融合面向对象与缨帽变换的湿地覆被类别遥感提取方法

为了有效提取湿地覆被类别遥感信息,该文基于国产环境星影像(HJ-CCD)和Landsat7遥感影像(ETM)提出了一种融合面向对象技术和缨帽变换的提取湿地覆被信息的方法,并对东洞庭湖区的湿地进行提取。遥感提取结果的总体精度90.02%,Kappa系数0.88,高于传统的分类方法分类的量化结果;获得的结果没有"椒盐现象"且比较紧致。试验结果表明融合面向对象和缨帽变换的方法能够有效的提取湿地覆被类别,精度高,效果好。研究结果为有效地利用遥感手段提取湿地覆被信息提供参考。     

四川省土地利用/覆被变化数据库建立与应用研究

运用RS,GIS和GPS技术,以2005年中巴资源卫星(CBERS-02)遥感影像为信息源,2000年TM遥感影像解译的数据为基础,对2005年遥感影像进行动态变化解译,修改2000年数据库;手持GPS接收机,在野外对解译成果进行验证,更新数据库,最终建成2000-2005年土地利用/覆被变化本底数据库;最后对四川省土地利用/覆被变化信息进行分析,并为四川省生态环境下一步研究指明了方向.     

滨海光谱混淆区面向对象的土地利用遥感分类

滨海光谱混淆区土地利用/覆盖信息获取是遥感信息提取的难点之一,该研究选择黄河三角洲垦利县为研究区,采用2007年3月11日陆地卫星TM遥感影像数据,利用面向对象的土地利用遥感分类技术,通过影像分割和采用支持向量机分类方法对研究区土地利用/覆盖信息进行提取,并将分类结果与传统的基于像元的分类方法进行对比分析。结果表明:面向对象支持向量机的分类精度达到84.83%,比基于像元的最大似然法和波谱角法分别提高了5.94%和19.53%,且有效避免了椒盐现象。说明面向对象的图像分类方法明显提高了遥感影像的分类精度和分类效率,为滨海光谱混淆区土地利用信息的快速、准确提取提供了有效技术手段。     

融合光谱混合分解与面向对象的土地利用/覆被分类

错综复杂的土地利用模式和破碎的地物斑块制约了土地利用/覆被分类的精度和效率。一方面,混合像元模糊了地物的光谱信息,影响了分类精度。另一方面,如何高效利用地物的光谱、形状和纹理特征是当前土地利用/覆被分类的研究热点。为了提高基于遥感技术的土地利用/覆被分类精度,该研究基于Sentinel-2A遥感影像,开展融合光谱混合分解与面向对象的土地利用/覆被分类研究。首先,基于地物的光谱、形状和纹理特征,在3个分割尺度通过NDWI（Normalized Difference Water Index)、NDVI（Normalized Difference Vegetation Index）、SBL（Soil Background Level）等8个特征参数构建了不同地物信息的提取规则。其次,利用光谱混合分解模型提取研究区基质（SL;岩石和土壤）、植被（GV;光合作用叶片）和暗色物质（DA;阴影和水）3类通用端元。最后,尝试融合3端元光谱特征优化地物信息提取规则。研究结果表明：1）基于构建的光谱、形状和纹理的地物信息提取规则,使用模糊函数、阈值法进行土地利用/覆被分类,获得了较高的分类精度,总体精度为80.83%,Kappa系数为0.76。2）融合3端元的光谱特征的提取规则将分类精度提升至90.00%,Kappa系数提升至0.88。3）具有明确物理意义的3端元的融入增强了像元内各组分信息的差异性,弥补了传统光谱指数对植被与土壤间的亮度信息解析度不足的缺陷。该方法能充分利用影像的光谱信息,是一种由易到难、对不确定因素进行逐层剥离的土地利用/覆被信息提取技术。因此,对中高分辨率的多光谱遥感影像十分友好,在土地利用/覆被的精细化分类中有较大应用潜力。     

基于时间序列环境卫星影像的作物分类识别

环境星影像具有较高的时间和空间分辨率,利用其时序遥感数据进行作物信息提取优势明显。该文以黑龙江垦区友谊农场作物为研究对象,利用2010年6月至9月共10景HJ-CCD数据进行作物种植分类信息提取。首先,通过SPLINE算法对云影响区域插值去噪,重构时间序列影像数据;其次,通过分析试验区主要作物的光谱和植被指数时序变化特征,构建基于决策树分层分类的主要作物遥感分类模型,成功提取了黑龙江友谊农场大豆、玉米和水稻的种植信息,分类总体精度达到96.33%。同时,将分类结果同基于时间序列植被指数影像的支持向量机和最大似然法分类结果相比较,结果表明,决策树分类效果最好,支持向量机次之,最大似然分类较差。研究表明,通过去云处理后构建的时间序列HJ卫星遥感影像,结合作物的光谱和典型植被指数时序变化特征,借助于决策树分类方法能够有效提高黑龙江垦区主要种植作物分类的准确性和精度。     

