响应面法优化肉鸭日粮非淀粉多糖酶酶谱的研究

研究运用单因素设计和响应面设计,采用胃蛋白酶-胰液素两步水解法,探讨3种不同的非淀粉多糖酶对肉鸭饲料还原糖含量的影响。实验使用相同的肉鸭基础饲粮,对添加了非淀粉多糖酶的肉鸭饲粮使用两步离体法进行消化,并测定还原糖含量,得出三种非淀粉多糖酶的最佳添加量和最佳酶谱组成。结果表明肉鸭饲粮的最佳非淀粉多糖酶酶谱:甘露聚糖酶为0.015 mg/g、β-葡聚糖酶为0.008 mg/g、木聚糖酶为0.007 mg/g。在肉鸭饲粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶可以提高还原糖含量,促进营养物质的吸收和利用。     

非淀粉多糖酶在饲料中应用的作用机理及其影响因素

本文讨论了阿拉伯木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶和纤维素酶等饲用非淀粉多糖酶制剂作用机理和影响饲用非淀粉多糖酶制剂应用效果的因素。非淀粉多糖酶可以降解饲料中可溶性非淀粉多糖，降低食糜的粘性；摧毁植物细胞壁，释放细胞内养分；减少动物后肠有害微生物增殖；对消化系统发育的影响以及提高机体代谢水平，增强免疫力。日粮类型、动物种类、动物消化道内环境、饲用酶制剂性质、其它饲料添加剂的作用以及加工和贮存条件等多方面因素都不同程度影响酶制剂的应用效果。     

非淀粉多糖酶制剂在畜禽生产中的应用

非淀粉多糖酶是消除抗营养因子作用的主要饲料添加剂,该类制剂目前在畜禽养殖中越来越受到青睐。本文介绍了非淀粉多糖酶的作用机理,并分别简述了纤维素酶、木聚糖酶、葡聚糖酶、甘露聚糖酶等非淀粉多糖酶在畜禽生产中的应用效果。     

饲用NSP酶制剂的研究进展

本文论述了非淀粉多糖（NSP）的抗营养特性，饲用非淀粉多糖酶的作用机理及非淀粉多糖酶活力的测定方法，并对今后NSP酶制剂的研究进行了展望，为今后进一步研究饲用非淀粉酶提供了参考。     

非淀粉多糖酶在猪生产中的作用

非淀粉多糖酶包括木聚糖酶、甘露聚糖酶、纤维素酶、葡聚糖酶等,是一类重要的功能性饲料添加剂,能够有效降解饲料中具有抗营养作用的非淀粉多糖,从而提高饲料利用率,改善猪的生产性能和肠道健康.文章从繁殖母猪、断奶仔猪、肥育猪3个方面综述了饲粮中添加非淀粉多糖酶的作用,为生产实践提供理论基础.     

木聚糖酶对小麦中非淀粉多糖体外酶解效果的影响研究

为了探究木聚糖酶对小麦非淀粉多糖的降解效果。试验采用单因子设计,用气相色谱法测定不同木聚糖酶水平,在一定水分(料水比为1:10)、温度(40℃)和pH值(6.0)条件下酶解2 h,小麦非淀粉多糖含量变化。在酶水平为每克小麦60 000 IU时,降解效果最大;以可溶性非淀粉多糖、不可溶性非淀粉多糖、总非淀粉多糖含量变化为指标,每千克小麦的适宜木聚糖酶添加量分别为0.718 g、0.732 g、0.717 g。添加木聚糖酶对小麦非淀粉多糖有显著的降解效果。     

