栽培稻抗旱性研究的现状与策略

 水资源短缺正成为制约我国农业发展的重要因素。培育抗旱的栽培稻品种并实现水稻旱作，不但可在很大程度上节约水资源，而且有利于增产稳产，节约能源和减少环境污染。抗旱性包括逃旱性、避旱性、耐旱性和复原抗旱性。形态生理学的研究揭示出大量的与栽培稻抗旱性有关的形态特征和生理特性，如根系和叶片性状、生育期、渗透调节、脱落酸含量与栽培稻抗旱性密切相关，且已利用分子标记对上述性状进行了基因定位（QTL）研究。旱稻品种改良也已取得重大进展。在进行抗旱品种改良的基础上，通过引进相应的栽培技术，节水种植，实现水稻旱作，并达到稳产与增产的目的，是抗旱性研究的战略目标。在增产、稳产和优质的前提下，以培育耐旱性极强的水稻（或旱稻）为中心，建立有代表性的抗旱性研究基地, 进一步加强稻属抗旱基因资源的发掘和创新、抗旱生理学和遗传学的研究、利用现代生物技术实现不同物种间抗旱基因的转移、建立节水种植栽培技术新体系是目前抗旱性研究的主要内容。     

台湾直播稻的栽培

台湾直播稻的栽培黄波（福建省农科院科技情报所福州３５０００３）台湾自１９７０年起在全岛推广水稻直播栽培技术。本文仅就台湾水稻直播栽培概况及管理要点介绍如下。一、台湾直播稻的栽培概况早在光复前，台湾嘉南沿海地区就有这种栽培方法，但由于各项技术跟不上，直...     

35个水稻品种抗稻曲病的田间抗性评价

通过自然诱发与人工辅助接种相结合的方法测定35个水稻品种对稻曲病的田间抗病性。结果表明:35个品种中,无高抗品种;抗性品种有9个,占25.72%;中抗品种10个,占28.58%;中感品种11个,占31.43%;感病品种3个,占8.58%;高感品种1个,占2.86%。     

金华市单季稻主栽品种对稻曲病的田间抗性评价

2016年采用自然诱发方法测定了金华市10个单季稻主栽品种稻曲病的发病情况,并对其抗性进行了评价。结果表明,深两优5814、甬优17、春优84、中浙优8号、甬优1540、丰两优香1号和Y两优2号对稻曲病的抗性较好,而甬优15、甬优9号、浙优18的抗性较差。     

海南山栏稻品种全生育期抗旱性鉴定与评价

以筛选优质抗旱山栏稻种质资源为研究目的,利用陆稻全生育期综合抗旱性鉴定体系对22个海南山栏稻品种进行抗旱性鉴定与评价。结果表明:海南山栏稻品种不同生育期间所表现出的抗旱能力具有极显著的正相关关系;山栏糯(黄壳)(编号1、4、6、18、22)等5个品种在全生育期均表现出高抗旱能力。此结果为开展山栏稻抗旱新品种选育及优异抗旱基因挖掘等工作提供重要的实验材料,同时说明海南山栏稻群体中蕴含丰富的抗旱遗传种质资源,应加强山栏稻种质资源的收集保护及评价鉴定工作。      

水稻高产栽培田间灌溉措施

介绍了水稻泡田、返青期、有效分蘖期、分蘖终止期、抽穗开花期、乳熟期、黄熟期等时期的用水量及灌水的注意事项。     

栽培稻分类方法的比较

 为了比较Glaszmann和程侃声等对亚洲栽培稻的分类体系,将Glaszmann氏提供的197个水稻品种的同功酶位点原始记录和程氏对它们就6个形态性状的评分作了主成分分析和聚类分析。结果显示二人的分类基本一致,数值分类也表明栽培稻可以只分籼粳两个亚种,处于中间的少数品种可称为偏籼或偏粳。程氏采用的“性状指数法”似更为便利而有效,特别适于田间及育种工作,虽然带有一定的经验成分,但加以生化或数值分类的检验,即可弥补该法的不足,有助于澄清个别不够明确和错划的事例。因此,我们建议为求得最佳的分类系统,最好运用二种以上的方法,相互补充校正。     

