高寒地区15份早熟禾属野生牧草种质材料评价

为有效挖掘高原地区野生早熟禾属资源,更好地应用于畜牧生产和退化草地的补播建植,对采自青藏高原地区的15份早熟禾野生种质材料的生育期、形态特征指标、生物产量和种子发芽相关指标进行了评价.结果 表明:在所有野生材料中,早熟禾P1和P2、波密早熟禾P13和草地早熟禾P15的生育期较长,可保持较长绿期.P2和2种冷地早熟禾资源P6、P7的鲜草产量、发芽势在所有材料中较高,华灰早熟禾P11的茎叶比最小,有较好的生产性能,适合刈割饲用,可作为饲草型草的选育材料;P1、P2和冷地早熟禾P9等的发芽率均在70％以上,有利于退化草地的补播修复.     

Seroprevalence of ovine progressive pneumonia virus in various domestic and wild animal species, and species susceptibility to the virus

Ovine progressive pneumonia is caused by a lentivirus of known infectivity only for sheep and goats. Virus susceptibility of 11 other species of animals was examined. Species included cattle, chickens, deer, dogs, goats, hamsters, horses, mice, pigs, rabbits, and rats. Of these species, only goats and rabbits could be experimentally infected with the virus. The infection in rabbits was acute, and virus did not persist or induce antibody production as it does in sheep and goats. Sera obtained from several people working in close contact with the virus and from several wild species, with unknown exposure history, were tested for antibodies to viral antigens. All results were negative. Knowledge of the host range of this virus is important for scientific studies and for virus eradication programs.     

4种披碱草属野生牧草在高寒地区农艺性状及生产性能的评价

以4种披碱草属野生种质为材料,对其生育期、株高、茎叶比、分蘖数、种子产量等主要农艺性状及生产性能进行比较试验。结果表明,在4种供试材料中,披碱草的农艺性状和生产性能最为突出,其单株鲜重最高,单株分蘖数最大,茎叶比较小,具有产草量和种子产量高的优势,对寒旱环境适应性强。垂穗披碱草的单株鲜重、单株分蘖数两个指标表现次之,黑紫披碱草表现最差。     

Perinatal mortality and season of birth in captive wild ungulates

The magnitude of perinatal mortality in 50 species of captive wild ungulates born at the Zoological Society of London's collections at Regent's Park and Whipsnade between 1975 and 1985 is reviewed. Thirty-five per cent of 2471 ungulates born during this 11 year period died before six months old and most deaths occurred in the first week after birth. Similar findings have been reported at other zoos and in the wild. The seasonal distribution of births is described in 43 species. Significantly higher perinatal mortality was found in species which breed throughout the year (notably axis deer and sitatunga) than in seasonal breeders, and differences associated with system of management were apparent in some species (eg, mouflon and scimitar-horned oryx) kept at Regent's Park and Whipsnade. Considerable advances have been made in the management of captive wild ungulates in recent years but it is likely that perinatal mortality rates could be further reduced by improved management and veterinary care of the dams and neonates.     

天山西部高山区夏季放牧草地4种重要牧草营养品质评价

为综合评价天山西部高山区夏季放牧草地4种重要牧草的营养品质,本研究设定在具有代表性的天山西部沙尔套山高山区(2800~3400 m)夏季牧场,对分布在该区域的重要优势种牧草线叶嵩草、细果苔草、西伯利亚羽衣草和高山地榆进行分析。通过对其营养价值、消化率的测定及体外产气模型参数的估计。结果表明,各牧草在粗纤维和粗脂肪含量上均无显著差异(P>0.05)。细果苔草的中性洗涤纤维(P=0.048)和酸性洗涤纤维(P=0.005)含量均最高。西伯利亚羽衣草粗灰分(P=0.037)含量最高,延滞时间(P=0.005)较长。高山地榆粗蛋白(P<0.0001)、钙(P=0.001)和磷(P=0.004)的含量均最高,且有机物消化率(P=0.003)、代谢能(P=0.001)、理论最大产气量(P=0.067)和产气速率(P=0.079)也最高。线叶嵩草仅干物质(P=0.001)含量最高。最后采用主成分分析法综合14项指标,评价出4种牧草的综合营养价值,按优劣排序为:高山地榆>西伯利亚羽衣草>线叶嵩草>细果苔草。     

