废弃矿山生态治理潜力评价方法

矿山资源的开发利用,既为经济发展提供了重要的原材料和能源,对经济发展起到了巨大的推动作用,同时也对生态环境产生重大影响。一些矿区不合理的开采方式,使生态环境遭到严重破坏,因此,矿业废弃地的植被恢复与重建对国土资源的合理利用及生态环境的保护均有重要意义。根据实地调查研究,筛选出了影响废弃矿山生态治理潜力的自然条件方面的3类11个亚类因子,并划分为6个等级。运用层次分析法(AHP法),参考专家评分,来确定废弃矿山生态治理综合潜力值的大小以及每一级别的值域范围。可为全国废弃矿山生态治理潜力评价及矿区废弃地有效合理利用提供有益参考。     

甘肃矿山生态地质环境现状综合评价分区研究

根据甘肃矿山实地调查资料,从矿山开发对生态地质环境的影响程度、地质环境背景条件、地质灾害发育程度及矿山恢复治理难易程度4方面确定影响矿山生态地质环境的指标体系.采用模糊综合评判方法,建立矿山地质生态环境定量评价模型.利用MAPGIS空间分析模块求取综合指数的突变点以确定矿山生态地质评价分区的阈值,综合分析综合指数的分布特征,编绘甘肃省矿山生态地质环境综合评价分区图.分区评价结果与实际情况吻合良好.     

辽宁西部北票市生态修复区生态退化驱动力分析

探讨东北漫岗丘陵水土流失类型区生态退化的主导驱动力因子,为该地区生态修复工程的建设提供科学依据,以辽宁西部北票市生态修复区为典型研究区域,利用1998年、2003年和2008年三期土壤侵蚀遥感解译数据以及相关统计年鉴资料,采用主成分分析与多元回归分析方法,对研究区生态退化的主导驱动力因子进行了研究。主成分分析结果表明,影响生态退化的驱动力因子排序为土地垦殖率>人均养畜量>人均经济林面积>人口密度>人均粮食产量>地面坡度>年均降水量>人均耕地面积>人均农业产值,其中,体现农业结构状况的土地垦殖率、人均养畜量和人均经济林面积等社会经济因子,对该地区生态退化的影响较为明显。多元回归分析结果表明,超载放牧、土地资源的过渡开发等社会经济因子(人为因素)是导致该地区水土流失与生态退化的主导驱动因素,而作为自然环境因子的地面坡度是发生水土流失与生态退化的前提和基础。     

边坡生态修复群落设计与工法组合模式研究

大型工程建设使得人工创面层出不穷,加上矿山遗留迹地,边坡生态修复任重道远。边坡立地条件非常复杂多变,虽然工程实践中的具体案例不少,但是缺乏对边坡生态修复普遍性规律的认识。通过大量案例资料研究,针对岩石边坡坡度、岩性、岩石风化情况三因子将边坡立地条件概括为9类,在此基础上提出了边坡生态修复群落设计与工法组合模式,并将该模式用于舟山海岛生境下的牛头山废弃矿山边坡生态修复,实际工程的检验证明研究提出的模式能够很好地为边坡生态修复工程提供技术支撑。     

浅议孟家河露天开采石材矿区土地复垦与生态恢复

矿山土地复垦和生态恢复是绿色矿山建设和矿区经济绿色发展的重中之重。基于此,以陕西省汉中市略阳县孟家河饰面用大理石矿区为对象,结合实际,探讨了露天石材开采对矿区土地和生态环境的影响,提出了土地复垦及生态恢复的技术措施,旨在使矿山开采周期内受损土地能得到合理利用,使矿区生态环境得到有效恢复,进而促进矿山实现可持续发展。     

晋北大型露天矿区生态系统弹性研究

为定量评估矿区生态系统弹性,从系统内在能力的角度揭示矿区在面临扰动时的状态保持与演变过程,本研究利用七期Landsat TM影像解译后的土地利用数据,结合遥感(RS)与地理信息系统(GIS)技术计算的植被覆盖度,运用生态弹性度计算模型,从土地利用显性形态变化的角度分析了1990—2018年整个平朔矿区以及三大矿山生态弹性度的动态变化。结果表明:1990—2018年整个平朔矿区的弹性值介于5～10之间,最大值为9.83,最小值为5.53;1996—2000年弹性值下降明显,2000—2014年弹性值不断上升但速度逐渐变缓,2014—2018年转为下降,但弹性值依然处于9～10之间,生态环境有所改善。矿山区域的生态弹性度差异明显,安太堡矿的弹性值一直处于较低水平,最大值仅为4.05;安家岭矿的弹性值呈现先上升后下降的趋势,弹性值峰值为5.26,最小值为3.57;东露天矿的弹性值呈下降趋势,但一直维持在5～6之间。矿山开采导致矿山区域的生态弹性度处于较低水平,2009年后矿山生态弹性度持续下降,平朔矿区的生态弹性度整体受到负向驱动,生态弹性动态度不断减小。研究表明,矿区生态弹性度的变化受土地利用类型与植被覆盖度影响较大,矿山生态弹性度的变化会通过尺度效应传递到整个矿区。     

