猞猁胃和肠的形态学研究

本研究观察表明，猞猁的胃为单室有腺胃，呈略扁而弯曲的囊状，大部分位于左侧腹前部和腹中部，小部在腹腔右侧。分布于胃的动脉来胃左动脉，胃右动脉、脾动脉、胃网膜左动脉和胃网膜右动脉。肠管分小肠和大肠，小肠分为十二指肠，空肠和回肠，大肠分为盲肠、结肠和直肠。肠管各段有明显的分界特生回肠短，盲肠不发达。分布于小肠的动脉来自胃右动脉、胰十二指肠前动脉、胰十二指肠后动脉、空肠动脉和回肠动脉，分布于大肠的动脉来自     

猪的迷走神经解剖

对北京和通辽地区杂种仔猪11头的解剖,描述了迷走神经的构成、位置、行程和主要分支,分布情况。 猪的迷走神经由内,外侧支组成,内侧支通过颈静脉神经节和结状神经节,外侧支只有极少部分纤维通过这两个神经节。迷走神经起自延髓侧面,同副神经、舌咽神经由破裂孔出颅腔,可分成额、胸、腹三段。在颈段分出咽支、喉前神经和心支;在胸段分出返神经-喉后神经,并有支向食管、支气管、淋巴结等处。左、右侧迷走神经构成食管背、腹侧干、经食管裂孔进入腹腔。背侧干分成肠支、胃支。肠支大部分纤维不进入腹腔神经节和肠系膜前神经节、而直接沿肠系膜前动脉分布在肠管。胃支组成神经丛,分布在胃的脏面。腹侧干组成神经丛分布在食管末端、胃的隔面、肝、胰和十二指肠起始端。     

初生仔猪的肠管与动脉分枝间的相关回归分析

用乳胶加洋红颜料对32例初生仔猪的腹主动脉进行灌注,然后测量其小肠、大肠的长度、口径以及动脉分枝数目,利用微机处理得出,小肠的一级分枝与终末分枝、小肠长度与一级分枝、小肠长度与终未分枝有相关性,但小肠直径与动脉分枝无相关性。大肠的长度与终末枝、大肠的直径与终未枝有相关性。     

人工感染弓形虫兔主要脏器病理形态学观察

将人工感染弓形虫兔于濒死期(3～46d不等)扑杀,取其心、肝、脾、肺和肾五种脏器组织,作了病理形态学观察。主要结果如下:肝、心、脾组织中有周边无炎性反应的凝固性坏死;肝组织中还有网状细胞增生形成的结节;肺脏表现为肺泡隔炎等,这些特征性病变与其他动物弓形虫病变基本相同。同时观察到在肝窦状隙、小叶间动、静脉、肺泡壁毛细血管、肺支气管动脉、心肌纤维间毛细血管和脾静脉窦内均有血栓形成,同时伴?坏死性血栓性血管炎;各脏器的动脉管壁呈现不同程度的玻璃样变,以及由血栓形成所致其周围组织的病变。另外,应用PAS、PTAH、Weigert-Gram等染色方法显示组织切片中的弓形虫,比H.E染色更易于观察。     

骡脾肝网状细胞肉瘤3例报告

网状细胞肉瘤(Reticulum Cell Sarcoma)是网状组织上发生的恶性肿瘤。人的网状细胞肉瘤较常见;而动物的网状细胞肉瘤在兽医临床上比较少见。几年来,我们遇到3例骡的脾肝网状细胞肉瘤,现报告如下。     

犬肾动脉、脾动脉分支及其节段性分布

采用动脉铸型和大体解剖学方法观察了犬肾动脉 38例 ,脾动脉 30例。结果表明 :(1)犬肾动脉入肾前分为背干和腹干 ,由它们发出 2～ 6支肾段动脉 ,其分布区即为同名肾段。 (2 )犬肾段动脉有 5种分支类型 ,变异较大 ,但具有高度的对称性。 (3)犬脾动脉的分支均为双分支型 ,即分为脾上叶动脉和脾下叶动脉 ,将犬的脾脏分为 4个脾段 ,每 1个脾段由同名脾段动脉供应血液。 (4 ) 2 5例各脾段动脉之间无吻合支存在 ,称为“无血管区”;5例存在着少量吻合支 ,可称为“少血管区”。     