Prevalence of Coxiella burnetti infection in wild and farmed ungulates

The aim of this study was to evaluate by serology and PCR analyses the prevalence of Coxiella burnetti infection in ungulates in Spain. Sera were collected from red deer (Cervus elaphus; n=116), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus; n=39), fallow deer (Dama dama; n=13) and cattle (n=79). Sera were tested for anti-C. burnetii antibody detection by means of an immunofluorescence antibody assay (IFA) and C. burnetii DNA was amplified by PCR in samples from ungulates that had antibodies to phase II antigens. Twenty-nine, 15 and 39 percent of the red deer, roe deer and cattle had antibodies against C. burnetii, respectively. None of the fallow deer sera tested positive. Seroprevalence was statistically higher in farmed than in wild red deer and higher in northern than in southern populations, whereas an inverse pattern was observed for the roe deer. Most of the seropositive animals had only anti-C. burnetii phase II antibodies, thus showing the acute nature of infections in the sampled ungulates. These results show that C. burnetii circulates in wild ungulates in Spain and suggest that they can act as pathogen reservoirs for both domestic animals and humans.     

北京地区被救护的野生鸟类弓形虫感染的血清学调查

本次调查运用改良凝集试验(MAT)技术对北京地区野生鸟类进行弓形虫感染的血清学调查。调查发现,在隶属于8目14科46种共131只的野生鸟类中,总体的血清阳性率为27.48%。鹳形目、鸮形目、鸡形目、雁形目、鹤形目、鹃形目和雀形目的阳性率分别为38.98%(23/59),21.05%(4/19),9.09%(2/22),30.77%(4/13),16.67%(1/6),33.33%(1/3)和0.00%(0/8),其中鹳形目与鸡形目鸟类的阳性率存在显著性差异(P<0.05)。按照食性分类,食肉性、杂食性和食鱼性鸟类的血清阳性率分别为36.76%(25/68),11.76%(4/34)和24.14%(7/29)。本研究首次对北京地区野生鸟类进行弓形虫感染的血清学调查,为野生鸟类弓形虫病的研究提供了重要的数据支持。     

四种国产野生无髯鸢尾种子休眠类型的研究

4种国产无髯鸢尾玉蝉花、山鸢尾、金脉鸢尾和西南鸢尾的种子均存在休眠,萌发情况因种而异。通过对鸢尾种子的吸水性研究、不同的切割处理、胚根伸长的机械阻力测量、离体胚生长势测定以及冷层积处理,发现4种鸢尾种子难以萌发的主要原因是胚的生长势不足以打破来自于珠孔端组织结构(胚乳和种皮)的机械束缚。试验表明,4种鸢尾种子离体胚是不休眠的,离体胚的萌发率达到100％而且幼苗生长良好;适当的切割,特别是切除珠孔端胚乳可有效破除种子休眠;冷层积或外源赤霉素处理也能极大地提高萌发率。综合整个试验结果,4种鸢尾种子的休眠类型更趋向于浅生理休眠。     

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii in wild boar and deer in Brandenburg,Germany

Consumption of game in Germany has increased during the past 10 years. Wild boar (Sus scrofa), roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and red deer (Cervus elaphus) are the most frequently hunted and consumed game animals in Germany, yet information on the occurrence of zoonotic pathogens in these animal species is scarce. To better estimate the public health risk emanating from handling and consumption of game, this study investigated seroprevalences of Toxoplasma gondii in game hunted in the German federal state of Brandenburg during two hunting seasons from 2017 to 2019. Toxoplasma gondii‐specific antibodies were detected in 24.4% (44/180, 95% CI: 18.4%–31.4%) of wild boar, 12.8% (16/125, 95% CI: 7.5%–20%) of roe deer and 6.4% (3/47, 95% CI: 1.3%–17.5%) of red deer using a commercial ELISA kit. Seroprevalences were similar in the two hunting seasons. Correlation between sex and seropositivity could not be observed. A rise in seroprevalence was seen with increasing age in all studied game species. Observed seroprevalences suggest that T. gondii is endemic in the sylvatic environment in the German federal state of Brandenburg and imply that game could represent a relevant source for human T. gondii infection.     

