中国荷斯坦牛乳房性状、体型总分与产奶性状的相关分析

研究利用武汉市58头公牛的971头女儿2006—2007年间的体型性状鉴定记录及2001—2007年间的生产性能测定记录,配合动物模型,采用REML方法进行参数估计,探讨了乳房性状、体型总分与产奶性状之间的关系。结果表明:乳房性状与产奶性状之间的表型相关较小。后乳房宽度与产奶性状之间存在强的遗传正相关(0.44～0.89)。后乳房高度与305 d产奶量(0.27)、305 d乳脂量(0.16)存在遗传正相关,而与305 d乳蛋白量(-0.32)存在遗传负相关。前乳房附着与产奶性状基本不存在相关。悬韧带与305 d产奶量存在遗传正相关(0.79)。乳房深度与305 d产奶量存在遗传负相关(-0.20)。体型总分与305 d产奶量、305 d乳脂量、305 d乳蛋白量存在较强的遗传正相关,故加强乳房性状和体型总分的选择对提高奶牛的生产性能有益。     

应用BLUP方法对猪繁殖性状和生长性状遗传评估的研究

【目的】估计杜洛克猪(Duroc,DD)、长白猪(Landrace,LL)、大白猪(Yorkshire,YY)繁殖性状和生长性状的遗传参数,分析不同年份育种值变化的遗传趋势,为制定合理的育种方案提供理论依据。【方法】以杜洛克猪、长白猪、大白猪繁殖性状和生长性状的性能测定数据为研究材料,其中繁殖性状数据10 963条,包括总产仔数(total number born,TNB)、产活仔数(number born alive,NBA)、出生窝重(litter born weight,LBW)和21日龄窝重(litter weight at 21 days,LW21);生长性状数据25 257条,包括达100 kg体重日龄(age at 100 kg live weight,AGE)和达100 kg体重背膘厚(backfat adjusted to 100 kg,BF)。采用基于动物模型的最佳线性无偏预测(best linear unbiased prediction,BLUP)方法,使用ASReml统计分析软件进行遗传力、遗传相关和育种值估计。【结果】TNB、NBA和LBW的遗传力在0.08~0.20之间,LW21的遗传力在0.02~0.05之间;AGE和BF的遗传力在0.22~0.37之间。繁殖性状TNB、NBA、LBW、LW21的遗传相关系数总体分布在0.20~0.97之间,呈中等偏上正相关;生长性状AGE和BF的遗传相关系数分布在-0.07~-0.03之间,呈微弱的负相关。杜洛克猪繁殖性状的遗传趋势上升幅度较大,长白猪、大白猪繁殖性状的遗传趋势上升幅度较小;生长性状中AGE的遗传趋势均呈下降趋势,且下降幅度较大,BF的遗传趋势变化幅度较小。【结论】本研究对杜洛克猪、长白猪、大白猪繁殖性状和生长性状的遗传参数和遗产趋势进行了准确的评估,结果可为该育种场的育种工作提供参考。     

中国荷斯坦牛产后0～35d繁殖疾病遗传参数估计

旨在估计中国荷斯坦牛产后0～35d的繁殖疾病遗传参数。本研究收集了1993-2017年间北京地区27个场中国荷斯坦牛产后0～35d25 026条繁殖疾病记录,统计分析发病规律,采用阈模型和线性模型,以场年、胎次和产犊季节为固定效应,个体加性遗传效应和永久环境效应为随机效应得到遗传参数来探究中国荷斯坦牛产后0～35d繁殖疾病遗传规律,同时尝试单独对子宫疾病进行遗传参数估计。结果显示,奶牛产后0～35d繁殖疾病记录占整个泌乳期繁殖疾病记录的54%;使用线性模型和阈模型所得奶牛产后0～35d遗传力分别为0.015 2(0.001 9)和0.094 4(0.01),使用SAS计算两个模型繁殖疾病EBV排名秩相关达95%(P<0.01);在繁殖疾病中,子宫疾病占48%,且主要集中于产后0～35d,利用线性模型估计得到产后0～35d子宫疾病遗传力为0.010 7(0.001 6)。根据线性模型得到的EBV计算繁殖疾病遗传趋势,发现自2000年以来,公母牛繁殖疾病、子宫疾病估计育种值均呈现下降趋势。本研究结果可为中国荷斯坦牛繁殖疾病的遗传育种工作提供参考。     