神经对哺乳动物肝脏功能的调节

<正>肝脏是动物体内最大、功能很多的器官之一,它参与体内消化、代谢、解毒和免疫等过程。实验证明,动物在完全摘除肝脏后,即使给予相应的治疗,最多也只能生存50多个小时,这说明肝脏是维持生命活动的一个必不可少的重要器官。哺乳动物的肝脏具有丰富的神经,主要来源于腹腔神经丛和迷走神经的分支,它们随肝动脉到肝十二指肠韧带(HDLR)中行走组成肝丛,沿着肝血管和胆管经肝门入肝,分布于肝小叶间结缔组织内,并有神经纤维进入肝小叶内,分布于肝细胞和血窦的内皮[1～2]。     

禽网状内皮组织增殖病的实验室诊断

经剖检观察到病鸡脏器上的肿瘤结节,病理组织学检查到心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肠等组织中有大量网状细胞增生。免疫组织化学检测到病变组织中有REV抗原。因此,将组织学病理变化和检测禽网状内皮组织增殖病病毒相结合可以作为实验室快速、准确诊断禽网状内皮组织增殖病的方法。     

牛真胃变位的诊疗方案

正牛真胃变位是指牛的真胃正常位置发生改变(左方变位和右方变位)。本病是牛的常发病,特别高产乳牛发病多。左方变位,是真胃由右下腹部通过瘤胃下方移行到左侧腹腔瘤胃与左腹壁之间,其扭转程度较轻,进展较慢,临床症状较轻,不易诊断。右方变位又称真胃扭转,是真胃向右后上方呈顺时针方向扭转到瓣胃的后方,从而将真胃置于肝区后的右腹壁与饥窝之间(右后上方变位),或者向右前方呈逆时针方向扭转到瓣胃上方,从而将真胃置于网胃和膈之间(右前方     

云岭牛内脏营养成分分析与研究

[目的]研究旨在为云岭牛内脏副产物开发利用提供科学依据。[方法]随机选择年龄相近、性别相同(阉割公牛)的云岭牛和婆罗门牛各3头进行育肥、屠宰、分割,用国标方法测定云岭牛与婆罗门牛心、肝、脾、肺、肾、肠、胃常规营养成分(水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪、粗灰分含量)并进行对比。[结果]表明:云岭牛内脏平均水分含量比婆罗门牛高0.38%,其中脾、肺、肾、肠水分含量显著高于婆罗门牛(P0.05),心水分含量显著低于婆罗门牛(P0.05),而肝、胃水分含量与婆罗门牛差异不显著(P0.05);云岭牛内脏平均粗蛋白含量为15.01%,比婆罗门牛高0.63%,除胃以外,云岭牛内脏各部位粗蛋白含量均高于婆罗门牛,其中脾、肾、肠显著高于婆罗门牛(P0.05);云岭牛内脏平均粗脂肪含量高达9.58%,其中脾、肠粗脂肪含量显著低于婆罗门牛(P0.05),而心、肝、肺、肾、肠粗脂肪含量与婆罗门牛差异均不显著(P0.05);云岭牛心、肝、脾、肺、肾粗灰分含量较高,分别为1.08%、1.34%、1.17%、1.59%、1.19%,其中肺粗灰分含量显著高于婆罗门牛(P0.05),心、脾、胃粗灰分含量显著低于婆罗门牛(P0.05),而肝、肾、肠粗灰分含量与婆罗门牛差异不显著。[结论]云岭牛内脏营养价值较高,是一种高蛋白质、高脂肪、矿物质含量丰富的理想食品,具有开发利用潜能。     

Arterial Blood Supply to the Stomach of the Muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus)

The vascularization of the stomach of the muskrat is provided by the celiac artery and its three branches, the splenic, the hepatic and the left gastric artery. Of these, the left gastric vessel constitutes the main blood supply to the organ. Its two terminal branches supply the body of the stomach, forming a rich vascular network for the glandular region of the organ. The other regions of the stomach, the fundus and the pyloric part are poorly vascularized.     