闽清县高岭土矿山资源开发生态补偿机制及标准探讨

高岭土矿山的开发已经导致当地生态环境受到较为严重的破坏,建立一个有效的生态补偿机制有利于矿山生态恢复。本文以福建省闽清县白中镇普贤高岭土矿山废弃地为例,讨论了高岭土矿山的生态补偿问题,分别为补偿主体、补偿客体、补偿方式、补偿金的使用以及补偿标准。而其中补偿标准又是最为重要的,主要由矿山开发前为林地时所具有的生态价值和矿山开发后进行生态恢复所需费用决定。计算结果表明,该矿山开发前所具有的生态价值为2 050 280.86元,矿山开发后进行生态恢复所需费用为1 971 762.6元,因此,开发此矿山大致需要补偿4 022 043.46元,补偿标准为251 377.72元/hm2。     

矿山废弃地水土保持生态恢复与重建对策分析

经济社会发展对矿产资源的需求不断增大,矿山大规模的开采,以及开采产生的大量废弃物使原有的地形、地貌和植被遭到严重破坏,水土流失严重,对矿区及周边的生态安全构成威胁,矿山废弃地的生态恢复与重建已成为矿区环境治理和发展绿色矿山不可或缺的一项任务。通过对矿山废弃地的环境特点和生态恢复与重建影响因素及对策进行分析,指出加强对土壤基质改良和先锋植物种类选择的研究是今后矿山废弃地生态恢复与重建的工作重点,同时开展土壤-植被系统长期的定位监测研究,探寻土壤与植物群落的演替规律与作用机制,为矿山废弃地水土保持生态恢复与重建提供科学依据。     

矿山类项目生态防治方案联动机制探讨

为了解决矿山类项目生态防治方案存在的问题,建议从三个方面开展同一矿山生态防治方案的联动工作:一是加强方案编制人员的联动,二是开展工程的界定,三是开展方案的全面整合。指出了对矿山生态防治方案进行全面整合在管理上、技术上、资质上面临的困难,针对这些困难提出了解决的建议及对策:一是建立矿山生态防治方案的联动管理机制,二是制定矿山生态防治方案的技术规范和投资预算定额标准,三是探索适应矿山生态防治方案编制资质的新要求。通过对方案编制、技术审查、生态监测、工程验收等整个环节进行联动,实现管理部门之间由各自管理向开放管理转变,以更有效地防治矿山地质环境灾害。     

荒漠草原金属矿区NDVI时空动态变化与生态质量评价

[目的]采用遥感技术明确草原金属矿山开采的影响范围,综合评价矿区及影响区生态质量,为草原矿山及周边区域的生态修复与环境保护提供科学依据。[方法]以地处生态脆弱区荒漠草原的金矿区为研究对象,基于长时间序列遥感数据分析研究区植被指数动态变化特征,采用遥感生态指数(RSEI)对研究区生态质量进行综合评价。[结果]研究确定荒漠草原金矿开采影响区为矿区边界向外半径5 km范围内;矿山开采期间(2009—2021年)研究区NDVI值呈波动性增加,井工开采运行期矿区内NVDI年平均值比露天开采运行期提高了51.9%,露天开采对研究区植被影响更大;矿区及影响区遥感生态指数表现出先增加后减小随后趋于稳定的变化规律,整体以不显著增加为主;根据遥感生态指数的空间分布,矿区及影响区生态环境质量较差的区域主要为排土场及周边区域。[结论]荒漠草原金矿开采对周边植被的影响主要集中在5 km范围内。采取边开采边治理的生态修复方式能使矿区及影响区的生态环境逐步得到改善。荒漠草原金矿生态建设过程中,应重点加强排土场及周边区域的生态修复与环境治理。     

