茶树花青素还原酶的酶学特性研究

茶树花青素还原酶(CsANR)作为原花青素生物合成途径中的关键酶,催化花青素为相应的2,3-顺式-黄烷-3-醇。为了研究该酶的酶学特性,本文采用原核表达及钴离子亲和柱纯化技术,表达并纯化出目的蛋白;重点对CsANR1酶学特性进行研究分析。结果表明,CsANR1的最适反应温度为40℃,最适pH值为6.5;对底物矢车菊色素的亲和力高于飞燕草色素。Cu2+、Co2+、Fe2+、Mn2+、Zn2+和Hg2+等金属离子对酶有抑制作用,存放15d后酶活下降50%。     

西瓜鸟氨酸氨甲酰转移酶粗提条件优化及特性分析

以西瓜叶片为材料,通过正交试验对影响西瓜OCT酶提取的缓冲液pH值、料液比、提取时间3个因素进行研究,优化提取条件。结果表明,西瓜鸟氨酸氨甲酰转移酶粗提的最佳条件为缓冲液pH8.5、料液比1∶5、提取时间4 h。酶学特性的结果表明:该酶的最适温度为30℃,最适pH为8.0,最适条件下鸟氨酸和氨甲酰磷酸的Km值分别为8.34、3.73 mmol/L,V_(max)分别为0.22、0.32μmol/(m L·min)。金属离子Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)和Mn~(2+)对该酶活力有激活作用,而Fe~(3+)和Cu~(2+)对该酶活力起抑制作用。西瓜OCT酶提取条件的优化提高了该酶粗提的效果,为进一步纯化该酶奠定基础;对该酶特性的研究有利于对西瓜瓜氨酸合成代谢及抗逆调控作用机理的研究。     

茶树叶绿素酶提取、分离纯化与性质的初步研究

在优化茶树叶绿素酶提取及活性分析条件的基础上,对茶树叶绿素酶的分离纯化及其性质进行了研究,结果表明:加入与鲜叶等量PVP,用pH7.5的磷酸二氢钠-磷酸氢二钠缓冲液提取的叶绿素酶活性最高,叶绿素酶的活性分析最佳条件为在45℃条件下反应15min;经过分离纯化后,叶绿素酶的纯度提高了55.96倍,酶的得率为9.45%,SDS-PAGE结果显示有一条蛋白质的条带,酶的亚基分子量为37.2kD;对纯化后的叶绿素酶的性质研究表明,该酶最适pH为7.5,45℃时候反应活性最高,在4℃保存条件下,随着存放时间的延长,酶活性逐渐下降,保存一个月后叶绿素酶活性剩余45%,用2mmol/L和7mmol/L的金属离子(Ca2+、Mg2+、Zn2+、Fe3+)、EDTA处理,都对叶绿素酶活性有不同程度的促进作用。     

枯草芽孢杆菌Natto3的筛选及其降解黄曲霉毒素B_1的初步研究

从可食用的纳豆中筛选出一株能够高效降解黄曲霉毒素B1(aflatoxin B1,简称AFB1)的细菌,该细菌的发酵上清液经浓缩后制成的粗酶液对AFB1降解率达到91.4%。对该菌进行了分类地位鉴定并初步研究了粗酶液的酶学性质。结果表明,该菌经生理生化和16S r DNA序列比对鉴定为枯草芽孢杆菌,并命名为Natto3。Natto3的粗酶液降解AFB1的最适培养时间为72h,最适反应温度为37℃,最适p H值是8.5,Zn2+、Mn2+、Mg2+、Cu2+、Li+五种金属离子均会不同程度地抑制降解活性。此外,将该粗酶液添加在被黄曲霉毒素高度污染的花生样品中进行脱毒实验,可使花生中AFB1的浓度从192μg/kg降至43μg/kg。     