基于体外仿生消化法筛选适用于肉鸡玉米-豆粕-杂粕型饲粮的非淀粉多糖复合酶

本试验旨在探究响应面法优化筛选6种非淀粉多糖酶(木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶、β-甘露聚糖酶、α-半乳糖苷酶、果胶酶)添加于肉鸡玉米-豆粕-杂粕型饲粮中最优组合酶谱。采用第3代单胃动物仿生消化系统(SDS-Ⅲ)进行模拟胃肠液体外消化试验,首先采用单因素完全随机试验设计,在肉鸡玉米-豆粕-杂粕型基础饲粮中分别添加5个水平的6种非淀粉多糖酶,每个水平设5个重复,以还原糖释放量(RS)和干物质消化率提高值(IDMD)为评价指标,确定单酶的最佳添加量;据此结果,进一步利用软件Design-Expert 8.06 Box-Behnken响应面法设计6因子3水平L_(54)(3~6)试验,对6种单酶进行复配组合,以RS和IDMD为响应值,确定6种单酶的最佳组合酶谱。结果表明:在1～3周龄肉鸡玉米-豆粕-杂粕型饲粮中优选出的6种非淀粉多糖酶酶谱为木聚糖酶11.40 U/g、β-葡聚糖酶3.76 U/g、纤维素酶8.52 U/g、β-甘露聚糖酶8.19 U/g、α-半乳糖苷酶6.24 U/g、果胶酶1.60 U/g,该酶谱催化反应的RS和IDMD分别为9.71 mg/g和2.86%;在此条件下进行3次重复试验,得到RS和IDMD分别为9.59 mg/g和2.81%,与理论最优值的误差分别为1.24%和1.75%,表明所得酶谱能反映出对RS和IDMD的较好结果。在4～6周龄肉鸡玉米-豆粕-杂粕型饲粮中优选出的6种非淀粉多糖酶酶谱为木聚糖酶11.90 U/g、β-葡聚糖酶5.26 U/g、纤维素酶8.32 U/g、β-甘露聚糖酶7.96 U/g、α-半乳糖苷酶6.29 U/g、果胶酶6.17 U/g,该酶谱催化反应的RS和IDMD分别为10.45 mg/g和2.95%;在此条件下进行3次重复试验,得到RS和IDMD分别为10.34 mg/g和2.92%,与理论最优值的误差分别为1.05%和1.02%,表明所得酶谱能反映出对RS和IDMD的较好结果。综上所述,1～3周龄肉鸡饲粮6种非淀粉多糖酶最佳酶谱是木聚糖酶11.40 U/g、β-葡聚糖酶3.76 U/g、纤维素酶8.52 U/g、β-甘露聚糖酶8.19 U/g、α-半乳糖苷酶6.24 U/g、果胶酶1.60 U/g;4～6周龄肉鸡饲粮6种非淀粉多糖酶最佳酶谱是木聚糖酶11.90 U/g、β-葡聚糖酶5.26 U/g、纤维素酶8.32 U/g、β-甘露聚糖酶7.96 U/g、α-半乳糖苷酶6.29 U/g、果胶酶6.17 U/g。     

复合酶制剂体外预消化仔猪饲粮最佳条件的筛选以及对其品质的影响

本研究旨在筛选出体外预消化复合酶制剂的最佳作用条件,比较复合酶预消化前后饲粮的差异,为无抗饲粮的研发提供参考。试验选用蛋白酶、淀粉酶、非淀粉多糖（NSP）类酶（纤维素酶、果胶酶、木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶和α-半乳糖苷酶）、葡萄糖氧化酶（GOD）、阿魏酸酯酶（FAE）和阿拉伯呋喃糖苷酶（AF）10种酶,组成复合酶制剂,根据酶的理化特性,探索酶的作用温度和时间对预消化仔猪饲粮的影响,应用扫描电镜和激光共聚焦拍照技术评定酶解前后饲粮的结构变化,并通过细菌生长曲线观察酶解预消化饲粮对肠道有害菌的影响。结果表明：1）与未添加酶相比,添加蛋白酶,在pH=3的缓冲液中预消化,50℃作用0.5 h时,氨基酸和小肽分子含量显著升高（P<0.05）;添加淀粉酶和NSP酶,在pH=5的缓冲液中反应,预消化1.0 h后,二硝基水杨酸（DNS）法检测得到50℃时还原糖含量极显著升高（P<0.01）,酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测发现50℃时部分抗营养因子含量也显著降低（P<0.05）。2）本试验分析木聚糖主链酶与其支链酶的协同作用,结果显示先添加AF和FAE,再添加木聚糖酶后酶解饲粮,还原糖...     