Arterial Vascularization of the Gastrointestinal Tract of the Pampas Deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus,Linnaeus, 1758)

Based on gross dissection of fifteen adult animals (11 females, 4 males), we described the arterial supply of the stomach and intestines of the pampas deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus), a South American endangered species. The coeliac artery emitted the splenic, left gastric and hepatic arteries. The splenic artery directed towards the spleen, and the right ruminal artery, which is its only collateral directed towards the stomach, being the main artery of the rumen. The left gastric artery gave origin to the left ruminal, the reticular and the left gastroepiploic arteries. The left gastroepiploic artery originated the reticular accessory artery. Both arteries, gastric and left gastroepiploic, anastomosed their right counterparts derived from the hepatic artery on the curvatures of the abomasum. The cranial mesenteric artery irrigated the second half of the duodenum until the beginning of the descending colon. The thickest branch emitted by the cranial mesenteric artery was the ileocolic artery, which was destined to the ascending colon, caecum and ileum. The colic branches and the right colic arteries were irradiated on the right surface of the spiral loop of the ascending colon and distributed to both centripetal and centrifugal coils of the ascending colon; the colic branches were also anastomosed with the last jejunals and ileals and with the right colic arteries. There were no variations in the origin of any of the main branches derived from the coeliac and cranial mesenteric arteries. This species had a basic pattern of arterial distribution similar to small domestic ruminants.     

ENDOSCOPIC ULTRASOUND OF THE CANINE ABDOMEN

The aim of this study was to develop a standardized procedure for examination of the canine abdomen using endoscopic ultrasound and to describe the organs and structures that could be identified transgastrically. The abdomen of four healthy dogs and two cadavers were examined with endoscopic ultrasound. Five anatomic landmarks were used for standardized imaging of the cranial abdomen. These were the portal vein, splenic head and body, duodenum, left kidney, and aorta. High-resolution images of the following organs and structures could be made: distal esophagus, gastric wall from the cardia to the pylorus, liver, caudal vena cava, hepatic lymph nodes, liver hilus, and associated vessels, trifurcation of the celiac artery as well as the path of its branches and the left pancreatic limb and body. Structures that were more difficult to image were the distal duodenum and right pancreatic limb, the entire jejunum, ileum, and cecum as well as the tail of the spleen. Endoscopic ultrasound allowed excellent visualization of the gastric wall and regional structures without interference with gas artefacts. Centrally located organs such as the pancreas could be well examined transgastrically with endoscopic ultrasound without interference by overlying intestinal segments as is common with transabdominal ultrasound.     

Vascular Anatomy of the Descending Colon of the Horse

The blood supply to the descending colon of the horse was studied by gross dissection and methyl methacrylate corrosion casts. The arterial supply is derived from the left colic artery and cranial rectal artery with the left colic artery supplying approximately the proximal three fourths. Each artery gives off four to eight arcuate arteries that form a series of anastomosing arcades. The arcade pattern continues to form a marginal artery that parallels the long axis of the colon. Small branches from the marginal artery anastomose with adjacent branches to form a secondary arcade. The secondary arcade lies approximately 1 cm proximal to the mesenteric teniae and sends off long arteries at regular intervals that course circumferentially around the bowel. The long arteries begin under the serosal mesothelium and perforate the muscular layers to course in the submucosal layer. The long arteries branch off supplying the wall of the colon and arborize over the antimesenteric surface, anastomosing with the vessels from the opposite side. The result is the formation of a series of vascular rings surrounding the colon. Venous return, in general, parallels the arterial supply.     

Anatomical variation of arterial supply to the rabbit spleen

The rabbit, which is widely used as an experimental animal and is also popular as a companion animal, has a flat and elongated spleen with the longitudinal hilus running along its visceral surface. The spleen receives via the hilus an arterial supply that is essential for splenic nutrition and normal functioning. However, the distribution and variation of the arteries to the spleen have not been studied in detail. This study investigated anatomical variations of splenic arterial supply in 33 New Zealand White rabbits with a colored latex injection into arteries. We also examined whether the length of the spleen correlated with the number of the splenic branches of the splenic artery. The splenic artery always arose as the first independent branch of the celiac artery and ran along the splenic hilus to usually provide 6 (range, 3 to 10) splenic branches to the spleen. There was a moderate correlation (R=0.6) between the number of splenic branches and the longitudinal length of the spleen. The splenic branches often arose as a trunk or trunks in common with short gastric arteries. The number of common trunk(s) was usually 1 (range, 0 to 4). The data showed that the pattern and number of arterial branches to the spleen varied according to the individual animal, suggesting that such variations should be considered when performing experimental and veterinary surgical treatments in rabbits.     