低氮和干旱胁迫对富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的影响

【目的】以富士（Fuji）、 秦冠（Qinguan）嫁接在平邑甜茶（Malus hupehensis Rehd.）上的当年生盆栽苗为试验材料,采用砂培方法,研究了缺氮胁迫和干旱对富士和秦冠生长情况、 光合参数、 植株各部位氮磷钾含量及氮素利用效率的影响,分析比较了低氮干旱条件下富士和秦冠生长及氮素利用的差异,以期为果树生产高效肥水利用提供理论指导。【方法】试验共设四个处理: 正常氮正常水（ZZ）、 低氮正常水（DZ）、 正常氮干旱（ZG）、 低氮干旱（DG）。氮素和水分均设置两个水平,分别为正常氮（6 mmol/L NO-3-N）、 低氮（0.3 mmol/LNO-3-N）、 正常供水（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的80%~85%）、 干旱处理（保持盆中砂子相对含水量为饱和含水量的60%~65%）。【结果】富士和秦冠的生物量（茎和叶）、 株高茎粗等生长指标以及光合速率、 气孔导度、 蒸腾速率均为正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）,并且相对应处理下秦冠的以上指标均高于富士;正常供水下,缺氮处理使富士、 秦冠的根冠比比正常氮处理均有所增加,富士提高了2.05%,秦冠提高了22.40%。富士和秦冠的氮、 磷、 钾含量均表现出正常氮正常水（ZZ）＞低氮正常水（DZ）＞正常氮干旱（ZG）＞低氮干旱（DG）; 氮、 钾元素含量在植株各部位的分布顺序依次是叶＞根＞茎,磷元素则是根＞叶＞茎;光合氮素利用效率（PNUE）和氮素利用效率表现为秦冠处理之间差异极显著,富士处理之间差异不显著;秦冠的PNUE和NUE明显高于富士,在低氮正常水（DZ）处理下,秦冠氮肥利用率比富士高42.07%,在低氮干旱（DG）处理下高64.14%;低氮胁迫下富士和秦冠的NUE显著提高,并且秦冠提高的幅度高于富士。【结论】施用氮肥能够显著提高富士与秦冠的干物质量,同等水肥条件下,秦冠生长优于富士;水分亏缺会减少叶片对氮的吸收,干旱条件下适度增施氮肥,可提高果树的抗旱能力;低氮干旱胁迫下秦冠的生长指标、 光合指标及氮素利用效率指标均优于富士,表现出较强的抗低氮干旱胁迫的能力。     

Pasture Vegetation Elemental Analysis by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is a new technique for the analysis of plant material. This study investigates the application of LIBS to pasture-based plant samples. The LIBS measurements were obtained from pelletized pasture samples (100 samples) that had been also analyzed by inductively coupled plasma–optical emission spectroscopy (ICP-OES) following microwave digestion for calibration and comparison purposes. Comparisons for elements sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), calcium (Ca), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), boron (B), phosphorus (P), and sulfur (S) showed that LIBS could be used for almost all the standard profile total elements with concentrations down to low mg/kg levels (observed error of Na: 0.024 percent, K: 0.18 percent, Mg: 0.016 percent, Ca: 0.073 percent, P: 0.017 percent, Mn: 31 mg/kg, Fe: 150 mg/kg, Zn: 6.6 mg/kg, and B: 1.1 mg/kg). Elemental analysis at less than mg/kg levels was not possible using LIBS. The elements S and Cu were particularly difficult to analyze with reliability using LIBS at the concentration levels found in the plant samples. Replacing microwave digestion and subsequent ICP analysis with a direct analysis of dried plant samples using LIBS has the potential to improve the productivity and reduce the cost of testing.     

Faculty positions:Center for Agricultural Resources Research,Chinese Academy of Sciences

正The Center for Agricultural Resources Research(CARR),the Institute of Genetics and Developmental Biology(IGDB),Chinese Academy of Sciences,invites applicants for several research group leader positions.CARR is one of the research organizations in Chinese Academy of Sciences(CAS).We seek nominations and applications from individuals who have expertise and a record of accomplishment in research areas related to ecology,agro-hydrology,     

Macroinvertebrates in North American tallgrass prairie soils: effects of fire, mowing, and fertilization on density and biomass