饲料加工过程中非淀粉多糖酶的催化作用研究

对含非淀粉多糖酶小麦型饲料进行制粒加工,测定饲料还原糖及纤维素的含量,探讨了非淀粉多糖酶在饲料加工过程中对还原糖、纤维素、半纤维素降解的催化作用。试验结果表明,添加非淀粉多糖酶小麦型饲料在制粒过程中,还原糖增加17.76%(P0.01),半纤维素下降1.41个百分点(P0.01)、纤维素下降0.44个百分点(P0.05)。而无酶饲料在制粒过程中还原糖、纤维素及半纤维素均无明显变化。     

以小麦日粮为底物木聚糖酶体外酶解的应用效果研究

本试验采用体外酶解法评价了4种木聚糖酶对小麦日粮的作用效果。试验结果表明,4种木聚糖酶中酶Ⅱ的作用效果最好,小麦日粮还原糖含量提高了134.47%,干物质消化率为20.89%。结果说明体外酶解试验可以有效的评价饲用酶制剂的作用效果。     

预消化处理肉鸡加酶日粮中非淀粉多糖酶解效果的研究

文章旨在研究4种单体NSP酶制剂(木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶和甘露聚糖酶),经过预消化处理工艺后,对肉鸡日粮中的非淀粉多糖的酶解情况,为进一步研究NSP酶制剂在肉鸡日粮中的合理利用提供参考依据。结果显示,不同的NSP酶添加量对肉鸡日粮的预消化处理效果有着显著的相关关系,木聚糖酶、β-葡聚糖酶、纤维素酶、甘露聚糖酶的最佳添加水平分别为250、350、300、200 mg/kg;初步确定的预消化处理参数是:温度45℃、时间60 min、水分35%。本试验条件下,结合相关的数据分析,试验日粮中最佳酶制剂组合是:木聚糖酶186 mg/kg、β-葡聚糖酶440 mg/kg、纤维素酶337 mg/kg、甘露聚糖酶200 mg/kg(P<0.01)。研究表明,加酶日粮经过预消化处理后,可以有效地降解其中日粮的非淀粉多糖,提高日粮的营养利用率。     

碱性蛋白酶和木聚糖酶对玉米-豆粕型日粮干物质和粗蛋白质的体外酶解效果研究

本试验旨在通过透析袋体外酶解法研究碱性蛋白酶和木聚糖酶对玉米-豆粕型日粮还原糖生成量、干物质和粗蛋白质体外酶解效果的影响。试验采用单因子试验设计,碱性蛋白酶的添加浓度分别为20、40、60、80、100 U/g,木聚糖酶的添加浓度分别为10、20、30、40、50 U/g,每个添加水平分别设5个重复。结果表明:碱性蛋白酶添加浓度由20 U/g提高至100 U/g时,可显著提高日粮还原糖生成量和干物质酶解效率(二次,P<0.05);木聚糖酶添加浓度由10 U/g提高至50 U/g时,显著提高日粮干物质酶解效率(二次,P<0.05)。以干物质消化率为评价指标时,根据二次曲线方程计算得出碱性蛋白酶和木聚糖酶的适宜添加浓度分别为65 U/g和33 U/g。     

Effects of increasing dried distillers’ grains with solubles and non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme inclusion on growth performance and energy digestibility in broilers