同源四倍体水稻与非洲栽培稻杂交的胚胎学观察

以同源四倍体水稻(Oryza sativa,2n=4x=48)和二倍体水稻(Oryza Sativa,2n=2x=24)为母本,以非洲栽培稻(Dryza glarri,2n=2x=24)为父本进行远缘杂交配组,对其杂交结实的胚胎学机理进行了研究。结果表明,非洲栽培稻的花粉粒能在二倍体水稻的柱头上萌发,但萌发频率仅为0．18％～0．56％,花粉管在花柱内的伸长速度比较慢,发生受精的频率比较低,因而二倍体水稻与非洲栽培稻杂交的结实率比较低。然而,非洲栽培稻的花粉粒在同源四倍体水稻的柱头上萌发频率高达12．81％～14．65％,花粉管在花柱内的伸长速度比较快,发生受精的频率比较高,因而同源四倍体水稻与非洲栽培稻杂交的结实率比较高。在同源四倍体水稻与非洲栽培稻的杂交中发现,其受精作用比较特殊,其中包括精细胞与卵细胞的单受精作用,精细胞与次生极核的单受精作用和正常的双受精作用,总受精率和总成胚率分别为7．49％～9．28％和6．61％～8．64％。     

杂草稻幼苗期耐旱性的初步筛选与评价

采用盆栽试验,在人工设置干旱胁迫条件下,对不同地区杂草稻幼苗期的耐旱性进行了鉴定。杂草稻具有良好的抗逆能力,本文利用33份杂草稻种质资源,在苗期对其进行抗旱性筛选,调查了幼苗存活率,抗衰度等指标,计算了苗期抗旱性综合系数。结果表明,大部分杂草稻在苗期具有较强抗旱性,为下一步更深入的研究奠定基础。     

同源四倍体水稻与非洲栽培稻杂交的效果

以4份同源四倍体水稻(Oryza sativa,2n=4x=48)和4份二倍体水稻(Oryza sativa,2n=2x=24)为母本,以4份非洲栽培稻(Oryza glaberrima,2n=2x=24)为父本进行远缘杂交配组,共配制32个杂交组合。研究结果表明,非洲栽培稻分别与亚洲栽培稻中的两种倍性水平的水稻品系进行杂交均表现出一定的可交配性,生殖隔离并不很严格。然而,不同倍性的亚洲栽培稻与非洲栽培稻杂交,其结实率表现出明显的差异。二倍体水稻与非洲栽培稻不容易杂交,其结实率比较低(0．32％—1．93％),而同源四倍体水稻与非洲栽培稻较容易杂交,其结实率比较高(1．22％—8．86％,)。由此认为,利用同源四倍体水稻为母本与非洲栽培稻杂交更容易将后者的遗传物质引入亚洲栽培稻。     

A field screening technique for evaluating rice germplasm for drought tolerance during the vegetative stage

A rapid method of testing direct-seeded rainfed rices (Oryza sativa L.) for drought reaction, concurrently with, but separately from, evaluation for agronomic traits and reaction to various stresses, is needed for early identification of desirable genotypes. Thus, a technique which quantifies soil moisture stress for screening thousands of cultivars and breeding lines for drought tolerance during the vegetative stage was developed. Seeds were drilled on dry granular clay soil (Andaqueptic Haplaquoll) in the field, then sprinkler-irrigated every 4 days for 37 days. As the soil dried, each entry was visually scored for drought reaction at 0.1–0.2, 0.4–0.5 and 0.8–1.0 MPa soil moisture tension (smt) at 20-cm soil depth. Entries were visually scored for drought recovery 10 days after the field was reirrigated. A total of 38 691 rices was tested in the dry seasons from 1978 to 1985. The 8-year screening test showed reproducibility of results in the field as indicated by the consistent scores of drought-tolerant and susceptible control cultivars within and across years. Ten germplasm accessions repeatedly performed similar to, or better than, the drought-tolerant control. There were ten outstanding drought-tolerant breeding lines, six of which were progenies of moderately tolerant Nam Sagui 19 from Thailand. The 20 outstanding selections likewise had consistent drought-tolerant scores across years, irrespective of duration of stress, which ranged from 31 to 54 days.     

