中国水牛瘤胃纤毛虫分布与挥发性脂肪酸的研究

对中国广西西林水牛和摩拉水牛瘤胃纤毛虫种类分布进行了鉴定检测,并测定了其瘤胃液挥发性脂肪酸浓度,同时进行了比较研究。全部检出17属63种25型瘤胃纤毛虫,比以前进行的8种反刍动物瘤胃纤毛虫分布研究中出现的总数和每个宿主个体中出现的平均纤毛虫种数多,种类构成最复杂,其纤毛虫构成特点类似于东南亚地区水牛瘤胃纤毛虫构成特点。其中广西西林水牛中检出了Entodinium biconcavumsp n,是至今从未鉴定记载过的认为是新种的特殊种类。广西西林水牛检出13属54种20型、摩拉水牛检出16属45种11型瘤胃纤毛虫。广西西林水牛瘤胃纤毛虫平均密度为2.13×105/mL,摩拉水牛瘤胃纤毛虫密度为3.43×105/mL。中国水牛瘤胃纤毛虫属别构成中Entodinium属出现率最高,但两个水牛品种间存在明显差别,其他属别构成也不尽一致。这与不同品种原来的地理环境分布与饲养管理条件有关。广西西林水牛瘤胃总VFA浓度为75.60 mmol/mL,摩拉水牛的为58.74 mmol/mL。瘤胃总VFA含量中均为乙酸含量最高,属于典型的粗饲料发酵类型。     

放牧绵羊瘤胃纤毛虫种类分布及补饲对它的影响

采集了64只放牧绵羊瘤胃内容物,对其瘤胃纤毛虫种类及各属的构成比进行了检查,共检出15属39种24型。其中13种13型是从中国绵羊检出的首次记录。平均每只绵羊检出的纤毛虫种数为19.8种,平均密度为41.8×10~4/ml。属别构成比最高的是Entodinium属82.68％,最少的是Elytroplastron属是小于0.01％。 对于放牧饲养的母羊早春季节采样的5只,晚秋季节采样的9只与早春放牧羊平均每日每只补饲0.25kg精料的9只绵羊瘤胃纤毛虫种数、密度及属别构成比进行了初步调查,结果表明,春秋两季放牧绵羊纤毛虫种数相差无几,而早春放牧补饲的纤毛虫种数比春和秋不补饲的多检出10～20种。纤毛虫密度秋季的为45.3×10~4/ml,春季的31.6×10~4/ml,而早春补饲的为44.0×10~4/ml。放牧绵羊在不同季节的纤毛虫属别构成基本一致。春季放牧和放牧加补饲的绵羊瘤胃纤毛中Diploplastron属、Ostracodinium属和Enoploplastron属的构成,比秋季的分别增加了30.8～11倍。4.1～4.6倍和8.5～12.8倍。Isotoricha属、Dasytoricha属和Charon-ina属在春季补饲的比不补饲的分别增加了3.4～4.8倍、4.2～5.9倍和3.0～8.6倍,而Entod-inium属减少了10％左右。通过总的调查发现,放牧补饲的母羊瘤胃中,Entodinium dilobum种纤毛虫明显增加。     

中国内蒙古山羊瘤胃纤毛虫种类构成的研究

采取21只中国内蒙古山羊瘤胃内容物,对其瘤胃内纤毛虫种类和各属的构成比进行了调查。共计检出了12属35种16型纤毛虫。其构成与内蒙古牛、绵羊极其相似。即检出的全部种     

中国牦牛瘤胃纤毛虫原生动物区系与异地饲养对它的影响

本研究调查了在中国西藏、四川的牦牛和在内蒙古异地饲养的牦牛瘤胃纤毛虫种类和组成。调查结果 :鉴定出了12属36种18型瘤胃纤毛虫。在不同的牦牛饲养地区 ,牦牛瘤胃纤毛虫种类组成略有差别 ,西藏牦牛瘤胃纤毛虫种类组成最少 ,相比之下 ,在内蒙古异地饲养的牦牛瘤胃纤毛虫种类组成最多 ,并与当地饲养的牛的瘤胃纤毛虫种类组成相似。这表明牦牛瘤胃纤毛虫组成受到是否与牛在一起或是否在邻近地区饲养牛的影响 ,西藏牦牛和野牦牛的纤毛虫组成最相似。从所检测地区的牦牛瘤胃液中都鉴别出了内毛属(Entodinium)的一个新种 ,且有高出现率 ,被命名为Entodiniummonuon.sp.。没有从与内蒙古牦牛一起饲养的牛瘤胃液中发现此新种。各地区饲养的牦牛瘤胃纤毛虫属组成彼此相似 ,内毛属是最主要的属 ,占51.9 %～61.0 %。各地区饲养的宿主动物纤毛虫平均密度约为105/ml。     