青藏高原东部乡土植物对高寒沙化草地土壤性质的影响

以青藏高原东部高寒沙化草地为研究对象,通过比较分析狭叶红景天(Rhodiola rosea)、硬秆仲彬草(Kengyilia rigidula)、垂穗披碱草(Elymus nutans)和高山红柳(Salix cupularis)4种乡土植物对沙化草地的土壤理化性质、土壤酶活性及微生物生物量的影响,旨在为高寒草地沙化地生态植被的重建与恢复选择适宜的治理植物提供理论依据。结果显示:1)种植4种植物治理恢复5年后,土壤含水量均有显著升高(P0.05),土壤容重和土壤pH有不同程度的下降,垂穗披碱草处理下土壤含水量最高,与对照相较增加了357.70%;2)植被恢复显著提高了土壤中与碳氮磷循环相关的各种酶的活性(P0.05),其中狭叶红景天样地中的土壤纤维素酶、过氧化物酶、蔗糖酶、蛋白酶和磷酸酶活性最高,分别为对照的3.19、1.98、3.22、1.87和4.59倍。3)种植4种植物治理恢复5年后,不同土壤微生物生物量碳(MBC)、微生物生物量氮(MBN)均有显著提高(P0.05),狭叶红景天的MBC、MBN和微生物生物量碳氮比(MBC/MBN)均为最高,分别为对照的4.39、3.46和1.27倍;4)种植狭叶红景天和高山红柳样地,土壤酶活性与土壤理化性质及微生物生物量呈极显著(P0.01)和显著(P0.05)相关,种植垂穗披碱草样地,土壤酶活性与土壤理化性质及微生物生物量相关性较差。研究表明,4种植物种植5年后,狭叶红景天对高寒沙化草地的土壤特性改善更明显。     

Multifactorial mortality in bongos and other wild ungulates in the north of the Congo Republic

Wildlife mortality involving bongos, Tragelaphus eurycerus, and other ungulates was investigated in the north of the Congo Republic in 1997. Four bongos, one forest buffalo, Syncerus caffer nanus, and one domestic sheep were examined and sampled. Although an outbreak of rinderpest had been suspected, it was found that the animals, which had been weakened by an Elaeophora sagitta infection and possibly also by adverse climatic conditions, had been exsanguinated and driven to exhaustion by an unusual plague of Stomoxys omega.     

Seroprevalence of Neospora spp. in asymptomatic horses in Italy

One hundred and fifty horses from Italy were tested for serum antibodies to Neospora caninum by indirect fluorescence antibody test (IFAT). Antibodies were present in 42 horses (28%). The positive titres were: 1:50 (16/150-10.5%), 1:100 (26/150-17%), 1:200 (8/150-5.3%) and 1:800 (1/150-0.6%). No neurological anomalies were observed in the seropositive horses. This is the first serologic survey for Neospora spp. antibodies performed on horses born and raised in Italy.     

Seroprevalence of tularemia in wild bears and hares in Japan

Tularemia is a zoonotic disease caused by Francisella tularensis. The distribution of the pathogen in Japan has not been studied well. In this study, seroprevalence of tularemia among wild black bears and hares in Japan was determined. Blood samples collected from 431 Japanese black bears (Ursus thibetanus japonicus) and 293 Japanese hares (Lepus brachurus) between 1998 and 2009 were examined for antibodies against F. tularensis by micro-agglutination test (MA) or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. By subsequent confirmatory tests using western blot (WB) and indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), eight sera from Japanese black bears were definitely shown to be seropositive. All of these eight bears were residents of the northeastern part of main-island of Japan, where human tularemia had been reported. On the other hand, no seropositive Japanese hares were found. These results suggest that Japanese black bears can serve as sentinel for tularemia surveillance and may help understand the distribution of F. tularensis throughout the country. This is the first report on detection of antibody to F. tularensis in black bears of Japan.     