云南省主栽甘蔗品种抗旱性鉴定

为确定云南省5个甘蔗主栽品种（粤糖93-59、新台糖10号、粤糖86-368、新台糖22号、云引3号）的抗旱性以及选择合适的抗旱性鉴定方法,在大棚桶栽条件下对5个处于伸长期的甘蔗品种进行干旱胁迫15d。处理期间调查参试品种叶片衰老情况、株高伤害度、叶面积伤害度等形态指标及丙二醛含量、可溶性糖含量、脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶活性等生理指标。结果表明,综合各种生理指标的模糊隶属函数评价法比较客观,是一种较合适的抗旱性鉴定方法;结合形态指标和生理指标抗旱性鉴定来看,粤糖86—368为抗旱性最好的品种,其次为云引3号,适宜旱区种植。     

浅谈水稻抗旱节水栽培

水是水稻种植的先决条件,但整个生育期用水量的多少有很大的伸缩性,用水量的分布也有一定的科学性。本文从生理角度浅析了水稻节水栽培机理、水稻抗旱节水栽培的可行性以及抗旱节水栽培的主要技术措施。     

The nutritional quality of some oat varieties cultivated in Norway

The chemical composition, yield values, and protein quality were measured in 12 oat varieties cultivated in Norway. The protein quality was based on amino acid composition and true protein digestibility, biological value, net protein utilization, and utilizable protein obtained in N-balance experiments with rats. The protein concentration in dry matter varied from 10.25% to 15.69% while fat varied from 5.70% to 10.41%. The variation in readily soluble carbohydrates, crude fiber, ash, and tannin was relatively low. Dry matter yield per hectar varied from 1675 to 6222 kg. The yield of protein, fat, and essential amino acids was also highest in the variety with the highest yield. True protein digestibility was above 90% in all varieties while the biological value was in the range of 74.5%–79.6%. In contrast to most other cereal grains, protein quality was not affected by protein concentration. This resulted in utilizable protein above 10% for several of the oat varieties.     

浅析节水农业与抗旱节水型水稻育种

本文分析了我国水资源和农业用水现状,农业灌溉水利用率仅为发达国家的一半左右,一方水只能生产0.85kg的粮食,远低于2kg以上的世界发达国家水平;论述了国内外开展节水农业研究中所采用的新技术和新方法;指出干旱缺水始终是我国水稻生产面临的最大威胁。也是制约我国稻作面积扩大和产量提高的首要因子;培育耐旱、节水的稻作品种,发展节水稻生产,对水资源日益短缺,人口压力巨大,又以稻米为主食的中国21世纪“稻米安全”具有重要的战略意义。     

Study on the ancient cultivated rice in China

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Study on the ancient cultivated rice in China

Sixty-eight ancient cultivated rice grains of 10 ruins of 2000-15000 BP in the Changjiang River valley were studied by analyzing grain shape, using discri-minat formulas of bi-peaked tubercle(BPT) with the G(x) = 44.4788- 0.4308X1- 0.4263 X2+ 0.078 X3, where X1 is bi-peaked distance(BPD), X2 is peaked angle (PA), and X3 is ratio of bi-peaked distance /col depth (BPD/CD). Four characters of the ancient rice were observed as follows:     

水稻抗旱性的主要鉴定指标及其抗旱相关基因的分子生物学研究进展

水资源短缺日益成为限制农业发展的严重问题,水稻作为用水量最多的农作物,其抗旱性研究尤其重要。本文主要介绍与水稻抗旱性有关的一些农艺性状和生理生化指标,及水稻抗旱相关基因的定位克隆及转基因研究进展。     

Genotypic variation in rice varieties screened for deep rooting under field conditions in West Africa

In this study, to identify deep rooting accessions, we assessed the differences in root depth based on the length of the longest primary root among 586 different rice accessions: 511 Oryza sativa and 75 O. glaberrima. Malagkit Pirurutong and Binicol were identified as the two rice accessions with deepest roots through four field experiments conducted at two different locations in West Africa. For these two accessions, root depths reached 35.6 and 41.4 cm, respectively, in the first experiment at Bamako; on the other hand, their depths only reached 22.6 and 18.6 cm, respectively, in the second and third experiments at Ibadan, leading to inconsistent genotypic ranking based on root depth between the two locations. However, Malagkit Pirurutong was identified as deep rooting in both locations; in addition, it showed deep rooting in the fourth experiment in a 20-mm irrigation treatment, even when compared with the deep rooting reference Azucena. Nonetheless, this pattern was not found under a 10-mm irrigation treatment. Malagkit Pirurutong kept developing deep roots even following 60 days after sowing (DAS), whereas other shallower rooting accessions ceased deepening by 60 DAS. The longer period for deepening roots would be beneficial for terminal drought stress.