麦麸酯酶的分离纯化及酶学性质研究

为了能更好地将麦麸酯酶用于检测食品中的农药残留,采用硫酸铵分段沉淀、透析、SephadexG-200凝胶层析、超滤浓缩等方法对麦麸中提取的酯酶粗液进行了分离和纯化,并对其酶学性质进行了研究。结果表明,得到的麦麸酯酶比活力为289.14U·mg~(-1),回收率为47.7%,纯化倍数为16.17。麦麸酯酶的分子量约为26.0kDa,最大紫外吸收峰为224nm和280nm,最适反应温度为30℃,稳定范围为25~40℃;最适pH为8.0,pH稳定范围为4.0~8.0。Cu~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、Ca~(2+)、Al~(3+)、柠檬酸钠、四硼酸钠均对麦麸酯酶有抑制作用,而Fe~(2+)、Mn~(2+)、柠檬酸、硫酸铝钾对该酶有促进作用;以α-乙酸萘酯为底物的动力学参数K_m和V_(max)值分别为0.85mg·mL~(-1)和0.93mg·mL~(-1)·min~(-1)。4℃时,麦麸酯酶半衰期为10.4d,而25℃时,酯酶半衰期为8.6d。本研究结果对麦麸酯酶的应用具有一定参考价值。     

柱花草甲壳质酶基因SgGH19-1的克隆表达及酶学性质分析

甲壳质是真菌细胞壁、昆虫外骨骼和甲壳类动物外壳的主要成分。甲壳质的降解主要依赖甲壳质酶的水解作用。诱导PR-3类甲壳质酶蛋白积累是植物增强对真菌性病害抗性的适应性机制。柱花草是一种重要的热带豆科牧草,由胶孢炭疽菌引起的炭疽病是危及柱花草生产的主要真菌性病害。但柱花草甲壳质酶对炭疽菌侵染的响应仍不清楚。本研究旨在鉴定柱花草PR-3类甲壳质酶基因,并对其表达模式、编码蛋白的生化酶学性质进行分析。结果表明：通过同源克隆获得了1个柱花草PR-3类甲壳质酶基因,其编码区序列全长984 bp,属于糖苷水解酶19家族的ClassⅠ亚族,将其命名为SgGH19-1。荧光定量PCR分析表明,接种炭疽菌诱导SgGH19-1在柱花草叶片中显著增强表达,并伴随着甲壳质酶活性的提高。随后,在大肠杆菌中表达纯化了SgGH19-1重组蛋白,生化酶学性质表明,SgGH19-1蛋白兼具甲壳质内切酶与外切酶活性,但内切酶活性比外切酶活性高9.1倍。SgGH19-1的最适pH为5.0,最适温度为40 ℃。综上所述,SgGH19-1基因参与柱花草对炭疽菌侵染的响应,其编码的蛋白具有甲壳质酶活性,可作为柱花草抗炭疽病育种的分子标记。     

茶树鲜叶中维生素B6代谢酶PLK的活性分析

吡哆醛激酶（Pyridoxal Kinase, PLK）是维生素B₆（VB₆）代谢关键酶。从茶鲜叶中直接提取含PLK的粗酶液,经过硫酸铵沉淀、透析处理后,采用苯肼衍生化方法检测定PLK活性,并对其基本酶学性质进行分析。结果表明,提取时加入100%茶鲜重的PVPP,效果最佳。纯化后的茶鲜叶PLK比活力为0.737 nmol/(min·mg),纯化倍数为4.0;当有二价金属离子存在时,PLK才具有催化活性,其中Zn²⁺对其催化作用最强。该酶的最适反应温度为60℃;在pH6.0左右酶活力最高。在最适反应条件下,测得反应底物ATP和PL的Km值分别为19.3 μmol/L和53 μmol/L。     

茶叶花青素的研究进展

随着天然色素保健功能的深入研究,茶叶花青素也逐渐受到广泛关注。本文从花青素的化学结构与理化性质、茶树紫芽花色苷代谢机制及富集特性、茶叶花色苷定性定量分析方法、茶叶花青素提取分离与纯化方法、生物活性及产品开发等方面进行综述,为茶叶花青素及其苷的综合开发提供参考。     

