 after parturition. After bleeding the sexual organs were removed by excision and their weight and the length of the body and horns of uterus and of ovaries was determined. The number and size of follicles were determined on the surface of ovaries. The weight of uterus body showed a declining tendency in sheep of the control group with a statistically significant decrease from the 17th till the 34th day after parturition (P less than 0.01). Its weight varied from 56.0-14.6 to 5.2-0.3 g in the above-mentioned time interval. The experimental group showed a statistically significant decrease in weight as early as on the 7th day after lambing compared to the 1st day after parturition, down to the values 185.66-38.91 g (P less than 0.05). The decrease in the weight of uterus body recorded on day 17 (106.56-41.08 g) was less pronounced than in the control group. The final average weight of the body of uterus on the 34th day after parturition was 41.36-8.52 g, that means higher than in the control group (5.2-0.3 g). The weight of gravid horns in the experimental group declined significantly as early as on the 7th day after parturition to the average weight of 60.89-9.45 g and reached 9.86-3.49 g on the 34th day.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)     

Ovarian follicular changes after weaning in sows.

Three experiments investigated ovarian follicular development in sows whose litters were weaned at 28 to 31 d of lactation. Unilateral ovariectomy near the time of weaning was used to assess early follicular characteristics and to identify those sows that would not return to estrus within 10 d after weaning. This allowed segregation of and exclusion from the study those sows that had a prolonged interval from weaning to first estrus. In Exp. 1, 82 and 72% of the large follicles that were marked at 48 or 72 h after weaning (10 sows per time point) were subsequently identified as corpora lutea. In Exp. 2, sows (seven to nine per time point) were unilaterally ovariectomized at 0, 6, 12, 18, 24, or 48 h after weaning, and follicular fluid was evaluated for changes in steroid concentrations. Progesterone concentrations in fluid from medium-sized (4 to 6 mm) follicles increased by 6 h after weaning and then declined through 24 h concomitant with increases in testosterone and estradiol. For Exp. 3, follicular fluid and granulosa cells from individual follicles were obtained from sows (seven to nine per time point) at 0, 6, and 24 h after weaning. In follicular fluid, insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) concentrations were not correlated (P greater than .05) with concentrations of progesterone, testosterone, or estradiol, or with granulosa cell production of estradiol during culture in androstenedione-supplemented medium.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

母猪繁殖障碍疾病的诊断及防制

近几年来我国各地种猪场发展较快 ,但母猪繁殖障碍疾病困扰着各个种猪场。据调查母猪繁殖障碍疾病在各种猪场有不同程度存在。母猪繁殖障碍病因多而复杂 ,有非传染性因素 ,也有传染性的因素。本文主要叙述由病原微生物导致的母猪繁殖障碍疾病 ,也是当今重要致病因素。包括有猪伪狂犬病、猪细小病毒感染、母猪繁殖与呼吸综合征、猪乙型脑炎、猪瘟、猪布鲁氏菌病和猪衣原体病等。重点阐述各种疾病的流行特点、特征性的临床症状和病理变化 ,以及各种疾病的诊断方法 ,并且提出综合防制方法     

Dietary administration of probiotics to sows and/or their neonates improves the reproductive performance,incidence of post‐weaning diarrhea and histopathological parameters in the intestine of weaned piglets

Probiotics have gained considerable attention with respect to their beneficial effects on livestock performance and health. The most significant effects of probiotics on the gut microbiota and the host animals take place when they are included in diets during particularly stressful periods such as weaning and/or at the beginning of the lactation period. The probiotics Bacillus mesentericus strain TO‐A at 1 × 10⁸ colony forming units (CFU)/g, Clostridium butyricum strain TO‐A at 1 × 10⁸ CFU/g and Enterococcus faecalis strain T‐110 at 1 × 10⁹ CFU/g were used. Litter weight at delivery and ratio of return to estrous improved significantly (17% and 24% improvement, respectively) by probiotic administration to sows (0.2% (w/w)). Furthermore, the feed intake of the probiotics‐administered sows was greater than that of the control sows during the late lactation period. Post‐weaning diarrheal incidence and growth performance was improved by probiotics administration to neonates (0.02% (w/w)), while the combined use of probiotics in sows and their neonates induced the enlargement of villous height and prevented muscle layer thinning in the small intestine of weaning piglets. The administration of probiotics of three species of live bacteria improved the porcine reproductive performance around stressful periods of sows (farrowing) and piglets (weaning). [Corrections added on 26 April 2016, after first online publication: ‘Enterococcus faecalis strain T‐100’ has been corrected to ‘Enterococcus faecalis strain T‐110’ in the above paragraph and in the ‘Probiotics’ section under the Materials and Methods heading.]     

