棉籽粕替代豆粕蛋白质日粮在畜禽生产中的应用研究概况

随着畜牧业的集约化发展,饲用豆粕的需求量增加。为促进畜牧业发展、保障我国饲料的供给及质量安全,需降低豆粕用量占比、增加蛋白质饲料资源开发及优质饲料供给。棉籽粕蛋白含量高,维生素含量与豆粕相似。与豆粕相比,棉籽粕来源广泛,价格低廉。但棉籽粕中含有抗营养因子棉酚,限制了其在动物生产中的应用。因此,文章综述了棉籽粕的脱酚技术、棉籽粕替代豆粕日粮在动物生产中的应用和注意事项,为棉籽粕的资源化利用、降低畜禽养殖成本、改善畜产品品质提供参考。     

微生物发酵对棉粕棉酚脱毒及营养价值影响的研究动态

在我国的植物蛋白资源中,棉籽粕所占的地位不容忽视,年产量超过600万t,其资源量全球排第一,棉籽粕已经成为我国用量仅次于豆粕、菜籽粕的粕类蛋白原料。但棉籽粕中的游离棉酚对动物有毒害作用,是棉籽粕中最重要的限制性因素。微生物发酵技术是改善棉籽粕营养价值、提高棉籽粕饲用品质的一个重要手段。文章通过对棉酚的毒性,在棉籽粕、全棉籽中的含量,饲料中安全限量,微生物发酵对棉籽粕棉酚脱毒的效果、营养价值的影响以及微生物发酵棉粕利用过程中存在的问题进行了综述,旨在为广大科研工作者以及生产单位提供借鉴。     

高效液相色谱测定棉酚方法的建立及不同棉酚脱毒方法比较

棉籽粕是一种非常有价值的蛋白质饲料,棉籽粕的有效脱毒可以提高饲料利用率。本试验建立了一种快速、准确测定棉籽粕游离棉酚的HPLC方法,并采用不同的脱毒方式对棉籽粕中的游离棉酚进行降解,筛选最优脱毒方法。结果显示:(1)HPLC法测定棉籽粕中棉酚含量,棉酚色谱峰出峰稳定性良好、分离效果好、峰型理想、灵敏度高,可以高效的检测棉酚含量;(2)不同处理方法对棉籽粕脱毒效果不同,棉酚脱毒率大小排序为:微生物法>硫酸亚铁法>尿素法>高温高压法。最优的方法为微生物法,酵母菌发酵48 h后的发酵棉籽粕棉酚降解率高达93.86%;化学法(硫酸亚铁法和尿素法)脱毒率为53.64%～78.18%,物理法(高温高压)脱毒率最低,为41.00%。     

TG──1型脱酚剂

棉籽粕是一种具有丰富营养素的饲料蛋白源，蛋白含量高达30─50％，还含有丰富的B族维生素，其氨基酸组成接近理想蛋白质。我国是产棉大国，棉籽粕资源丰富。然而，棉籽粕含有棉酚毒素，其中游离棉酚有很强的生理活性，是主要毒性物质。试验证明，棉酚除对反刍动物没有影响外，对人和其它动物都有不同程度的毒害作用，这就限制了棉籽粕的利用。世界各产棉国都在研究棉籽粕脱酚方法，但是都未见有工业化生产的报道。我们根据国内外有关脱酚试验，研制出一种新型产品：TG─l型脱酚剂。这种脱酚剂以FeSO_4为主要原料并配以少量增效剂和稳定…     

不同粉碎粒度对大豆分离蛋白(SPI)及棉粕分离蛋白(CPI)提取率的影响

采用传统的碱溶酸沉法提取了大豆粕及棉籽粕中大豆分离蛋白(SPI)及棉粕分离蛋白(CPI),并分别测定了棉籽粕,60目棉粕分离蛋白和80目棉粕分离蛋白中游离棉酚的含量,结果显示,60目及80目大豆粕中大豆分离蛋白的提取率分别为39.82%和44.95%(P<0.05),粗蛋白含量分别为81.07%和71.35%;60目及80目棉籽粕中棉粕分离蛋白的提取率分别为23.22%和35.39%(P<0.05),粗蛋白含量分别为76.03%和82.44%;棉籽粕、60目棉粕分离蛋白及80目棉粕分离蛋白中游离棉酚的含量分别为2182.54、522.79和503.87mg/kg(P<0.01)。综上所述,不同的粉碎粒度对大豆分离蛋白和棉粕分离蛋白的提取率有显著的影响,碱溶酸沉法显著降低了棉粕分离蛋白中游离棉酚的含量。     