大豆疫霉菌诱导的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶与寄主抗病性的关系

为明确-1,3-葡聚糖酶与大豆抗大豆疫霉根腐病的关系,分别测定了具有不同抗性的3个大豆品种的真叶和第1片复叶被大豆疫霉菌侵染后β-1,3-匍聚精酶的活性,并分析其与抗病性的关系.侵染大豆真叶和第1片复叶后备品种的β-1,3-葡聚糖酶活性均明显升高.接种大豆真叶后抗病品种48 h出现酶活性高峰,酶活性增加105.9%;中感晶种和感病品种72 h出现酶活性高峰,酶活性增加量分别为66.3%和65.7%.接种大豆复叶后酶活性的变化与真叶反应一致.说明β-1,3-葡聚糖酶的活性与大豆品种的抗病性呈正相关,抗病品种较感病品种酶活性峰值出现早,酶活性增加量高.对酶的部分性质的研究结果表明:酶的最适反应温度为55℃,最适反应pH为5.0,在55℃以下,pH 4.5～7.5范匍内酶活性较稳定.Ca2+、Mn2+、K+、Al3+对酶均有激活作用,Mg2+、Cu2+、Zn2+、Fe3+、Fe2+、Hg2+、Ba2+对酶有抑制作用.抑菌试验表明,β-1,3-葡聚糖酶粗酶液对大豆疫霉菌的菌丝生长和游动孢子萌发有明显的抑制作用.     

内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌TB2内切β-1，4-葡聚糖酶基因的克隆和原核表达分析

以内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌TB2菌株基因组为模板,克隆了该菌的β-1,4-内切葡聚糖酶基因的ORF.测序结果表明该ORF全长1 500 bp,编码499个氨基酸,分子量为55．07ku,等电点为7．83.Blast同源性分析结果表明,该序列与GenBank登录的1株枯草芽孢杆菌(Bacillus subtilis M28332)纤维素酶核苷酸序列的同源性最高(98％),其氨基酸同源性也达98％,已被GenBank收录(Accession number).用BamH I和Xho I双酶切目的片段和表达载体pET-29a( )后相连接,构建重组表达载体pET-glu,并导入BL21细菌中表达.酶学特性表明:SDS-PAGE电泳在59 ku左右有融合蛋白带,该酶的最适反应温度为50℃,最适反应pH为6．4,为中性纤维素酶.实验结果为进一步研究内生解淀粉芽孢杆菌TB2纤维素酶的功能和应用打下了基础.     

Biosorption of copper, nickel and manganese using non-living biomass of marine alga, Ulva lactuca

The adsorption of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+ onto the marine algal biomass of Ulva lactuca was investigated in single and multimetal solutions. This study was intended to determine the role of different pH values (2-8) on the biosorption of metals at different concentrations (10, 20 and 30 mg L(-1)). The biosorption capacity of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+ for 10 mg L(-1) was the same as 20 and 30 mg L(-1), increase with increasing pH up to pH 5.0 and then decreased, in single and multimetal solutions. The optimum pH value was observed in the pH range 4-5 for Cu2+ and pH 5-6 for Ni2+ and Mn2+. The maximum biosorption capacities of tested alga for Cu2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+ were 92, 80 and 75%, respectively in single metal solution at 10 mg L(-1) and pH 5.0. At a further increase of pH (8.0) the biosorption process for Cu2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+ (75, 69 and 63%, respectively at 10 mg L(-1)) was decreased. The minimum biosorptions were 60, 49 and 44% for Cu2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+, respectively in single metal solution at 10 mg L(-1) and pH 2.0. In the multimetal solution, algal biomass exhibited the maximum and the minimum biosorption capacity at different pH values the same as in single metal solution. The inhibitory role of other ions on sorption process can be well observed in multimetal mixture, where biosorption capacity of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+ were significantly decreased in the multimetal solutions. The maximum biosorption was recorded for Cu2+ (83%) in solution of Cu2+ + Mn2+, Mn2+ (67%) in solution of Ni2 + Mn2+ and for Ni2+ (74%) in solution of Ni2+ + Mn2+ at the concentration 10 mg L(-1) and pH 5.0. The observed reduction in the biosorption of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+ (65, 57 and 52%, respectively at 10 mg L(-1) and pH 5.0) was more pronounced in the multimetal solution of Cu2 + Ni2+ + Mn2+ as compared with single metal solution. The results demonstrated that the affinity of the tested alga for sorption of the investigated metal ions in single and multimetal solutions runs in the order Cu2+ > Ni2+ > Mn2+. Biosorption equilibrium was established by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. According to the analyses conducted, the biosorption of Cu2+, Ni2+ and Mn2+ to Ulva lactuca was more consistent with Freundlich isotherm.     