西藏林芝地区藏羊瘤胃纤毛虫初步分类鉴定

为了解西藏林芝地区藏羊瘤胃纤毛虫的数量和形态,试验采集3只安装永久性瘤胃瘘管的藏羊瘤胃液,利用改制的血球计数板在生物显微镜下对瘤胃液的纤毛虫进行计数,并利用显微拍照对纤毛虫进行初步分类鉴定。结果表明,西藏林芝地区藏羊瘤胃中纤毛虫的平均密度为9.7±3.2~13.5±2.1×105个/mL。采用显微拍照和形态学鉴定,发现瘤胃中共有纤毛虫8个属。     

牦牛、藏羊瘤胃纤毛虫种群季节动态的研究

通过对牦牛、藏羊瘤胃纤毛虫春、夏、秋、冬四季种群密度变化及主要种属四季构成比例的分析发现：牦牛、藏羊瘤胃纤毛虫密度大于国内同行对其它地区牛及绵羊的研究结果，并且四季变化幅度大。另外牦牛、藏羊瘤胃毛虫种群优势属种的排序和构成比例的规律性变化呈现一致的现象，内毛属纤毛虫是四季优势属。而不同属别各季之间存在较为明显的差异。     

奶牛瘤胃pH、消化酶活性及原虫数量的日动态变化研究

本试验旨在研究奶牛瘤胃pH、消化酶活性、原虫数量的日动态变化规律及原虫种类。试验选择3头体重为(500±30) kg、泌乳胎次为2～4、健康状况良好、装永久性瘤胃瘘管的干乳期荷斯坦奶牛作为试验瘤胃液供体,分别采集采食前后各时间点瘤胃液。试验预试期14 d,正试期7 d。结果表明:1)随时间变化,瘤胃pH呈一定规律性变化,即在奶牛采食前瘤胃pH较高,采食后随饲粮进入瘤胃,瘤胃pH迅速降低,然后随瘤胃中饲粮的减少,瘤胃pH逐渐恢复至采食前水平,且采食前后瘤胃pH差异显著(P0.05)。2)5种瘤胃消化酶在采食前活性维持相对较低水平,采食后酶活性升高,其中蛋白酶、淀粉酶、木聚糖酶活性上升的速度快,果胶酶、纤维酶活性上升速度慢,最终这5种酶活性逐渐恢复至原来水平,后3种酶活性很长时间维持在较高水平;除淀粉酶、木聚糖酶活性在第2次采食前后差异不显著(P0.05)外,采食前后5种酶活性均差异显著(P0.05)。3)随时间变化,原虫数量整体呈凹凸形式变化,即原虫数量在采食前较高,采食后随着饲粮进入瘤胃,瘤胃内容物被稀释,导致原虫数量降低,然后随食糜的排空,逐渐恢复甚至高于原来水平,但采食前后原虫数量均差异不显著(P0.05)。4)对原虫进行形态学鉴别,观察到了厚毛属(Dasytricha)、内毛属(Entodinium)、鞘甲属(Elytroplastron)、单甲属(Eremplastron)、前毛属(Epidinium)、后毛属(Metadinium) 6个属12种原虫,其中内毛属的种类最多。本研究结果为进一步了解反刍动物在采食饲粮前后瘤胃消化酶活性、微生物菌群日变化规律及原虫种类提供调控瘤胃功能和原虫形态学鉴定的基础数据。     

不同粗精比日粮对绵羊小肠中瘤胃微生物蛋白质利用的影响

用4只装有瘤胃瘘管、十二肠瘘管和回肠瘘管的去势(公母各半)萨福克羊体重平均为(45.5±5.2)kg,在不同粗精比日粮条件下 ,研究瘤胃细菌、纤毛虫体蛋白质在小肠内的利用率。结果表明 :到达十二指肠的瘤胃细菌和纤毛虫的量 ,随日粮中精饲料水平的提高而显著减少(P<0.05)。与此相反 ,过瘤胃饲料蛋白质的量则显著增加(P<0.05)。小肠内的细菌利用率显著受日粮变化的影响 ,而纤毛虫利用率则不易受日粮影响且显著地高于细菌的利用率(P<0.05)。小肠内被吸收的细菌和纤毛虫对微生物氮的贡献率在全试验组中平均为50 %。     

中药对反刍动物瘤胃微生物的影响

<正>1瘤胃内细菌的功能瘤胃中的微生物种类繁多、数量巨大,包括原虫(主要为纤毛虫)、细菌及部分厌氧真菌和少量侵害发酵有机体的菌质体、噬菌体、病毒等,绝大部分属厌氧菌。其中最主要的是细菌和纤毛虫。主要功能是分解纤维素、果胶等,产生甲酸、乙酸等,其次它还能分解淀粉和糖类。     

宁夏滩羊瘤胃纤毛虫的研究

瘤胃纤毛虫的营养作用复杂,其数量与种类因生态条件而变化。国内外的同行们正在进行研究。本试验主要探讨了宁夏滩羊在舍饲低氮水平的典型日粮条件下,瘤胃中纤毛虫的种类和数量以及对日粮消化性和氮存留的影响,以求有益于反刍动物营养科学的进展。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein