1999/2000年度世界原棉出口形势

据国际棉花咨询委员会：１９９９／２０００年度国际原棉市场的进出口与棉价形势主要受中国的影响。预计中国本年度的出口量比１９９８／９９年度加倍，达３０万吨，而同期进口量将从上年度的８万吨减至５万吨。预计美国出口为１５０万吨，至１９９９年７月中，已计４８５万吨，占世界总出口量的３２％。乌兹别克斯坦的出口量总计８８万吨，目前已达３１万吨，占世界总出口量的２０％，主要出口到欧洲市场。其次为法语非洲产棉国家，总计８９万吨。澳大利亚总计出口５３万吨，截止７月中已售出１９５万吨。1999/2000年度世界原棉出口形…     

印度大米出口下降

出于缺少了出口补贴．预计现行财年印度大米出口将下降100万t。某贸易商说：“在从2004年4月到2005年5月的现行财年．印度大米出口量最多能达到160万t。”2003／04财年印度出口260万t大米，和上一年度相比下降4．25％。印度贸易商表示他们不指望明年政府能恢复出口补贴，他们认为这非常不幸。     

世界花生及花生油出口量将下降

世界花生及花生油出口量将下降据外刊报道，美国农业部预计１９９６／１９９７年度全球花生产量将出上一年度的２５９４万吨增至２６４５万吨，增幅为２％。１９９６／１９９７年度全球花生出口量将由上年度的１５６．９万吨降至１５０．８万吨，其中中国出口将出４３万吨...     

我国籼米贸易及其竞争力分析

我国籼米国际贸易状况我国籼米国际市场主要由亚洲、非洲和美洲国家组成,主要出口中低质籼米。2002年我国出口籼米98．1万t,占大米出口量的50％,占籼米产量的1．13％。出口籼米目的国居前5位的是：科特迪瓦53．5万t,占籼米出口量的54．5％;印度尼西亚24．3万t,占籼米出口量的24．7％;占巴13．5万t,占籼米出口量的13．8％;菲律宾2．5万t,占籼米出口量的2．6％;日本1．76万t,占籼米出口量的1．8％。     

世界花生产量趋减

世界花生产量趋减据德国《油世界》１９９６年２月中旬预测，１９９５／１９９６年度（１０／９月）世界花生产量比上年度的创纪录水平减少３％左右，出口量将减少３％，进口量将增加２％左右。１９９５／１９９６年度（１０／９月）世界花生产量将为１９０９万吨（去壳）...     

2007/2008年度全球棉花供求预测

据国际棉花咨询委员会(ICAC)2007年2月1日公布的数据预测,2007/2008年度全球棉花产量稳定在2530万吨,然而全球棉花消费有望上升至2650万吨,这将使2007/2008年度末库存下降7%至1070万吨;全球棉花贸易量为910万吨,主要受预计中国进口的驱动。ICAC预测2006/2007年度世界棉花产量为2530万吨,同比增加3%;世界棉花消费量2590万吨,同比增长4%;世界棉花出口量在880万吨,同比下降8%,主要原因是预期中国的进口量减少。2006/2007年度,包括美国、乌兹别克斯坦、巴西、澳大利亚在内的主要棉花出口大国的出口量预计减少,相反地,印度的出口量有望创新高…     

近期世界原棉市场一瞥

近期世界原棉市场一瞥据美国农业部和国际棉花咨询委员会１９９５年６月讯，１９９４／９５年度，中国进口原棉８３．８万吨，超过前苏联，成为目前世界最大的原棉进口国，其中从美国的进口量达３９万吨，占美国该年度总出口量的１７．８％。世界原棉市场价格走势表明，１...     

2002年我国小麦进出口状况分析

我国小麦进出口在2002年出现了两大明显特点：一是我国小麦出口量大于进口量，成为小麦净出口国；二是我国首次大量出口制粉用小麦，与国际市场全面接触。     

美国农业部预计2006／07年度全球稻米产量略增

预计2006～2007年度全球稻米产量比上一年度将增加100万t，达到4．165亿t。增产的主要国家为亚洲的中国、越南、孟加拉国、柬埔寨、印度和非洲的尼日利亚，全球稻米供应预计达4．971亿t，比上一年度增加350万t，连续第二次创历史新高。全球稻米消费预计也将创历史新高，达到4．183亿t，比上一年度增长1％。印度、盂加拉国为世界上主要的消费增长国。     

1996／1997年度山东出口花生将出现低谷

１９９６／１９９７年度山东出口花生将出现低谷王澧清（山东省进出口商品检验局，青岛２６００７１）自１９８７年以来，山东出口花生数量都在１３～２４万吨／年，平均在１８．４万吨以上。本年度出口量将明显减少，成为近十年来的低谷。预计有的口岸，第一季度出口量...     

Sorghum and millet phenols and antioxidants

Sorghum is a good source of phenolic compounds with a variety of genetically dependent types and levels including phenolic acids, flavonoids, and condensed tannins. Most sorghums do not contain condensed tannins, but all contain phenolic acids. Pigmented sorghums contain unique anthocyanins that could be potential food colorants. Some sorghums have a prominent pigmented testa that contains condensed tannins composed of flavan-3-ols with variable length. Flavan-3-ols of up to 8–10 units have been separated and quantitatively analyzed. These tannin sorghums are excellent antioxidants, which slow hydrolysis in foods, produce naturally dark-colored products and increase the dietary fiber levels of food products. Sorghums have high concentration of 3-deoxyanthocyanins (i.e. luteolinidin and apigenidin) that give stable pigments at high pH. Pigmented and tannin sorghum varieties have high antioxidant levels that are comparable to fruits and vegetables. Finger millet has tannins in some varieties that contain a red testa. There are limited data on the phenolic compounds in millets; only phenolic acids and flavones have been identified.     

Tuber and starch quality of wild and cultivated potato species and cultivars

Summary Between 1993 and 1998 205 different potato cultivars and 1220 accessions/genotypes of wild and cultivated potato species from the IPK Genebank Gatersleben were evaluated. Parameters interesting for starch isolation and especially for the use of starch were determined. Altogether, there was a higher variability in wild potato species than in cultivated potatoes for all characteristics investigated: dry matter content, starch content, protein content, amylose content and mean particle diameter of starch granules.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键，是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实“育繁推一体化”种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中，受制于行业发展水平，种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程，提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要，在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上，分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求，加强种业应用性研究，建立先进的种子质量检验体系，研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备，打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系，完善种业科学技术学科建设，促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

Effects of Organic and Chemical Fertilizers and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Quality of Cucumber and Lettuce

Summary

Arbuscular mycorrhizae were inoculated into phosphorus-deficient soil fertilized with either organic or chemical fertilizer with cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) as the first crop and lettuce (Lactu-ca sativa L.) as the second crop but without additional fertilization and AM inoculation. AM increased dry matter and fruit yield of cucumber significantly in the unfertilized, organic-fertilized and P-deficient plants compared with the fully chemical-fertilized plants. AM inoculation increased the available phosphorus in plant and soil by around 30% for all treatments except for those chemically-fertilized. The rate of AM infection did not differ significantly among the fertilization treatments, but the infection intensity was higher in unfertilized, organic-fertilized and phosphorus-deficient treatments than chemical-fertilized treatment. The residual effects of AM-inoculated to cucumber were evident for lettuce in all pre-treatments that were unfertilized and un-inoculated for the second cropping. Without P-fertilization, neither crop could grow optimally even when the soil was inoculated with AM, suggesting that AM could not serve as a substitute for phosphorus fertilizer. However, the other beneficial effects of AM on crop growth and yield could not be fulfilled with phosphorus fertilizer.     

Present Situation and Consideration of Seed Processing and Testing Theory and Technology

Seed processing and testing hold the key to the market circulation of seeds, and are an indispensable link in commercial breeding to endow seeds with commodity attributes. The research of seed processing and testing theory and technology is an important link in improving the seed industry chain, realizing large-scale commercial breeding and consolidating the seed industry science of ‘integration of breeding, propagation and promotion’. The scientific and technological system of seed industry in China is being formed and perfected, which is subject to the development level of the industry. The theory and technology of seed processing and testing are relatively weak. We reviewed the development of seed processing and testing theory and technology, and put forward strategies and suggestions to improve the sound development of China’s seed industry. In order to meet the needs of seed industry development and on the basis of high quality breeding of varieties, the new directions and demands of seed processing and testing theory and technology were analyzed. We will work to strengthen the applied research of seed industry, establish advanced seed quality inspection system, improve seed processing equipment suitable for the development needs of modern seed industry, establish standardized production system of seed processing industry, develop the scientific and technological disciplines of seed industry, and promote the sustainable and healthy development of seed industry.     

种子加工、检验理论与技术现状及思考

种子加工及检验是种子向市场流通的关键,是商业化育种中赋予种子商品属性不可或缺的环节。种子加工、检验理论与技术的研究是完善种业产业链、实现规模化商业育种、夯实"育繁推一体化"种业科学的重要一环。中国的种业科学技术体系正在形成与完善之中,受制于行业发展水平,种子加工及检验理论与技术相对薄弱。本文回顾了种子加工及检验理论与技术研究发展历程,提出了完善中国种业科学发展的策略与建议。围绕种业发展的需要,在做好品种优质化繁育的基础上,分析种子加工及检验理论与技术的新方向和新需求,加强种业应用性研究,建立先进的种子质量检验体系,研制适合现代种业发展需求的种子加工设备,打造种子加工产业标准化生产体系,完善种业科学技术学科建设,促进种业产业持续健康发展。     

芸薹属多倍体与二倍体作物 花柱及角果的发育差异

通过比较分析芸薹属多倍体复合种与其祖先二倍体基本种在花柱、柱头大小、角果长度、宽度、种子直径 及种子干重变化上的异同,发现多倍体复合种在这些发育性状上表现出处于两个祖先二倍体亲本之间,或只偏向 于其中一个祖先亲本。同一个多倍体品种在不同发育性状上具有不同的表现,即在某一发育性状上偏向于其祖先 亲本之一,而在另一发育性状上偏向其另一祖先亲本。     

Combined nitrogen and sulphur fertilisation and its effect on wheat quality and protein composition measured by SE-FPLC and proteomics

Soil sulphur deficiency, which is increasingly prevalent in Western Europe, lowers wheat yields, and also affects the gluten quality of the flour. Differences in S availability may change the proportion of S-poor to S-rich gliadins and glutenin subunits. This may cause unpredictable and unwanted variations in wheat quality. The combined effects of nitrogen (N) and sulphur (S) fertilisers and split application of S and N on wheat gluten quality and composition were investigated. The results revealed effects of S fertilisation on dough quality. At high N fertilisation levels significant responses to S fertilisation were found which emphasised the need for precision application of S in intensive wheat production systems. Protein fractionation by SE-FPLC showed that quality differences were associated with changing proportions of high M_r polymeric proteins. Changes in protein composition of salt soluble proteins were also confirmed by proteomics. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase and one of the serpin protein spots increased at high N, combined with the lower S level. The enzymes also increased in samples with increased S fertilisation combined with low N, but was not changed at higher N levels. Furthermore, at high N the serpin protein spot, and also a 27 K protein and one unidentified protein spot decreased with increasing S.     

我国麻类标准现状与分析

介绍了我国麻类标准的现状。通过分析,指出了存在的问题,主要表现在标准体系不完善、标准更新不及时,协调性差及贯彻执行不力等。提出了我国麻类标准应采取的对策。     

Effects of crop density and tillage system on grain yield and N uptake from soil and atmosphere of sole and intercropped pea and oat

Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) were grown as sole and mixed crops in various densities under two different tillage systems on a loess soil near Göttingen/Germany in a 2-year field experiment (2002/2003). In the conventional tillage system a mouldboard plough (CT) was used and in the minimum tillage system a rotary harrow (MT) was employed. The effect of crop density and tillage system on the grain dry matter and grain N yields, N₂ fixation and soil N uptake were determined to address the following questions: (i) which mixture compositions exhibit the highest grain yields compared to the sole crops, (ii) which mixture compositions also fix a high level of N₂ and leave low levels of residual inorganic soil N after harvest, and (iii) whether the intercrop advantage is influenced by the tillage system. For (i) the result in 2002 showed that the highest grain yields of both sole cropped pea and oat and intercropped pea and oat were achieved at the highest densities. In 2003, when the inorganic soil N content was higher and weather conditions were warmer and drier, grain yields were significantly higher than in 2002, but sole as well as intercropped pea and oat gave their highest grain yields at lower densities. For both years and tillage systems, the highest intercrop advantages were achieved in mixtures with densities above the optimal sole crop densities. The result for (ii) was that a distinctly higher proportion of nitrogen was derived from the atmosphere (Ndfa) by intercropped pea than by sole cropped pea. However, the uptake of soil N by intercropped pea and oat was not reduced in comparison with that of sole cropped oat as the decrease in the uptake of N from the soil by oat at lower oat densities in the mixture was compensated for by the soil N uptake of pea. Additionally, the N_min-N content of the soil following the mixtures and sole cropped oat did not differ, especially in the deeper soil layers because oat in mixture was forced to take up more soil N from deeper layers. Therefore, the risk of soil N losses through leaching after mixtures was lower compared to sole cropped pea. The tillage system (iii) had no significant influence on grain yield and soil N uptake, but N₂ fixation and the competitive ability of intercropped pea were higher under CT than with MT. An additional result was that intercropping led to a significantly increased grain N content of both pea and oat compared to the sole crops. The increase in grain N content from sole to intercrop was from 3.30 to 3.42% for pea and from 1.73 to 1.96% for oat as a mean for both years and tillage systems. The present study confirms that growing pea and oat as intercrops highlights potential economic and environmental benefits which still need to be understood in more detail in order to exploit intercropping to a greater extent.