高效液相色谱法测定棉酚方法的建立及不同棉酚脱毒方法比较

棉籽粕是一种非常有价值的蛋白饲料,棉籽粕的有效脱毒可以提高饲料利用率。本实验建立了快速准确地测定棉籽粕游离棉酚的HPLC方法,并采用不同的脱毒方式对棉籽粕中的游离棉酚进行降解,筛选最优脱毒方法。结果显示:(1)HPLC法测定棉籽粕中棉酚含量,棉酚色谱峰出峰稳定性良好、分离效果好、峰型理想、灵敏度高,可以高效地检测棉酚含量;(2)不同处理方法对棉籽粕脱毒效果不同,棉酚脱毒率大小排序为:微生物法硫酸亚铁法尿素法高温高压法。最优的方法为微生物法,酵母菌发酵48 h后的发酵棉籽粕棉酚降解率高达93.86%;化学法(硫酸亚铁法和尿素法)脱毒率在53.64%~78.18%,物理法(高温高压)脱毒率最低为41.00%。     

棉粕和脱酚棉籽蛋白在单胃动物生产中的应用研究进展

棉粕是棉籽榨油处理后的副产物,其蛋白质含量较高和氨基酸含量丰富,可作为畜禽日粮中的蛋白来源.由于棉粕中棉酚含量较高,具有一定的抗营养特性,限制了其在畜禽日粮中的使用.因此,脱酚处理对于棉粕在畜禽生产中的应用具有重要意义.本文综述了棉粕与脱酚棉籽蛋白的营养价值和抗营养因子含量及其在单胃动物生产中的应用,为棉粕在畜牧生产中...     

脱酚棉籽蛋白及其在奶牛中的应用

脱酚棉籽蛋白是采用北京中棉紫光生物科技有限公司专利技术（ZL00134520．6）生产的一种新型的优质饲用蛋白，它是棉籽经过去油、脱酚等新工艺加工而成的一种金黄色粉末状蛋白质饲料。与普通棉粕相比，脱酚棉籽蛋白的粗蛋白含量高，氨基酸含量丰富，结构平衡，游离棉酚含量低，营养价值较高。用“奶牛专用脱酚棉籽蛋白”分别在新疆、北京、天津、宁夏等地进行大面积奶牛饲喂试验，试验组奶牛产奶量明显提高，同时改善了奶牛体质，降低了发病率，经济效益十分明显。由于其来源广泛，以及与豆粕的相对性价比，可长期作为奶牛精饲料中稳定的组分之一而固定下来。现在北京三元、内蒙古伊利以及宁夏、天津、新疆等地的奶牛养殖企业正在推广使用这种棉籽蛋白产品。     

适宜棉籽粕固态发酵的菌株的筛选

棉籽粕中因含有棉酚等有毒物质,制约了其在畜牧业中的应用。微生物发酵法是目前普遍认为的成本低、效果好、较安全的脱毒方法。本实验利用实验室常用菌株芽孢菌、酵母菌和乳酸菌发酵棉籽粕,研究其对棉籽粕中游离棉酚降解率的影响,并对发酵前后棉籽粕的营养指标如活菌数、酸溶蛋白、中性蛋白酶活性、pH和游离棉酚含量等进行比较。结果发现:降解棉籽粕中游离棉酚效果的菌株排序为芽孢杆菌优于酵母菌优于乳酸菌,其中芽孢杆菌BLCC1-0039组发酵棉籽粕24 h时,游离棉酚降解率达到93.89%(P0.05),酵母菌BLCC4-0327组发酵棉籽粕发酵24 h时,游离棉酚降解率达到72.72%(P0.05),本研究的5株乳酸菌几乎都没有降解游离棉酚的能力。芽孢杆菌各菌株发酵棉籽粕均可以提高酸溶蛋白含量和中性蛋白酶活性,发酵24 h时,芽孢杆菌BLCC1-0039组的酸溶蛋白含量较空白对照组高出54.80%(P0.05),中性蛋白酶活性达到4111.40U/g(P0.05);发酵24 h时,酵母菌BLCC4-0327组的酸溶蛋白含量较空白对照组高出23.20%(P0.05);乳酸菌发酵可有效改善发酵风味,发酵24 h时,乳酸菌BLCC2-0092组发酵料的p H降至5.47(P0.05)。这说明,优良的微生物菌种是影响棉籽粕脱毒效果和饲料营养品质的首要条件,这为下一步棉籽粕的有效利用提供了理论指导。     