The responses of tallgrass prairie plant communities and ecosystem processes to fire and grazing are well characterized. However, responses of invertebrate consumer groups, and particularly soil-dwelling organisms, to these disturbances are not well known. At Konza Prairie Biological Station, we sampled soil macroinvertebrates in 1994 and 1999 as part of a long-term experiment designed to examine the effects and interactions of annual fire, mowing, and fertilization (N and P) on prairie soil communities and processes. For nearly all taxa, in both years, responses were characterized by significant treatment interactions, but some general patterns were evident. Introduced European earthworms (Aporrectodea spp. and Octolasion spp.) were most abundant in plots where fire was excluded, and the proportion of the total earthworm community consisting of introduced earthworms was greater in unburned, unmowed, and fertilized plots. Nymphs of two Cicada genera were collected (Cicadetta spp. and Tibicen spp.). Cicadetta nymphs were more abundant in burned plots, but mowing reduced their abundance. Tibicen nymphs were collected almost exclusively from unburned plots. Treatment effects on herbivorous beetle larvae (Scarabaeidae, Elateridae, and Curculionidae) were variable, but nutrient additions (N or P) usually resulted in greater densities, whereas mowing usually resulted in lower densities. Our results suggest that departures from historical disturbance regimes (i.e. frequent fire and grazing) may render soils more susceptible to increased numbers of European earthworms, and that interactions between fire, aboveground biomass removal, and vegetation responses affect the structure and composition of invertebrate communities in tallgrass prairie soils.     

Variation in quality parameters between and within 14 Nordic tree fruit and berry species

Abstract

A 3-year study was carried out to investigate quality parameters in 14 tree fruit and berry species grown in southern Norway. The species were blueberry, apple, aronia, sour cherry, sweet cherry, red raspberry, strawberry, blackcurrant, gooseberry, red currant and elderberry, harvested along with wild bilberry, cloudberry and lingonberry. Significant differences between species were identified for all quality parameters. The coefficient of variation between species was lowest for pH (12.5%), dry matter (18.9%) and soluble solids (25.3%), followed by titratable acids (59.3%), total phenolics (83.8%), antioxidant capacity FRAP (85.7%) and antiradical power by the DPPH-assay (97.8%), total monomeric anthocyanins (132%) and ascorbic acid (137%). Average coefficient of variation within species were lower and ranged from 4 (pH) to 62% (ascorbic acid). Only the FRAP values were significantly affected by harvesting year with lower levels in 2004 than in 2005 and 2006. There were significant interactions between species and harvesting year for dry matter, soluble solids, pH, ascorbic acid and FRAP. The results indicate generic ranges in composition within species independent upon growing location and climate, and the composition of the tree fruits and berries is not likely to deviate from these ranges. It is concluded that desirable composition of tree fruits and berries and their products should primarily be achieved by selection among species rather than searching fors broadened variation within individual species.     

Potassium Fixation and Release Characteristics in Rhizosphere and Nonrhizosphere Soils for a Rapeseed–Rice Cropping Sequence

Potassium (K) fixation and release in soil are important factors in the long-term sustainability of a cropping system. Changes in K concentration and characteristics of K fixation and release in rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils in the rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)–rice (Oryza sativa L.) rotation were investigated using a rhizobox system. The concentrations of different forms of K in both rhizosphere and nonrhizosphere soils decreased with plants compared to without plants, regardless of K fertilizer application. Potassium uptake by crops mainly came from the rhizosphere soil. In the treatment without K fertilizer (–K), the main form of K supplied by the soil to the crops was 1.0 mol L^?1 nitric acid (HNO₃) nonextractable K, followed by nonexchangeable K, and then exchangeable K. In the treatment with K fertilizer (+K), the main K forms supplied by the soil to the crops were exchangeable K and nonexchangeable K. The amount and rate of K fixation after one cycle of the rapeseed–rice rotation was greater in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The amount and rate of K fixation of soil in the +K treatment were significantly less than in the –K treatment. The cumulative amounts of K released with 1.0 mol L^?1 ammonium acetate (NH₄OAc) and 1.0 mol L^?1 HNO₃ extraction increased with the increasing numbers of extractions, but the K-releasing power of soil by successive extraction decreased gradually and finally became almost constant. The release of K was less in rhizosphere soil than in nonrhizosphere soil. The release of K in the +K treatment was similar to that in the –K treatment in rhizosphere soil, but the K release in nonrhizosphere soil was greater with the +K than the –K treatment. Overall, the information obtained in this study will be helpful in formulating more precise K fertilizer recommendations for certain soils.     