Influences of parity and level of feed intake on reproductive response to insulin administration after weaning in sows

In three experiments, the influence of insulin administered after weaning was examined in primiparous sows given extra feed or in primiparous compared to multiparous sows. In Exp. 1, 171 primiparous and 231 multiparous crossbred sows on a commercial farm were injected with 0.4 IU/kg BW insulin (Eli Lilly Lente Iletin II) or saline for 4 d beginning the day after weaning (d 0) and were fed 2.3 kg/d until mating. In Exp. 2, 153 primiparous sows from the same farm as those in Exp. 1 were injected with insulin or saline as in Exp. 1 and were fed 2.7 or 3.6 kg/d until mating. In Exp. 3, 63 primiparous crossbred sows were injected with insulin or saline as described above and fed either 2.3 or 4.5 kg/d for 5 d after weaning and were remated. On the commercial farm (Exp. 1 and 2), insulin administration increased percentage in estrus for primiparous sows compared to multiparous sows (treatment x parity interaction, P < 0.02) but tended to lower litter size in primiparous sows (treatment x parity interaction, P < 0.06). In Exp. 2, insulin combined with extra feed increased (P < 0.05) litter size by two pigs but tended (P < 0.07) to decrease farrowing rate in that group (treatment x feed interaction). Weaning-to-estrus interval, pregnancy rate, ovulation rate, and embryo survival were not influenced by treatment or feeding level (Exp. 3); however, postweaning intake and embryo survival were negatively related for saline-treated sows only (r = -0.55; P < 0.01), and backfat depth at weaning and embryo survival were positively related for insulin-treated sows only (r = 0.44; P < 0.05). Overall, insulin administration differentially influenced reproduction in primiparous sows and may have interacted with metabolic or nutritional state of the animal.     

Morphometry of bovine luteal tissue explants after the addition of various doses of 15-glycol cloprostenol (Glystrophan inj. Spofa)

Histological and morphometrical examinations were made to investigate the explants of yellow bodies in four gravid cows slaughtered the seventh day after PMSG superovulation and after artificial insemination. The medium of luteal tissue explants was added the test substance 15-glycal cloprostenol at doses of 2.5; 25 and 250 micrograms per ml of the medium. Parallelly cloprostenol in the Oestrophan inj. Spofa preparation was investigated at a dose of 25 micrograms per ml of the medium. The action of the medium lasted 24 hours at temperatures of 37 and 24 degrees C. Besides an overall histological examination the following morphometric indicators were studied: total counts of luteal cells per 1 mm2 area, average area of luteal cells and their nuclei and determination of the nucleocytoplasmic ratio of these cells, parenchymal area (area of luteal cells and stroma) of the luteal tissue per 1 mm2 area. The examinations have indicated that 15-glycal cloprostenol at a dose of 25 micrograms per ml of the medium has stimulating, luteotropic effects on the luteal tissue. The effects were manifested by luteal tissue hyperplasia and the largest area of luteal tissue parenchyma. On the other hand the effects of a tenfold higher dose (250 micrograms per ml of the medium) of the same substance were luteolytic similarly like those of parallelly tested cloprostenol.     

Studies on improving the fertility of aged sows. 3. Results of histological studies on puerperal involution and regeneration processes in the endometrium of lactating sows and sows after extremely early weaning]

Involution and regeneration following parturition was studied in 48 sows allowed to suckle their piglets normally, or from which the piglets were taken away at 5-8 days of age. Samples of uterus were obtained by biopsy 4, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 30, 32 and 40 days after parturition. In lactating sows, endometrial changes similar to those of oestrus in a normal cycle were present 32 days after parturition. This fact seems to justify the removal of piglets at 21-28 days of age. After very early weaning (5-8 days), incomplete oestrus-like changes in the endometrium were seen on the 17th day after parturition. The observed involutionary and regenerative changes in the puerperal uterus suggest that early weaning after 10-12 days of suckling is feasible, but it may be advisable to use drugs that would accelerate uterine involution.     

谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪生产性能和血液生化指标的影响

试验选取21日龄的杜×长×大三元断奶仔猪66头,随机分为2组,每组3个重复,每个重复9～13只,研究日粮中添加1%的谷氨酰胺对断奶仔猪生长性能和血液生化指标的影响.结果表明,添加1 %的谷氨酰胺可使断奶仔猪21～35日龄阶段平均日增重比对照组提高19.2 %(P<0.05),平均日采食量提高16.3 %(P<0.05),血清碱性磷酸酶含量提高74.3 %(P<0.05),血清尿素氮含量降低35.4 %(P<0.05),腹泻率明显降低.添加1 %的谷氨酰胺还可使断奶仔猪21～49日龄阶段平均日增重提高11.5 %(P<0.05),35～49日龄阶段血清尿素氮含量降低43.7 %(P<0.05).     