猪脱酚棉籽蛋白能量及粗蛋白质消化率的比较评定

研究旨在评定猪对脱酚棉籽消化能和粗蛋白表观消化率,并比较脱酚棉籽蛋白(DCP)与豆粕(SBM)之间差异。选用体重(36.2±1.6)kg的杜×长×大三元杂交猪6头,采用套算法、双3×3拉丁方试验设计,试验日粮分别为脱酚棉籽蛋白日粮、豆粕日粮和基础日粮,每个拉丁方阶段包括5 d预饲期、5 d正式期,整个试验共30 d。结果表明,脱酚棉籽蛋白、豆粕消化能含量分别为12.41 MJ/kg、13.62 MJ/kg。脱酚棉籽蛋白、豆粕中粗蛋白表观消率化分别为73.35%、82.05%,表观可消化粗蛋白含量分别为37.92%、35.45%。脱酚棉籽蛋白是新型蛋白质原料,其消化能含量为豆粕的91.11%,粗蛋白表观消率化为豆粕的89.39%,可消化粗蛋白含量为豆粕的106.99%。脱酚棉籽蛋白在猪饲料中的应用具有广阔的前景。     

Cottonseed Meal Diets Improve Body Weight Uniformity in Broiler Breeder Pullets

Due to its low nutrient density, cottonseed meal (CSM) may be a potential alternative feed ingredient for soybean meal (SBM) in broiler breeder pullet diets to improve flock BW uniformity. A major concern when utilizing CSM in poultry diets, however, is the presence of gossypol. It was determined in an initial experiment that when broiler breeder hens are fed a diet containing CSM, gossypol accumulates in the liver. When CSM is removed from the diet, however, hepatic gossypol levels dissipate within a few weeks. In a subsequent study, in order to achieve the breeder guideline ideal weight, broiler breeder pullets reared with a diet containing CSM from 2 to 18 wk of age had to be fed a larger amount than birds consuming a standard SBM diet. The CV of bird weight was significantly lower during the rearing period for birds reared with the corn and CSM diet. This difference in uniformity was maintained as the hens entered the breeding period. Egg weight, hatchability, and fertility were equivalent for hens reared with a diet containing CSM and those reared with a standard diet throughout the growing period. The results suggest that broiler breeder pullets reared on a diet containing CSM as the major protein source have improved flock BW uniformity and normal subsequent reproductive performance.     

两种不同发酵工艺的棉籽粕营养价值的研究

利用现代固态发酵原理,研究两种不同发酵工艺对棉粕脱毒效果及其营养价值的影响。工艺一是使用本实验室保存的两株菌直接进行固态发酵,工艺二是在工艺一的基础上添加酶解液进行固态发酵。试验结果表明(以干物质计),棉籽粕发酵和发酵酶解产品中游离棉酚分别降低到197.68 mg/kg和202.35 mg/kg,粗蛋白质分别提高到59.64%和60.88%,小肽含量分别提高到19.41%和23.59%。来航蛋公鸡强饲代谢试验结果表明,发酵和发酵酶解棉籽粕的能量和营养物质消化率均高于未发酵棉粕。肉鸡饲养试验结果表明,发酵棉粕按50%、75%和发酵酶解棉粕按75%的比例替代基础日粮中的豆粕,不影响肉鸡的日采食量。国标二级高游离棉酚棉籽粕经过固态发酵处理后,外观蓬松变软,气味芳香,其营养价值得到显著改善。蛋公鸡的营养物质及能量消化率得到显著提高,同时益生菌及生物酶活性增加,在肉仔鸡日粮中的应用不影响日采食量。     

氯化锌对饲料蛋白质瘤胃降解的影响

探索用新的蛋白质保护剂氯化锌保护豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕和胡麻粕4种饲料,用尼龙袋法测定4种饲料处理前后蛋白质的瘤胃降解率。结果表明:ZnCl2处理可以降低饲料蛋白质在瘤胃的降解率,能够保护饲料蛋白质,提高过瘤胃蛋白的数量。0.5%ZnCl2处理可降低豆粕、棉籽粕、菜籽粕和胡麻粕蛋白质有效降解率8.2%、3.8%、14.9%和9.8%。从降解动力学分析,ZnCl2处理降低了饲料蛋白质的快速降解部分和降解速度,从而降低了蛋白质的有效降解率。     