Electron donor and pH relationships for biologically enhanced dissolution of chlorinated solvent DNAPL in groundwater

Biologically enhanced dissolution offers a method to speed removal of chlorinated solvent dense non-aqueous-phase liquid (DNAPL) sources such as tetrachloroethene (PCE) and trichoroethene (TCE) from aquifers. Bioremediation is accomplished by adding an electron donor to the source zone where fermentation to intermediates leading to acetic acid and hydrogen results. The hydrogen and possibly acetic acid are used by dehalogenating bacteria to convert PCE and TCE to ethene and hydrochloric acid. Reductive dehalogenation is thus an acid forming process, and sufficient alkalinity must be present to maintain a near neutral pH. The bicarbonate alkalinity required to maintain pH above 6.5 is a function of the electron donor: 800 mg/L of bicarbonate alkalinity is sufficient to achieve about 1.2 mM TCE dechlorination with glucose, 1.7 mM with lactate, and a much higher 3.3 mM with formate. Laboratory studies indicate that in mixed culture, formate can be used as an electron donor for complete conversion to ethene, contrary to pure cultures studies indicating it cannot. Various strategies can be used to add electron donor to an aquifer for DNAPL dehalogenation while minimizing pH problems and excessive electron donor usage, including use of injection-extraction wells, dual recirculation wells, and nested injection-extraction wells.     

Biodiversity and ecogeography of wild Lactuca spp. in some European countries

Staff members of the Department of Botany of Palacký University in Olomouc and Gene Bank Department – Workplace Olomouc, Research Institute of Crop Production in Prague, Czech Republic, conducted an expedition in seven European countries (Austria, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland) in August/September 1999 to collect wild Lactuca spp. germplasm and study its geographic distribution, ecology and biodiversity. During the mission, more than 600 locations were visited resulting in the collection of 602 seed samples (accessions) of wild Lactuca species and 13 seed samples of related genera (Chondrilla and Mycelis). Lactuca serriola f. serriola, L. serriola f. integrifolia, L. saligna and L. viminea subsp. chondrilliflora were prevalent in southern Europe (Italy, France), however, only L. serriola was common in central and western Europe (Austria, Czech Republic, Germany, Netherlands, Switzerland). The greatest diversity of Lactuca species was found in France, where also the most seed samples (165) were collected. The most characteristic habitats with a high density of Lactuca spp. populations were observed along roads and highways, grassy ditches, ruderal communities, and dust-heaps. Natural infections by powdery mildew (Erysiphe cichoracearum) and downy mildew (Bremia lactucae) on some wild Lactuca spp. were observed. Recent observations concerning the geographic distribution, population structure, habitats, and natural occurrence of diseases of Lactuca spp. are discussed. This assemblage of genetic resources of Lactuca spp. can serve as the basis of future studies of species diversification, spatial population structure, plant microevolution, domestication processes, and genetic variability of host-parasite interactions.     

Increase in auxiliary photoprotective photosynthetic pigments in wheat seedlings induced by Azospirillum brasilense

Inoculation of wheat seedlings with the plant growth-promoting bacterium Azospirillum brasilense Cd was immobilized in alginate microbeads and, without applying any stress, significantly increased the quantity of several photosynthetic pigments, such as chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and the auxiliary photoprotective pigments violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheroxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, and β-carotene. This resulted in greener plants with no apparent visible stress. After monitoring the quantity of photosynthetic pigments for 4 weeks, we observed that inoculated plants had higher quantities of pigments in shoot and stem. The greatest difference in the quantity of all pigments between inoculated and noninoculated plants occurred in the first week of growth. Regardless of treatment, the quantity of pigments in stems was three to four times less than the quantity of these pigments in shoots. Application of Azospirillum, either as liquid inoculant or as alginate microbeads, did not alter the positive effect of the bacteria on pigment production or the positive response of the plants towards A. brasilense Cd inoculation.     

In-situ enrichment and analysis of atrazine-degrading microbial communities using atrazine-containing porous beads

We examined the community composition of microbes that colonized atrazine-containing beads buried in agricultural soils that differed in atrazine treatment history. Bacterial abundance was 5-40-fold greater in atrazine-fortified beads. In beads containing 20 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ buried in soil with a history of atrazine application (conditioned soil), the abundance of Actinobacteria increased approximately 80-fold whereas in control soil, Actinobacteria were enriched only 10-fold and the gamma-Proteobacteria and Planctomycetes increased by 60- and 25-fold, respectively. The gamma-Proteobacteria were enriched by 120- and 230-fold in beads containing 200 mg atrazine kg⁻¹ in conditioned and control soil, respectively. The results demonstrate that BioSep^® beads are a suitable matrix for recruiting a diverse subset of the bacterial community involved in atrazine degradation.