Two experiments were conducted to examine the effects of non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme on broiler performance and ileal nutrient digestibility in diets containing dried distillers’ grains with solubles, as well as evaluate non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme inclusion in low energy diets with dried distillers’ grains with solubles on performance and carcass yield. Experiment 1 was a 4 (dried distillers’ grains with solubles level of 0, 5, 10, and 15%) x 2 (with and without enzyme) factorial design in battery-reared broilers for 21 d; body weights and feed intake were determined weekly. On day 22, ileal contents were collected to determine digestibility of energy and nitrogen. The second experiment was a 48 d floor pen trial utilizing three dietary treatments: positive control, negative control (positive control, negative control less 132 kcal/kg ME), and a negative control + non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme inclusion. Diets included dried distillers’ grains with solubles at 2.5 to 10%. In Experiment 1, BW decreased (P < 0.05) with 15% dried distillers’ grains with solubles inclusion as compared to the control. The FCR was also increased (P < 0.05) with 15% dried distillers’ grains with solubles inclusion as compared to all other diets through 14 d. Inclusion of dried distillers’ grains with solubles reduced (P < 0.05) ileal digestible energy at 10 and 15% inclusion and inclusion of non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme increased (P < 0.05) ileal digestible energy. Increased energy and nitrogen digestibility coefficients (P < 0.05) were observed at all dried distillers’ grains with solubles inclusion levels with non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme inclusion except for the 10% inclusion rate. In Experiment 2, non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme in the negative control diet increased BW compared to the negative control at all observed time points at each phase (P < 0.05). Additionally, non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme in the negative control diet reduced mortality corrected FCR through the grower phase. Non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme inclusion in the negative control diet resulted in comparable live weights, carcass weights, breast filets, and tenders to the positive control diet; however, fat pad was reduced compared to the positive control (P < 0.05). These data confirm that elevated levels of dried distillers’ grains with solubles in starter diets can negatively impact digestibility and performance of broilers and the inclusion of an non-starch polysaccharide degrading enzyme can increase nutrient digestibility and improve broiler performance in low energy dried distillers’ grains with solubles containing diets.     

Pattern of non-starch polysaccharide digestion along the gut of the pig:Contribution to available energy

We investigated the pattern of non-starch polysaccharide(NSP) digestion along the gut of pigs fed two different wheats, which were offered with or without xylanase supplementation. The two wheats used were pre-characterised before the experiment on the basis of low and normal feed intake of young pigs.Wheat type significantly influenced feed intake and growth rate in the first 7 days, however, by day 14 the only significant effect of wheat type was on growth rate. Xylanase supplementation increased the growth performance of pigs fed the poor quality wheat to a level similar to those fed the normal wheat. It also increased the daily gain of pigs fed the normal wheat. Wheat type had no significant effect on the digestibility of dry matter(DM), energy, free sugars or the different fractions of NSP in the duodenum,ileum or in the faeces. The duodenal gross energy digestibility values for the low and high performance diets were -27.4 and -47.5%, respectively, and xylanase supplementation significantly increased the digestibility of energy back to positive levels. Dry matter digestibility values followed a similar pattern. In the duodenum, xylanase increased(P 0.05) the digestibility values of both soluble and insoluble NSP,whereas in the ileum, xylanase had a significant effect only on the digestibility of the soluble NSP fraction. Xylanase did not affect free sugar digestibility. The reduction in soluble NSP level coincided with a marked reduction in the amount of fucose, a prominent component of mucosal polysaccharides. This suggests that soluble NSP substantially increase endogenous losses. The absence of differences in the digestibility of the measured NSP between the two wheat samples suggests that the structures of the NSP, rather than just their amount and solubility, are important for the anti-nutritional properties of NSP in pig diets.     

Effect of food enzymes on utilisation of lupin carbohydrates by broilers

1. The effects of 3 commercial enzyme products on the nutritive value of 2 lupin species were investigated with the emphasis on changes in composition of non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) along the digestive tract. Enzyme A contained primarily cellulase, beta-glucanase and xylanase activities, enzyme B primarily hemicellulase, pentosanase and xylanase activities, and enzyme C primarily hemicellulase, pectinase and beta-glucanase activities. 2. The enzymes were added to semi-purified diets based on sorghum and casein containing 35% whole seed lupins (Lupinus angustifolius cv Gungurru or Lupinus albus cv Kiev mutant). Control diets contained no lupins. 3. Food conversion ratio (FCR), excreta moisture content and apparent metabolisable energy (AME) were affected by lupin species but not by enzyme supplementation. 4. In diets with L. angustifolius, enzyme C significantly increased digesta viscosity and increased the concentration of soluble NSPs in all sections of the intestine. 5. Digestibility of protein and NSPs in the ileum and microbial fermentation in the ileum and caeca were not affected by adding enzymes to diets containing L. angustifolius. 6. Enzyme addition to diets with L. albus did not affect digesta viscosity nor concentration of soluble NSPs but caused a significantly (P<0.05) reduced concentration of insoluble NSP in the ileum. 7. Enzyme addition to L. albus significantly (P<0.05) increased NSP digestibility in the ileum but had no effects on protein digestibility and fermentation in the ileum and caeca.     