山西瘦肉型猪SD-Ⅱ系6月龄体重遗传趋势分析

用混合模型BLUP法对山西瘦肉型猪SD-系选育过程中O～4世代53头公猪的603头后裔6月龄体重进行了遗传趋势评估分析。结果表明，遗传传递力与后代平均表型值的相关及其名次的秩相关均迭极显著水平；遗传趋势、表型趋势和年遗传改进量较高，．且遗传趋势与表型趋势较一致，说明SD-Ⅱ系选育过程中所要取的育种措施是有效的，继续进行选育还有提高的可能。     

应用随机回归模型对北京地区荷斯坦牛产奶性状的遗传分析

我国自开展奶牛生产性能测定(DHI)以来,积累了大量DHI数据,这为奶牛群体遗传参数估计和遗传评定奠定了良好的基础。本研究收集了北京地区1998—2018年间131个牛场的99 823头中国荷斯坦奶牛的头胎测定日数据,共计817 208条,以及全部牛只的系谱记录信息,采用了单性状随机回归模型配合4阶Legendre多项式分析中国荷斯坦牛产奶性状的遗传参数以及育种值估计,计算过程采用DMU软件的AI模块。结果表明:北京地区荷斯坦牛产奶量、乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳脂量、乳蛋白量5个性状的305 d泌乳期遗传力分别为0.28、0.53、0.63、0.25、0.24,1990—2016年间各产奶性状的平均年遗传进展分别为10.52 kg、-0.00046%、-0.00011%、0.30kg、0.32kg。该研究结果为进一步提高选种准确性和遗传进展提供了依据,为北京地区制定合理的育种目标和进行遗传评估提供了理论参考。     

三河牛部分经济性状的遗传参数估计

利用内蒙古谢尔塔拉种牛场1977—2005年间1835头三河牛的育种记录,对305 d产奶量、外貌评分、体高、体斜长、胸围、管围、体重共7个性状进行遗传统计分析,并应用动物模型,借助约束最大似然法(REML)和DMU软件估计上述数量性状的参数。结果表明,305 d产奶量、外貌评分、体高、体斜长、胸围、管围、体重的遗传力分别为0.26、0.18、0.38、0.21、0.28、0.20、0.39;体重与体尺的遗传相关在0.51～0.72之间。     

新巴尔虎右旗植被覆盖变化研究

利用ArcGIS和ENVI的栅格空间分析工具,采用叠置分析、线性趋势分析法、均值法等分析方法,选用2001～2016年每年5～9月MODIS NDVI数据和该研究区域行政区划矢量数据来研究新巴尔虎右旗16年间的植被覆盖变化,为该地区植被趋势研究和生态建设提供一定的科学依据.结果表明:2001～2016年间新巴尔虎右旗生...     

奶牛选择指数法

选择指数法是奶牛获得遗传改良的最有效的方法。当选择指数法是基于可靠无偏的资料时,它往往比顺序选择法或独立淘汰法产生更快的遗传改进。选择指数法的基本原理是L. N. Hazel于1943年提出的。选择指数法的优点在于:(1)同时考虑到几个重要性状;(2)考虑到各性     

湖北白猪Ⅵ系主选性状的遗传趋势分析

用公畜分组带亲缘关系的混合模型ＢＬＵＰ法对湖北白猪Ⅵ系的主选性状、日增重和背膘厚进行了遗传趋势分析,结果表明：在６个世纪的继代选育中,日增重的群体遗传趋势为７１．０１３５ｇ,呈逐代上升趋势;背膘厚群体遗传趋势为－０．００９５ｃｍ,呈逐代下降趋势。但是,通过世代的ＥＴＡ变异范围的波动性来看,其遗传潜力还未能充分表现,有待于进一步提高。通过分畜血统组间效应分析和日增重与背膘厚两性状的ＥＴＡ、ＷＡＴＡ相     

AA父母代种鸡性能研究与技术对策

<正> 为了充分发挥AA种鸡的遗传潜力,提高生产效率和经济效益,我们从宏观角度对AA父母代种鸡的遗传性能表现进行研究,提出相应的技术对策。一、研究内容 (一)对AA父母代种鸡遗传性能表现研究情况在1984—1986年间,在中山种鸡场结合大群生产进行宏观研究,所观察的鸡群共11群,入舍种鸡数20157只。参照美国爱拔     