Purification of an antifungal endochitinase from a potential biocontrol Agent Streptomyces griseus

Streptomyces griseus (MTCC 9723) is a chitinolytic bacterium isolated from prawn cultivated pond soil of Peddapuram Village; East Godavari District was studied in detailed. Chitinase (EC 3.2.1.14) was extracted from the culture filtrate of Streptomyces griseus and purified by ammonium sulfate precipitation, DEAE-cellulose ionexchange chromatography, Sephadex G-100 and Sephadex G-200 gel filtration chromatography. The molecular mass of the purified chitinase was estimated to be 34, 32 kDa by SDS gel electrophoresis and confirmed by activity staining with Calcofluor White M2R. Chitinase was optimally active at pH of 6.0 and at 40 degrees C. The enzyme was stable from pH 5-9 and up to 20-50 degrees C. The chitinase exhibited Km and Vmax values of 400 mg and 180 IU mL(-1) for colloidal chitin. Among the metals and inhibitors that were tested, the Hg+, Hg2+ and P-chloromercuribenzoic acid completely inhibited the chitinase activity at 1 mM concentration. The purified chitinase showed high activity on colloidal chitin, chitobiose, and chitooligosaccharide. An in vitro assay proved that the crude chitinase, actively growing cells of S. griseus having antifungal activity against all studied fungal pathogen. This result implies that characteristics of S. griseus producing endochitinase made them suitable for biotechnological purpose such as for degradation of chitin containing waste and it might be a promising biocontrol agent for plant pathogens.     

转GmGT-2B基因大豆的耐盐性分析

采用盆栽试验方法,苗期在盐胁迫条件下,比较GmGT-2B转基因大豆与非转基因大豆的损伤程度、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性,丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸和K~+、Na~+含量以及基因表达量变化差异。结果表明:盐胁迫对转基因大豆叶片的伤害程度明显低于对照;SOD活性、脯氨酸含量、丙二醛(MDA)含量在盐胁迫5 d后均与对照有显著或极显著差异;植株的Na~+含量随盐胁迫时间的增加而升高,在胁迫第8天转基因大豆的Na~+含量达到对照约2倍;转基因大豆的基因的表达量呈上调趋势,在第8天达到表达高峰。基因表达量的变化趋势与生理指标SOD活性、脯氨酸含量和Na~+含量表现的一致。结果表明GmGT-2B基因与盐应答反应有关,其中转GmGT-2B大豆株系N11和N24盐害程度较低,该基因和转GmGT-2B基因大豆具有较大的应用价值。     

钙离子对绿茶浸提茶汤理化与感官品质的影响

研究了含不同质量浓度钙离子（0~100mg/L）的水对绿茶浸提茶汤的理化成分及感官品质的影响。研究结果表明,随着钙离子质量浓度的升高,浸提茶汤浊度增加,pH值下降;总固形物和氨基酸含量呈增加趋势,茶多酚和蛋白质含量呈下降趋势,而咖啡碱和黄酮化合物含量差异不显著;儿茶素EGC含量呈增加趋势,C、EGCG、GCG、ECG及CG含量都呈下降趋势,EC含量差异不显著;Al³⁺、Cu²⁺、Na⁺、Zn²⁺含量呈下降趋势,而K⁺、Mg²⁺、Mn²⁺含量呈增加趋势;茶汤感官品质下降,逐渐变浑浊,熟闷味加重,苦涩味增加。钙离子主要通过参与冷后浑形成、诱导儿茶素组分异构化及氧化分解反应等作用影响茶汤品质。     