SELECTIVE ABDOMINAL ANGIOGRAPHY AS A DIAGNOSTIC METHOD FOR DIAPHRAGMATIC HERNIA IN THE DOG: AN EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Difficulty in recognition of some diaphragmatic hernias in dogs have stimulated the authors to develop a diagnostic method consisting of selective angiography of the cranial mesenteric and celiac arteries. The basis for the experimen was that each herniated visceral organ is usually displaced with its vessels. The experiment was carried out on 14 mongrel dogs. Four dogs served as controls. Different kinds of diaphragmatic hernias were surgically created in 10 dogs. Survey abdominal radiographs, gastrointestinal tract contrast studies and selective abdominal angiography were performed 14 days later. In angiograms of dogs with omental diaphragmatic hernias, displacement of branches of the left gastroepiploic artery into the thorax was seen. In angiograms of dogs with hepatic diaphragmatic hernias, branches of the common hepatic artery were seen to enter the thorax. In dogs with herniated small intestine, the jejunal branches of the cranial mesenteric artery were seen entering the thorax. Potential possibilities of selective abdominal angiography for diagnosis of diaphragmatic hernias are discussed.     

64‐MULTIDETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHIC ANGIOGRAPHY OF THE CANINE CORONARY ARTERIES

Canine coronary artery angiography (CTA) was performed in four anesthetized healthy dogs using 64‐multidetector computed tomography. Esmolol, a β‐1 adrenergic receptor antagonist, and sodium nitroprusside, an arteriolar and venous dilator, were administered to enhance visualization of the coronary arteries by reducing heart rate and creating vasodilation. The left main coronary artery with its three main branches and the right coronary artery were visualized and subdivided in 13 segments for evaluation. Optimal reconstruction interval, expressed as percentage of the R‐to‐R interval, was determined at 5% in 2.9%, 35% in 1%, 75% in 21.2%, 85% in 43.3%, and 95% in 31.7% of the segments. Overall image quality was good in 41.3% of the segments and excellent in 14.4%. There was blur in 98.1%, motion in 17.3%, and stair step in 6.7% of the evaluated segments, but these artifacts did not interfere with anatomic depiction of the arteries. Cross‐sectional anatomy of the coronary arteries as evaluated from the coronary CTA agreed well with gross anatomic evaluation and published information. The use of esmolol did not lead to the target heart rate of 60–65 beats/min. Nitroprusside had no significant effect on visualized length or diameter of the coronary artery branches. Coronary CTA is useful for the anatomic depiction of coronary artery branches in the dog.     

COLLATERAL PULMONARY CIRCULATION IN DOGS EXPERIMENTALLY INFECTED WITH DIROFILARIA IMMITIS: ITS ANGIOGRAPHIC EVALUATION*

Collateral pulmonary circulation was evaluated angiographically 11 months after experimental infection of dogs with either 25 or 100 infective larvae of Dirofilaria immitis. In both groups, collateral pulmonary circulation developed from bronchial arteries and esophageal branches of the left gastric artery. Of the four dogs receiving 25 larvae, one had no detectable collateral circulation, one developed collateral pulmonary circulation from the bronchial arteries only, and two had collateral pulmonary circulation from the bronchial arteries and esophageal branches of the left gastric artery. Of the three dogs receiving 100 larvae, all had collateral pulmonary circulation from the bronchial arteries and the esophageal branches of the left gastric artery. Bronchial artery collateral pulmonary circulation was more extensive in the 100-larvae dogs than in the 25-larvae dogs. Collateral pulmonary circulation from the left gastric artery esophageal branches was similar in both dog groups. Angiographically detectable collateral pulmonary circulation developed within the first year of heaertworm infection. In some respects, the extent of collateral pulmonary circulation development was related to the severity of heartworm infection.