The adenohypophyseal response and effect of GnRh (Dirigestran inj. Spofa) administration in cows in the postpartum period

Radioimmunological investigation (RIA) of the level of pituitary FSH in the peripheral blood of cows after parturition demonstrated that this level increased successively. The FSH value of 32.93 +/- 3.71 ng per 1 ml, recorded the fourth to sixth day post partum, increased to as much as 57.78 +/- 40.98 ng per 1 ml 40 days after parturition. The LH level changed only slightly over the same period (from 1.12 +/- 0.21 ng per ml to 1.72 +/- 1.15 ng per ml). The concentration of progesterone in the blood of the cows was about 0.40 ng per ml during the first 15 days after parturition, but from the 25th day post partum it trebled, on an average (1.53 +/- 1.19 - 1.59 +/- 1.25 ng per ml). The response of the adenohypophysis of the cows to the administration of 200 micrograms of synthetic gonadoreline (spec. Dirigestran inj. Spofa) increased with increasing length of time from parturition. FSH concentration increased less markedly during the first 28 days p.p. and this increase was not uniform in time (the average increase was 1.5 to three times); in the later period the highest increase 300-500% was recorded, as a rule, 120 minutes after GnRH administration. The situation was similar in the increase in LH concentration in peripheral blood, but after the 26th day post partum the average increase in LH accounted for 500 to 600%. The concentration of progesterone in peripheral blood increased by more than 300%, on an average, from the 25th day after parturition. This testifies to the first post partum ovulation and to the formation of a new yellow body in the majority of cows under study.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

丹系母猪断奶后发情和排卵规律的研究

母猪适时配种是提高受胎率的关键措施之一,而决定配种时间的主要依据是母猪排卵时间。本研究采用B超探测技术对56头不同胎龄的丹系高产母猪发情后的排卵规律进行观测研究。结果发现,母猪断奶后发情至排卵间隔平均为(29.28±8.14)h,排卵持续时间平均是(14.64±4.07)h;母猪断奶至发情间隔为4 d时,母猪发情至排卵间隔和排卵持续时间与其他组差异均显著(P0.05);当断奶至发情天数从2 d增加到5 d,发情至排卵间隔平均减少4.78 h,排卵持续时间平均减少2.39 h;哺乳期小于25 d的母猪断奶到发情间隔及排卵间隔与其他两组母猪均差异显著(P0.05);不同哺乳期的母猪排卵持续时间差异不显著(P0.05);胎次对母猪发情排卵时间存在一定的影响,高胎次母猪比低胎次母猪断奶后发情较迟,排卵持续时间也较长。     

The effect of porcine epidemic diarrhea (PED) on ovarian function and reproductive performance after weaning in Berkshire sows

Tropical Animal Health and Production - The purpose of this study was to investigate the ovarian condition at weaning and subsequent reproductive performance of Berkshire sows following an outbreak...     

乳酸菌剂对断奶仔猪肠道生理指标的影响

当前,抗生素的耐药性及内源感染等问题使人们将更多注意力集中在寻找残留少、污染小的饲料添加剂,益生素作为其中之一,其生理功能及作用机理成为世界各国相关行业的研究热点.益生素又称活菌制剂,是对动物有益的微生物制剂.乳酸菌作为其中一种,可调节动物消化道微生物区系平衡、改变pH、提高消化酶活性、抑制肠道有害微生物生长,对宿主的营养、免疫应答、生物拮抗及生长等方面均产生有利影响.本试验通过在饲料中以不同方式添加乳酸菌,研究其对断奶仔猪消化道的影响,从而对乳酸菌类微生态剂的作用机理进行探讨.     

Sperm distribution in the reproductive tract of sows after intrauterine insemination