一株木薯生淀粉糖化酶菌株的分离及酶学性质研究

从腐烂的木薯中分离得到1株降解生淀粉能力较强的菌株ITBB FC2,经形态学鉴定和18S rDNA序列分析,初步鉴定属于黑曲霉（Aspergillus niger）。该菌株用2％生木薯粉培养基摇瓶,37 ℃,200 r/min培养3 d后,发酵液葡萄糖含量为970 mg/L,生淀粉酶活力为495.04 U/mL。采用固体产酶培养基（麸皮 ∶ 水=1 ∶ 1）培养,所得酶活力为6 330 U/g。酶反应最适pH为4.0~5.0。Ca2+对酶活力有一定的促进作用。     

槟榔色素稳定性的研究

本试验研究槟榔色素的稳定性。结果表明:槟榔色素对热稳定性较好但对光稳定性较差;在酸性条件下稳定;对常用的防腐剂山梨酸钾、苯甲酸钠、柠檬酸等稳定;氧化剂和还原剂对色素的稳定性有影响,色素对低浓度VC稳定性好,在H2O2中稳定性差;金属离子Cu2+、Mg2+、Ca2+、K+、Na+、Zn2+对色素的稳定性影响较小,但Fe2+、Fe3+对色素的稳定性有显著的影响。     

Preliminary report of NAD+-dependent amino acid dehydrogenase producing bacteria isolated from soil

BACKGROUND: Amino acid dehydrogenases (L-amino acid: oxidoreductase deaminating; EC 1.4.1.X) are members of the wider superfamily of oxidoreductases that catalyze the reversible oxidative deamination of an amino acid to its keto acid and ammonia with the concomitant reduction of either NAD+, NADP+ or FAD. These enzymes have been received much attention as biocatalysts for use in biosensors or diagnostic kits to screen amino acid metabolism disorders such as phenylketonuria (PKU), maple syrup urine disease (MSUD), homocystinuria (HCY) and hyperprolinemia. This study was aimed to isolation and screening of novel amino acid dehydrogenases from soil bacteria. METHODS: The enzyme producing bacteria were selected among L-methionine and L-phenylalanine utilizers isolated from soil by thin layer chromatography, activity staining and confirmed by enzyme assay. Bacterial strains were identified by phenotypic and biochemical characteristics. The steady-state kinetic studies of enzymes were also performed. RESULTS: In total of 230 tested strains, four of them were recognized as amino acid dehydrogenase producers that belong to species of Pseudomonas, Citrobacter and Proteus. They exhibited the desired NAD+-dependent dehydrogenase activities toward L-isoleucine, L-methionine, L-cysteine, L-serine and L-glutamine in oxidative deamination reaction. The specific activity of L-isoleucine dehydrogenase, L-methionine dehydrogenase and L-glutamine dehydrogenase for oxidative deamination of L-isoleucine, L-methionine and L-glutamine were 1.59, 1.2 and 0.73 U/mg, respectively. The Kcat/Km (s(-1).mM(-1)) values in these strains were as follows: L-isoleucine, 113.6, L-methionine, 62.05 and L-glutamine, 95.83. CONCLUSION: This is the first report of occurrence a specific isoleucine dehydrogenase, glutamine dehydrogenase and methionine dehydrogenase in bacteria.     

长期定位施肥对玉米生育期内土壤酶活性的影响

以吉林省公主岭市的国家黑土肥力和肥料效益长期定位试验为平台,对2014年土样进行酶活性测定和分析,探讨长期定位施肥条件下玉米生育期内土壤酶活性的动态变化。结果表明,不同定位施肥处理过氧化氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶活性在玉米生育期内呈大致相同的变化规律,从苗期至拔节期上升,在拔节期出现峰值;随后下降,至灌浆期酶活性最低,收获后酶活性出现回升。蔗糖酶活性的动态变化与以上3种酶活略有不同,从苗期至开花期升高,开花期至收获后期呈下降趋势。在玉米相同生育期内不同施肥处理间比较,土壤中脲酶、磷酸酶和蔗糖酶活性变化规律为有机肥+化肥(NPK+1.5M1)有机肥+化肥(NPK+M2)有机肥+化肥(NPK+M1)有机肥+化肥+轮作(NPK+M1+R)化肥+秸秆还田(NPK+S)单施化肥(NPK)CK。长期有机肥配施化肥和秸秆配施化肥处理对酶活性的促进效果比氮磷钾处理明显。