山羊奶理化性状研究——Ⅳ.末乳主要理化性状及其变化和常乳中氨基酸组成与含量

本文分析研究了西农萨能奶山羊、英国萨能奶山羊和关中奶山羊末乳中脂肪、乳糖、蛋白质、总干物质、灰分及钙和磷的含量及其变化,同时也对3个被试品种羊奶中氨基酸含量进行了测定。研究结果表明末乳中 pH 值、灰分和蛋白质含量达到整个泌乳期最高水平,而酸度和乳糖含量则较低.蛋白质含量高于脂肪含量。3个品种间氨基酸含量基本相近。山羊奶里酪蛋白中谷氨酸与组氨酸的比值明显高于牛奶.这是山羊奶酪蛋白的特点之一。山羊奶中游离氨基酸含量明显高于牛奶。     

Contribution of various factors to genetic evaluations of stallions

Genetic evaluations (BLUP) of 262 stallions were obtained for the following subjectively scored traits of the Swedish Riding Horse Quality Events: conformation, gaits, temperament in the gaiting test, jumping ability and temperament in the jumping test. The genetic evaluations were partitioned into the various factors included in the statistical model applied to the data. The partitioned sire solutions were compared with genetic evaluations obtained from application of an animal model. The differences between the evaluations indicated the influence of the genetic merit of mates. The following correlations were found between the estimated breeding values (from the animal model) of sires and their mates for the five traits in the same order as above: 0.101, 0.046, 0.096, 0.004, 0.020. Evaluations of genetic values within birth years (1973–1979) indicated a slightly negative genetic trend in conformation score and slightly positive genetic trend in the other four traits.     

苏博美利奴羊主要经济性状的遗传参数估计

苏博美利奴羊是我国近年来培育出的超细型细毛羊品种,为了解该品种主要经济性状的遗传参数以及群体改变的速度和方向,本研究收集2014—2020年新疆巩乃斯种羊场苏博美利奴羊的周岁母羊鉴定记录共计9140条、剪毛称重记录共计7158条以及初生重记录5540条;利用DMU软件采用AIREML模块结合EM算法配合单性状动物模型估...     

An evaluation of bias in estimated breeding values for weaning weight in Angus beef cattle field records. II. Estimates of bias due to genetic trend

Field records (53,989) from the American Angus Association were used to evaluate the impact of bias associated with genetic trend in estimated breeding values for weaning weight. Annual estimates of breeding values were calculated using the reported weaning weight ratios and ratios adjusted for estimated genetic trend. Genetic gains were assumed to be consistently linear. Bias was estimated as the difference between the two estimates, and herd averages across years for dam's bias ranged from .38 to 3.86 ratio units. The bias was a function of the magnitude of the estimated trend and the generation interval. The impact of this bias was small in young cows, but increased rapidly after diet fourth or fifth calves. When annual genetic trend was less than .75 ratio units, the loss in selection response (based upon selecting the top 10 and 50% of males and females, respectively) did not exceed 2.5%. In herds with trends between .75 and 1.1 units/yr, the loss was 6 to 8%. In the five herds where estimated trend exceeded 1.1 units/yr, the loss ranged from 10.8 to 25.2%).     

Validation of alternative models in genetic evaluation of racing performance in North Swedish and Norwegian cold-blooded trotters

There have been several approaches to the estimation of breeding values of performance in trotters, and the objective of this study was to validate different alternatives for genetic evaluation of racing performance in the North Swedish and Norwegian cold-blooded trotters. The current bivariate approach with the traits racing status (RACE) and earnings (EARN) was compared with a threshold-linear animal model and the univariate alternative with the performance trait only. The models were compared based on cross-validation of standardized earnings, using mean-squared errors of prediction (MSEP) and the correlation between the phenotype (Y) and the estimated breeding value (EBV). Despite possible effects of selection, a rather high estimate of heritability of EARN was found in our univariate analysis. The genetic trend estimate for EARN was clearly higher in the bivariate specification than in the univariate model, as a consequence of the considerable size of estimated heritability of RACE and its high correlation with EARN (approximately 0.8). RACE is highly influenced by ancestry rather than the on-farm performance of the horse itself. Consequently, the use of RACE in the genetic analysis may inflate the genetic trend of EARN because of a double counting of pedigree information. Although, because of the higher predictive ability of the bivariate specification, the improved ranking of animals within a year-class and the inability to discriminate between models for genetic trend, we propose to base prediction of breeding values on the current bivariate model.     