饲粮蛋白质水平和棉籽粕取代豆粕对肉牛育肥的影响

本试验在满足肉牛营养需要的基础上,采用棉籽粕替代饲粮中的豆粕,形成不同蛋白质水平和成本的饲粮,旨在探讨饲粮蛋白质水平和棉籽粕替代豆粕对肉牛育肥的影响,同时为降低肉牛育肥成本和提高育肥效果提供依据.试验选用年龄(平均年龄为28月龄)、体重[初始均重为(678±122)kg]相近的健康杂交一代阉牛(日本和牛♂×鲁西黄牛♀)40头,随机分成4个试验组,每组10头牛.预试期为15 d,正试期240 d.结果表明:蛋白质水平为14.8％的饲粮组试验牛的日增重比蛋白质水平为12.8％的饲粮组提高18.57％(P ＞0.05).与饲喂蛋白质水平为12.8％的饲粮相比,饲喂蛋白质水平为14.8％的饲粮可以显著或极显著提高肉牛的屠宰率、净肉率、肋部脂肪厚、背膘厚(P＜0.05或P＜0.01),而对肉牛的胴体产肉率、眼肌面积、高档肉块占活重比例、肉骨比影响不显著(P＞0.05).同等蛋白质水平下,用棉籽粕全部或部分替代豆粕对肉牛日增重及各项屠宰性能指标的影响均不显著(P＞0.05),但棉籽粕组饲粮单价、肉牛每千克增重成本都低于豆粕组.由此得出,在肉牛育肥后期可以用棉籽粕替代豆粕,以降低成本.目前我国《肉牛饲养标准》(2004)推荐的肉牛育肥所需的蛋白质水平低于本试验用杂交一代阉牛(日本和牛♂×鲁西黄牛♀)的需要.     

Nutritional Value of electron beam irradiated cottonseed meal in broiler chickens

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of electron beam‐irradiated cottonseed meal on performance, carcass characteristics and some blood parameters of broiler chicks. Treatments were cottonseed meal (CSM) at levels of 12% and 24% (raw and irradiated at 30 kGy) and corn‐soya bean meal diet (as control, without CSM and without irradiation) that used with five dietary treatments, four replicates and 10 birds of each for 42 days in completely randomized design. Feed intake (FI) and body weight gain (BWG) were recorded weekly. At 42 days of age, two birds per pen were randomly selected for the determination of carcass characteristics and blood parameters. BWG decreased with increasing levels of dietary CSM during the experiment (p < 0.05). In addition, radiation had significant positive effect in broilers fed 12% compared with those fed 24% CSM. FI in chicks fed control and diet containing 24% CSM were increased significantly in starter period. But FI was significantly decreased in broilers consumed CSM compare to the control in grower and during the experiment. Feed conversion ratio (FCR) increased with increasing levels of CSM in the diets. Relative weights of liver, gastrointestinal tract (GI), pancreas, gizzard and abdominal fat were increased by increasing levels of CSM in the diet (p < 0.05). Glucose, cholesterol, HDL, triglyceride and phosphorous concentrations increased, and LDL concentration decreased as the dietary CSM levels increased (p < 0.05). But radiation had not significant effect on blood parameters. Electron irradiation seems to be a good procedure to improve the nutritional quality of CSM, but it seems higher dose of it was needed to improve performance of chickens.     

Nutritive Value of Four Soybean Products in Diets for Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar,L.)

Abstract

Four processed soybean products were evaluated as protein sources for Atlantic salmon: solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM44), dehulled and solvent-extracted soybean meal (SBM50), dehulled full-fat soybean meal (FFSBM) and soybean concentrate (SBC). The soybean products replaced high-quality fish meal at levels corresponding to 0, 14, 28, 42 and 56% soybean protein of total protein.

Dietary inclusion of SBC, at the expense of fish meal, did not affect weight gain, carcass lipids, fecal excretion of nutrients or fecal dry matter content significantly. The nutritive value of the SBC protein appeared comparable to that of the fish meal. The three other soybean products impaired performance increasingly with increasing levels of inclusion, indicating lower nutritive value than for the fish meal. The favourable results seen with SBC indicated a great potential of soybean to become an important protein source for Atlantic salmon through improved processing.     