非淀粉多糖酶对广西三黄鸡生长性能、养分表观消化率及肠道健康的影响

试验探讨非淀粉多糖酶对饲喂小麦-棕榈粕型日粮的广西三黄鸡生长性能、养分表观消化率及肠道健康的影响.选取360羽(公、母各半)9周龄广西三黄鸡随机分3组,每组3个重复,每个重复40羽鸡.对照组三黄鸡饲喂基础日粮,试验Ⅰ组、Ⅱ组分别在基础日粮中添加0.01％木聚糖酶、0.01％木聚糖酶+0.01％β-甘露聚糖酶.结果 显示...     

Effects of a non-starch polysaccharidase enzyme preparation from Thermomyces lanuginosus on energy and protein metabolism and milk yield of dairy cattle

Non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) form an integral part of the cell walls in plants and represent considerable available energy when degraded into absorbable mono-, di-, tri- and oligosaccharides. The ruminal microflora hydrolyses a good part of NSPs, however, recently there have been attempts to enhance the rate of utilisation by using external polysaccharidase enzymes. In the present study the effects of an enzyme preparation (Rumino-Zyme) high in xylanase activity were studied on ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration, parameters of energy and protein metabolism, milk yield, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and body condition score of high-yielding dairy cows. A lignolytic enzyme preparation produced by the thermophilic fungus Thermomyces lanuginosus was applied in the present experiment and fed to dairy cows at 34 g/day dosage in the period between calving and the 110th day of lactation. This preparation increased VFA concentration in the rumen from about 32 days after calving and onward. Increased VFA concentration was followed by an about 5 to 10% increase in milk production and an almost 0.1% increase in butterfat production. Increased VFA concentration produced more balanced energy metabolism in the experimental cows as indicated by the lower incidence rate of hyperketonaemia, and lower acetoacetic acid and non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) concentration in the blood of the experimental cows. Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity was tendentiously higher in the control group and the proportion of cows that had AST activity higher than 100 U/l was also higher in the control group. Both control and experimental cows showed balanced protein and acid-base metabolism throughout the experiment. Enhanced VFA concentration contributed to an improvement in energy balance in the experimental cows with a resultant improvement of feed intake and feed utilisation. Due to the more balanced energy metabolism postparturient body condition loss of the treated cows was reduced.     

Strategies to improve the nutritive value of rice bran in poultry diets. I. The addition of food enzymes to target the non-starch polysaccharide fractions in diets of chickens and ducks gave no response

1. Three experiments were undertaken to test the efficacy of 2 enzymes targeting mainly the non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) in rice bran. 2. In experiment one, 400 g rice bran/kg depressed chick performance and there was a significant decline in growth rate and food intake with increasing inclusion of rice bran (0, 200, 400 g). Neither enzyme had any benefit. 3. In experiment two, rice bran (inclusion 200 and 400 g/kg), did not alter growth rate, food intake or food conversion ratio of duckling (3 to 17 d of age). Again enzyme addition gave no response. 4. In experiment three, 300 g rice bran/kg stimulated duck (19 to 35 d of age) growth while 600 g rice bran/kg depressed growth but not food intake. Enzymes gave no response. 5. Relative gut viscosity declined with increasing rice bran inclusion as did dry matter in ileal digesta. There were differences between ducklings and chickens. 6. It was concluded that NSPs were not a significant factor in altering the nutritive value of rice bran and the enzymes used were therefore unlikely to be of benefit.     