Importance of assisted reproductive technologies in the conservation of wild, rare or indigenous ungulates: review article

Biodiversity is increasingly threatened by intensive agriculture, environmental pollution, extinction of natural habitats and several other factors. Several mammalian species including ungulates have disappeared or are threatened by extinction. However, ungulates play an important role both in the ecosystem and in the economy. In general, species or breeds are considered endangered if their population does not exceed 1,000 individuals. In these cases conservation programmes should be initiated in order to maintain or even increase their number. This review deals with the possibilities and limitations of assisted reproductive technologies (ART) in the conservation of ecologically valuable wild, rare and indigenous ungulates. The methods discussed here are artificial insemination, cryopreservation of semen and embryos, embryo recovery and transfer, in vitro production of embryos, as well as micromanipulation techniques including sperm injection, assisted hatching and cloning. Some of these procedures are already being exploited in the breeding of farm ungulates, but more basic information about the reproductive patterns of wild, rare and indigenous animal species is needed before the routine use of ARTs.     

Retrospective study of pestivirus infection in Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) and other ungulates in the Pyrenees (NE Spain)

In 2001 a new Pestivirus (Family Flaviviridae) was associated with an outbreak of a previously unreported disease in Pyrenean chamois (Rupicapra pyrenaica) in the Pyrenees (NE Spain). Molecular characterization assigned this virus to the Border Disease Virus (BDV) cluster, BDV-4 genotype. A retrospective study was performed in archived sera and spleen of 74 Pyrenean chamois and in archived sera of 28 mouflon (Ovis ammon), 56 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 43 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) and 29 fallow deer (Dama dama) from the Pyrenees between the years 1990 and 2000. Thirty six of 74 (48.6%) sera of Pyrenean chamois, one of mouflon and one of red deer were positive by an ELISA antibody test. Comparative virus neutralization tests were performed on 26 seropositive chamois, one mouflon and one red deer, using five pestivirus strains. An ELISA antigen test was performed on 37 seronegative chamois and yielded positive results in one chamois and inconclusive result in two. RT-PCR and virus isolation performed on spleen samples from these three animals gave positive results in the positive and one inconclusive animal. Sequence analysis in the 5' unstranslated region revealed that they were grouped into the BDV-4 genotype. Virological and serological data of the present study indicate that BDV infection has been present in the chamois population since at least 1990, 11 years before the first outbreak of disease. Therefore, the emergence of the disease in 2001 is apparently due to other factors rather than the introduction of a new virus in the chamois population.     

Faecal bacteria of wild ruminants and the alpine marmot

Faecal samples from 60 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 13 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 7 chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), 41 alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) and soils mixed with deer faeces from the Stelvio National Park were examined for Campylobacter sp. and Salmonella sp. with negative results. The same material, especially deer faeces, was a habitat highly suitable for Yersinia sp.: Y. enterocolitica (two biotypes) was isolated twice, Y. kristensenii (two serotypes) was isolated 19 times, Y. frederiksenii and Y. intermedia were isolated once. Antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli were isolated from 16 specimens from wild ruminants, one from marmot and two from feeding places.     

Faecal bacteria of wild ruminants and the alpine marmot

Faecal samples from 60 red deer (Cervus elaphus), 13 roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), 7 chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), 41 alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) and soils mixed with deer faeces from the Stelvio National Park were examined forCampylobacter sp. andSalmonella sp. with negative results.The same material, especially deer faeces, was a habitat highly suitable forYersinia sp.:Y. enterocolitica (two biotypes) was isolated twice,Y. kristen-senii (two serotypes) was isolated 19 times,Y. frederiksenii andY. intermedia were isolated once.Antibiotic-resistantEscherichia coli were isolated from 16 specimens from wild ruminants, one from marmot and two from feeding places.This article was presented as a paper at the 8th International Symposium Enteric Infections and their Control of the World Association of Veterinary Microbiologists, Immunologists and Specialists in Infectious Diseases (Perth, Western Australia, 20 August 1983).