北京地区荷斯坦牛乳糖率影响因素分析及遗传参数估计

为探究非遗传因素对荷斯坦牛测定日乳糖率(lactose percentage,LP)的影响,并估计测定日乳糖率的遗传力及其与体细胞评分(somatic cell score,SCS)、产奶量之间的遗传相关,试验收集了北京地区2017－2019年6个牧场11 554头荷斯坦牛的测定日生产性能记录,采用Mixed模型分析了影响测定日乳糖率的非遗传因素,基于DMU软件的DMUAI模块使用重复力模型估计了测定日乳糖率、SCS和产奶量的遗传参数,分析了测定日乳糖率的遗传趋势。结果显示,北京地区荷斯坦牛测定日乳糖率平均值为5.10%,胎次、泌乳阶段、牧场、测定年和测定季节对乳糖率均有极显著影响(P<0.01)。北京地区荷斯坦牛测定日乳糖率的遗传力估计值为0.097,高于同群体SCS性状;重复力估计值为0.162。1994-2019年,乳糖率性状的估计育种值总体呈升高趋势。乳糖率与SCS、产奶量之间分别存在中等至低的遗传相关,遗传相关系数分别为-0.49和0.28。上述结果表明,在遗传水平上,乳糖率越高的个体,其产奶量越高,体细胞数越低。本研究在中国牛群中对测定日乳糖率的遗传建模分析进行了有益尝试,利用大规模数据初步揭示了测定日乳糖率的遗传规律。     

Twinning rate in Norwegian cattle: frequency, (co)variance components, and genetic trends

The overall twinning rate was shown to increase from .6% in the first parity to 4.0% in the sixth parity, and a positive phenotypic trend for twinning rate was observed during the time period considered (1978 to 1995). The distribution of bulls according to the average percentage of multiple births of daughters in first and second parity showed that some bulls had an extremely low twinning frequency and others exceeded the population mean by approximately six times. (Co)variance components were estimated for twinning in first and second parities using a linear sire model. The analysis included either first- and second-crop daughters (1.4 and .9 million records for first- and second-parity cows, respectively) or first-crop daughters only (.6 and .4 million records for first- and second-parity cows, respectively) from 2,043 sires. Heritability estimates were .7 to .8% in the first parity and 2.8% in the second parity. The genetic correlation between twinning in the first and second parities was approximately 1. Part of the phenotypic trend observed can be explained by a genetic trend for twinning rate.     

Impact of the event effect in genetic evaluation for ranking traits in horses

In genetic evaluation of horses, the genetic trend does not correspond into a phenotypic trend when using ranking as a phenotype due to its uniform distribution, and some other effects might be absorbing that trend. From a founder population, a further four discrete generations of 100 individuals were simulated under random mating. Then, ten additional discrete generations were simulated by selecting the best 10% of the animals. Likewise, an underlying variable with heritability 0.1 or 0.2, affected by an event environmental influence, generation and permanent environment, was simulated to establish the ranking assignment of 10 random participants or according to the competitive level for each event, in 10 or 100 structured or unstructured events. The ranking trait genetic evaluation model was tested to include or exclude the event effect and the permanent environment effect, depending on the scenario. The results showed that the event effect fitted the different competitive level of each event, leading to a 5% to 23% of selection response improvement for structured competitions. Therefore, the event effect should be included in the genetic evaluation models of horses. The permanent environment fitted or simulated did not significantly improve the selection response. The event effect explained the competition genetic level, by compensating the genetic trend obtained by selection.     

Genetic associations between milk fat‐to‐protein ratio,milk production and fertility in the first two lactations of Thai Holsteins dairy cattle

The aims of this study were to estimate, simultaneously, the genetic parameters of test‐day milk fat‐to‐protein ratio (FPR), test‐day milk yield (MY), and days‐open (DO) in the first two lactations of Thai Holsteins. A total of 76 194 test‐day production records collected from 8874 cows with 8674 DO records between 2001 and 2011 from different lactations were treated as separated traits. The estimates of heritability for test‐day FPR in the first lactation showed an increasing trend, whereas the estimates in the second lactation showed a U‐shape trend. Genetic correlations for FPR‐DO and MY‐DO showed a decreasing trend along days in milk (DIM) in both lactations, whereas genetic correlations for FPR‐MY increased along DIM in the first lactation but decreased in the second lactation. Genetic correlations of FPR between consecutive DIM were moderate to high, which showed the effectiveness of simultaneous analyses. Selection of FPR in the early stage has no adverse effect on MY and DO for the first lactation but has a negative effect on MY and positive effect on DO for the second lactation. This study showed that genetic improvement of the energy balance using FPR, MY and DO with multi‐trait test day model could be applied in a Thailand dairy cattle breeding program.