不同玉米脱水酒精糟及其可溶物含量饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、营养物质消化率及抗氧化能力的影响

本试验旨在研究不同玉米脱水酒精糟及其可溶物(DDGS)含量饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶对大菱鲆幼鱼生长性能、营养物质消化率及抗氧化能力的影响。选用720尾初重为(13.00±0.01)g的大菱鲆幼鱼,随机分为8个组,每个组设3个重复,每个重复30尾鱼。D3、D6、D9、D12组为不加酶对照组,分别饲喂以玉米DDGS替代基础饲料中3%、6%、9%、12%鱼粉的试验饲料;D3+、D6+、D9+、D12+组为加酶试验组,分别饲喂以玉米DDGS替代基础饲料中3%、6%、9%、12%鱼粉并添加木聚糖酶(活性为120 163U/g,添加量为20g/t)和纤维素酶(活性为13 424U/g,添加量为300g/t)的试验饲料。试验期为9周。结果表明:大菱鲆幼鱼饲喂相同玉米DDGS含量的饲料时,加酶试验组的终末体重、增重率、特定生长率、饲料效率均高于不加酶对照组,但差异未达显著水平(P0.05)。各组大菱鲆幼鱼摄食率以及全鱼水分、粗蛋白质、粗脂肪含量无显著差异(P0.05),肥满度、肝体比和脏体比也无显著差异(P0.05)。大菱鲆幼鱼饲喂相同玉米DDGS含量的饲料时,加酶试验组的干物质和粗蛋白质表观消化率均高于不加酶对照组,其中D9+组的干物质表观消化率较D9组显著升高(P0.05),D3+组的粗蛋白质表观消化率较D3组显著升高(P0.05),D12+组的粗蛋白质表观消化率较D12组显著升高(P0.05)。大菱鲆幼鱼饲喂相同玉米DDGS含量的饲料时,加酶试验组大菱鲆幼鱼血清超氧化物歧化酶和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶的活性均较不加酶对照组显著提高(P0.05),血清丙二醛的含量较不加酶对照组显著降低(P0.05)。由此得出,在不同玉米DDGS含量饲料中添加非淀粉多糖酶提高了大菱鲆幼鱼对饲料的利用效果。     

Effect of food enzymes on AME and composition of digesta from broiler chickens fed on diets containing non-starch polysaccharides isolated from lupin kernel

1. The effects of lupin non-starch polysaccharides (NSPs) on apparent metabolisable energy (AME) and composition of digesta from broiler chickens were examined in a dose-response experiment in conjunction with a single combination of 2 commercial enzyme products known from previous studies to partially depolymerise NSPs in diets containing sorghum, casein and lupin kernel. The 7-d experiment was conducted on broiler chickens (24 to 31 d of age) in metabolism cages. 2. The basal diet used in this study contained (in g/kg) sorghum (low tannin) 800, casein 134, celite 20 and vitamins and minerals 46. The inclusion rate for each enzyme product was 0.2 g/kg. Lupin kernel isolate (containing 560 g/kg total NSPs) replaced some of the sorghum and casein. The dose rates of lupin kernel isolate (50, 100 and 150 g/kg) were equivalent to dietary inclusion rates of 80, 160 and 240 g/kg, approximately, of untreated lupin kernel from Lupinus angustifolius cultivar Gungurru. 3. Inclusion of lupin kernel isolate in the diet depressed AME and bird performance, and raised ileal viscosity and excreta moisture, in a dose-dependent manner. 4. A combination of 2 proprietary enzyme products improved dietary AME by 0.3 MJ/kg dry matter. Enzymes reduced excreta moisture when inclusion of lupin kernel isolate was 50 g/kg (equivalent to lupin kernel at 80 g/kg, approximately) but not at higher inclusions. 5. Food enzymes partially depolymerised some insoluble NSPs in lupin kernel isolate, which increased ileal viscosity and soluble NSP content of digesta. 6. It was concluded that development of appropriate exogenous enzyme products could lead to lupin NSPs being used as an energy source for poultry.