发酵棉粕的营养价值及其在动物生产中应用的研究进展

棉粕是一种仅次于豆粕的优质植物性蛋白原料,蛋白质含量高,氨基酸种类丰富,但由于含有多种抗营养因子而限制了其在饲料中的应用。利用微生物发酵法处理棉粕可以有效降低其抗营养因子含量,还能提高发酵底物中小分子肽、消化酶、有机酸、益生菌等的含量,从而提高其营养价值。发酵棉粕在动物生产中有较为广泛的应用,在生长育肥猪日粮中使用5%~10%的发酵棉粕替代豆粕,对猪的采食量、日增重和料肉比等指标均没有显著影响,且可降低饲料成本;在鸡日粮中添加5%~15%的发酵棉粕可以提高鸡群免疫力,降低发病率,从而节约用药成本,并可改善鸡肉、鸡蛋的品质;发酵棉粕还可作为反刍动物精料补充料中的蛋白质原料,其所含的营养物质可通过促进瘤胃微生物的生长繁殖从而增加反刍动物对粗饲料的利用率;在水产饲料中用发酵棉粕代替鱼粉和豆粕,不仅可以降低饲料成本及饵料系数,还可以改善水质,提高水产动物体内消化酶含量,从而提高营养物质的消化吸收率。作者综述了发酵棉粕的营养价值,并总结了其在动物生产中的应用研究进展。     

Abnormal characteristics of eggs laid by hens fed with high levels of cottonseed meal

In China, consumers sometimes get special eggs, which are characterized by the pasty, firm, and elastic texture of yolk from hard-boiled eggs and are usually called “rubber eggs” by Chinese customers. Consumers do not like the texture of rubber eggs and often associate the odd texture of the yolk to food safety risks. The objective of this study was to assess the physical and chemical characteristics of these eggs. A total of 200 46-week-old Hy-Line Brown laying hens were divided into 2 groups and were fed for 2 weeks. One group was fed on a corn-soybean meal based diet (BD) and served as control whereas the second group’s diet contained 6% cottonseed meal (CSM), which was in replacement of the SBW. The yolks of hard-cooked eggs of the CSM group had harder and more elastic yolks than those of the control group (P < 0.05). Also, the levels of stearic and myristic acids in the yolk of the CSM group also were increased (P < 0.01), while the myristoleic, pentadecanoic, arachidic, cis-11-eicosenoic and cis-11, 14-eicosadienoic acids and crude protein, fat, phospholipids, chloride, calcium, and iron were decreased (P < 0.05). In conclusion, hens fed a diet that was incorporated with 6% cottonseed meal laid eggs that had unique physical and chemical characteristics and lower nutritional values. These results might help to guide limited incorporation of CSM in laying hen diet, and provide some evidences on the mechanism of the observed physical and chemical changes.     

Effect of expanded cottonseed meal on laying performance,egg quality,concentrations of free gossypol in tissue,serum and egg of laying hens

Three hundred and sixty Hy‐Line Brown hens, 40 week of age, were allocated to five treatments, each of which included four replicates of 18 hens. After an expanded process of cottonseed meal (CSM), free gossypol content in CSM was decreased from 1.24 to 0.40 g/kg. The dietary treatments were corn‐soybean meal based diets including 6% CSM and 6%, 8% and 10% expanded cottonseed meal (ECSM). Hens fed 8% ECSM had higher (P < 0.05) laying rate and average egg weight than those fed 6% CSM. The albumen height and Haugh unit in the control group, 6% and 8% ECSM groups were superior (P < 0.05) to other treatments. Hens fed 6% CSM resulted in severe (P < 0.05) egg yolk discoloration. Free gossypol (FG) concentrations in yolk and albumen and tissues of the 6% CSM group were greater (P < 0.05) than those in any ECSM treatments. Hens fed 6% CSM and 10% ECSM had the highest (P < 0.05) FG concentrations in the liver compared with those in the kidney and muscle, and higher (P < 0.05) FG residues in yolk than those in albumen. In conclusion, FG in CSM can be reduced by 68% through an expanded process and ECSM can be available in laying hens at up to 10% of the total diet and an appropriate replacement of soybean meal with ECSM may improve performance in laying hens.