The purpose of the present study was to compare the number of spermatozoa obtained from different parts of the oviducts and the uterine horns of sows after intrauterine insemination (IUI) and conventional artificial insemination (AI), 24 h after insemination. Twelve crossbred (Landrace x Yorkshire) multiparous sows were used in the experiment. The sows were examined for standing oestrus using a back pressure test and were examined every 4 h after standing oestrus by real-time B-mode ultrasonography to estimate the time of ovulation. The sows were allocated to two groups, group I sows (n = 6) were inseminated by a conventional AI technique with 3 x 10(9) motile spermatozoa in 100 ml of extended semen, and group II sows (n = 6) were inseminated by an IUI technique using 1 x 10(9) motile spermatozoa in 50 ml of extended semen. A single dose of AI or IUI was given using the same boar, 8-10 h before the expected time of ovulation during the second oestrus after weaning. Twenty four hours after insemination, the sows were ovario-hysterectomized. The oviducts and the uterine horns were removed and divided into seven parts, the cranial, middle and caudal uterine horns, the utero-tubal junction (UTJ), the cranial and caudal isthmus, and the ampulla. All parts of the reproductive tract were flushed and the spermatozoa were counted using a haemocytometer. The results revealed that the spermatozoa were found in both the oviducts and the uterine horns in all animals. The number of flushed spermatozoa in the UTJ of groups I and II, was 142,500 and 131,167 (p > 0.05), and in the caudal isthmus was 1411 and 1280 (p > 0.05), respectively. The proportion of spermatozoa in different parts of the reproductive tract in relation to the total number of spermatozoa within the tract was not significantly different between groups I and II (p > 0.05). It could be concluded that IUI, with a three-time reduction in the number of spermatozoa used resulted in the same number of spermatozoa to be deposited in the sperm reservoir around ovulation time.     

Quantification of mammary gland tissue size and composition changes after weaning in sows

The objectives of this study were to characterize the tissue compositional changes in porcine mammary glands after weaning and to determine whether administration of estradiol alters the profile of these tissue changes. Forty-five primiparous sows were assigned randomly to one of two treatment groups after weaning, control or estrogen treated. Estrogen-treated sows received twice-daily injections of estradiol-17beta (0.125 mg/kg of BW); control sows received vehicle injections. Sows were weaned at d 21 of lactation and killed on either d 0 (d of weaning; n = 5) or on d 2, 3, 4, 5, or 7 after weaning (n = 4 per treatment on each day). Teat order relative to suckling behavior was observed on the day before weaning to determine which mammary glands the piglets suckled. Suckled and non-suckled glands were identified from the teat order observation, and individual mammary glands were collected at slaughter. Mammary glands were trimmed of skin and extraneous fat pad, individually weighed, and bisected to measure cross-sectional area. The remaining half of each gland was ground and stored at -20 degrees C for chemical analyses. Frozen tissue was used for measuring tissue DNA, DM, protein, fat, and ash contents. Suckled mammary glands of sows undergo significant and dramatic changes during the initial 7 d after weaning, with significant changes occurring even by d 2 after weaning. Mean cross-sectional area of parenchymal tissue in suckled mammary glands decreased from 59.7 +/- 2.1 cm2 on the day of weaning to 26.8 +/- 2.3 cm2 by d 7 after weaning (P < 0.0001). Mammary gland wet weight decreased from 485.9 +/- 22.0 g on the day of weaning to 151.5 +/- 24.8 g by d 7 after weaning (P < 0.0001), whereas DNA decreased from 838.8 +/- 46.2 g on the day of weaning to 278.4 +/- 52.5 g by d 7 after weaning (P < 0.0001). The changes in gland wet weight and DNA during the period of mammary gland involution in the sow represent loses of over two-thirds of the parenchymal mass and nearly two-thirds of the cells that were present on the day of weaning. Estrogen treatment did not affect overall mammary involution during the first 7 d after weaning. Mammary glands that were not suckled during lactation had no further loss of parenchymal tissue during the first 7 d after weaning. Mammary gland involution in the sow is a rapid process and is probably irreversible within 2 or 3 d after weaning.     

里岔黑猪仔猪断奶后第1周管理技术措施

仔猪断奶后第1周是猪只一生中最脆弱、最困难阶段,里岔黑猪仔猪亦是如此。主要原因是母源抗体的保护力下降、胃肠道各种消化酶系统尚未完善、饲料由液态变为固态、环境剧烈改变、转混群应激等,若在该阶段管理不到位,则会使仔猪抗病力下降,造成仔猪发病,导致其生长缓慢、死亡率升高。文章旨在从减少心理应激、营养应激、环境应激等影响,提高仔猪日增重和成活率的角度提供一些管理建议,供养猪人参考和借鉴。     

生大豆对两品种母猪繁殖性能及仔猪生产性能的影响

将18头妊娠的长白与松辽黑母猪随机分成3组(每组6头,3头长白母猪,3头松辽黑母猪),按日粮组成分为RS组(生大豆)、SBM(豆粕组)、CGM(玉米蛋白粉组)。测定母猪的繁殖性能和仔猪的生产性能,3组母猪的窝平均产仔数、仔猪初生重、20d窝重、断奶成活率间的差异不显著(P>0.05),饲喂3种饲粮的母猪所产的仔猪,其生产性能间的差异也不显著(P>0.05),因此,生大豆可以作为妊娠母猪的唯一或主要蛋白源。