基于多时相遥感数据的吉林西部土地覆被分类提取

为深化计算机自动提取土地覆被类型在遥感分类研究中的应用,以吉林西部的镇赉县为试验区,利用Landsat8多时相遥感数据的季节变化信息、地表植被、水体与土壤等特征参量,构建多维分类特征数据集对试验区进行土地覆被分类研究,提取了11种地表覆被类型。结果表明:1)多维变量组合方案的总体分类精度为95.50%,Kappa系数为0.9504。该方案自动提取地类达到了一个比较理想的分类结果,方案有效可行;2)方案中,3个主要特征分类变量的引入能很好改善易混淆地类的可分性,尤其,地表植被季节变化信息和土地信息的引入能明显提高土地覆被的分类精度;3)实际情况表明,引入的分类特征量不是越多越好,只有将多种分类特征有效结合才能够提高土地覆被分类精度。该文为农牧交错带上的土地覆被遥感监测提供了一个可行的方案,该方案有效可行。     

基于高分辨率遥感影像的青海湖沙柳河流域土地覆盖监督分类方法对比

[目的]研究高寒河源区土地覆盖的精准分类方法,为地物分类提供参考,分类结果可为青海湖流域土地资源与生态环境监管提供数据支撑。[方法]运用高分辨率遥感影像,通过6种监督分类器(平行六面体、最小距离、马氏距离、最大似然、神经网络和支持向量机)对青海湖沙柳河流域的土地覆盖进行分类,最后通过最佳提取方法统计得出青海湖沙柳河流域土地覆被概况。[结果]支持向量机、神经网络和最大似然的分类精度较高,其总体分类精度均大于96%,Kappa系数均大于0.95,平行六面体的分类精度最低,误差较大。综合各种分类精度及分类图像局部细节,支持向量机分类效果最佳。通过解译可知沙柳河流域土地覆被以草地为主,占流域总面积的71.09%,裸地和湿地分别占流域总面积的16.26%和10.24%,水体、农田和建筑用地面积较小,共占流域总面积的2.41%。[结论]运用高分辨率遥感影像,通过支持向量机分类器可实现对青海湖沙柳河流域土地覆被的良好分类。整个流域植被覆盖度高,生态环境良好。     

喀斯特地区贵州省绥阳县土地利用/覆被变化对陆地植被碳储量的影响

土地利用/覆被变化是影响陆地生态系统碳储量变化的重要驱动因素。利用绥阳县2000年、2005年、2010年3期ETM/SPOT影像解译获得的2000—2010年土地利用变化数据,估算了该县土地利用变化对生态系统中植被碳储量的影响。结果表明:2000—2005年研究区耕地面积增加了22.87hm2,林地、牧草地分别减少了15.78,8.28hm2,植被碳储量2005年比2000年减少了2 945.11t;2005—2010年研究区耕地、牧草地分别减少26.28,4.09hm2,林地增加29.07hm2,植被碳储量2010年比2005年增加了1 786.17t。综上,该县植被碳储量总体呈减少趋势,且退耕还林还草、天然林保护工程和城镇建设用地增加等是影响该地区植被碳储量变化的重要因素。     

基于极化分解和集成学习的PolSAR影像分类

为实现Pol SAR数据极化信息的充分利用,以进一步改善分类效果,该研究提出了一种基于极化分解和集成学习的Pol SAR影像分类方法。该方法首先利用多种极化分解方法从Pol SAR影像中提取极化参数;将提取的极化参数组合成一幅多通道影像;然后对多通道影像进行分割和特征提取,分别提取出各目标极化分解方法所对应的特征;并进行特征选择和分类,得到各目标极化分解方法的分类结果;最后利用集成学习技术对各分类结果进行集成。该研究以吉林省长春市部分区域为研究区,Radarsat2影像为数据源,将提出的方法应用于土地覆被分类中,取得了较好的分类效果,总体精度和Kappa系数分别达到了92.49%和0.90。此外,该研究还将提出方法与其他基于多种极化分解的分类方法进行比较,对比方法的总体精度和Kappa系数分别为90.74%和0.88,比提出方法分别低1.75%和0.02,对比结果进一步证明了提出方法的优越性。     

面向对象的无人机影像水体变化监测方法

[目的]针对大多无人机影像仅有红、绿、蓝3个波段的特点,提出一种利用纹理特征提取水体并进行变化监测的方法,为水利部门了解水体面积变化情况提供技术支持。[方法]首先利用易康软件对无人机影像进行多尺度分割,形成影像像斑,再计算影像像斑的角二阶矩、均值、熵等纹理特征,将这些纹理特征作为影像波段进行组合,从而突出水体,最后通过ISO分类的方法提取出水体,将不同时期提取的水体进行叠置分析,得到水体的变化区域。[结果]通过选择不同的区域进行试验,水体的提取精度和变化检测精度均达90%以上。[结论]面向对象的无人机影像水体变化监测方法可有效提高水体变化监测的效率,节约人工作业量。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Responses of native legume desert trees used for reforestation in the Sonoran Desert to plant growth-promoting microorganisms in screen house

Three slow-growing legume trees used for desert reforestation and urban gardening in the Sonoran Desert of Northwestern Mexico and the Southwestern USA were evaluated whether their growth can be promoted by inoculation with plant growth-promoting bacteria (Azospirillum brasilense and Bacillus pumilus), unidentified arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi (mainly Glomus sp.), and supplementation with common compost under regular screenhouse cultivation common to these trees in nurseries. Mesquite amargo (Prosopis articulata) and yellow palo verde (Parkinsonia microphylla) had different positive responses to several of the parameters tested while blue palo verde (Parkinsonia florida) did not respond. Survival of all tree species was over 80% and survival of mesquite was almost 100% after 10 months of cultivation. Inoculation with growth-promoting microorganisms induced significant effects on the leaf gas exchange of these trees, measured as transpiration and diffusive resistance, when these trees were cultivated without water restrictions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.