油脂预乳化提高大豆拉丝蛋白素食香肠品质

为了提高大豆拉丝蛋白(Textured Fibril Soy Protein,TFSP)素食香肠的品质,该研究将油脂预乳化工艺应用于TFSP素食香肠的加工,利用响应面试验设计优化了预乳化工艺条件,采用质构分析仪测定分析了产品的质构特性,并进行了感官评价.结果表明优化后的最佳预乳化工艺条件为菜籽油含量445 g/L、大豆...     

Chemical composition and nutritional quality of soybean meals prepared by extruder/expeller processing for use in poultry diets

This research examined variation in chemical composition and nutrient quality of soybeans (SBs) and soybean meals (SBMs) produced at seven commercial extruder/expeller plants in the United States (experiment 1), as well as differences in amino acid digestibilities when roosters were fed SBMs extruded at 121, 135, 150, or 160 degrees C at a U.S. pilot processing plant (experiment 2). In experiment 1, limited variation existed in the composition of SBs arriving at the plants, whereas substantial differences were noted in amino acid composition and protein quality of the resultant SBMs. In experiment 2, the SBMs extruded at 121 and 135 degrees C were underprocessed as noted by high urease activities and lower amino acid digestibilities. Soybean meals extruded at 150 and 160 degrees C resulted in higher amino acid digestibilities and lower urease activities, indicating adequate processing. Large variation exists in the nutritional quality of extruder/expeller SBMs currently in the marketplace. Optimal processing temperatures should be >135 degrees C, and temperatures as high as 165 degrees C do not result in overprocessing.     

Improving food provision in a Guyanese home for the elderly: a participatory approach

OBJECTIVES: To conduct a needs assessment of all aspects of food provision in a residential home and to evaluate a subsequent nutrition intervention. DESIGN: An intervention study using a before and after design. A participatory approach was adopted and quantitative and qualitative methods used throughout. The intervention involved a revised menu, kitchen equipment, and establishing wholesale shopping and food donations. SETTING: A residential home for senior citizens in Guyana. RESULTS: Meals at the home were nutritionally inadequate and deeply unpopular with the residents. Intakes of fruits and vegetables were low and the home was heavily reliant on donated soya mince and rice. Meals were served within an eight-hour period to accommodate the staff's hours of work. Cutbacks in the food budget indicated that the financial state of the home explained some of the problems. The intervention was unable to address all problems identified, but led to substantial improvements in the nutritional adequacy of the food provided following the inclusion in the menu of a number of nutrient-dense foods such as chicken liver. The new menu was acceptable to the cooks and largely popular with the residents, although some problems persisted. CONCLUSIONS: The results show that improvements in the nutrient profile of the diet could be achieved with a flexible, community-based, participatory approach that addressed all elements of a home's food provision system. The changes also proved largely popular with the residents, thus potentially contributing to their quality of life.     

Chemical composition and protein quality comparisons of soybeans and soybean meals from five leading soybean-producing countries

Soybeans (SBs) were obtained from five leading SB-producing countries (Argentina, Brazil, China, India, and the United States), imported to the United States, and processed into soybean meal (SBM) under uniform conditions in the United States. SBs from China had the highest crude protein (CP) content while SBs and the resultant SBM from Argentina had the lowest. Additional differences in the quality of the SB and resultant SBM samples collected were noted. An additional set of SBM produced in these five countries and subjectively evaluated to be of low, intermediate, and high quality also were obtained and evaluated. Overall, SBM quality affected amino acid and mineral concentrations with differences existing both among and within countries. SBM produced in the United States had a higher CP content than SBM produced in other countries. Amino acid concentrations generally increased, and antinutritional factors decreased with increasing subjective quality assessment.     

Nitrogen turnover of legume seed meals as affected by seed meal texture and quality at different temperatures

The aim was to investigate how legume seed meal texture and corresponding quality affects N turnover at different temperatures. Therefore, the effect of size fractionation ‘fine’ and ‘coarse’ of seed meals of yellow lupin (Lupinus luteus L.), blue lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) on net N mineralization and turnover was investigated in an incubation experiment at 5°C, 12°C and 20°C. The differences in N release from the two particle size fractions could not be detected at 12 and 20°C incubation temperature. Moreover, net N mineralization at 5°C was higher during incubation of the coarse particle size fractions than during incubation of the fine fraction. In contrast to the common understanding of temperature dependence of microbial processes, the overall influence of incubation temperature on net N mineralization was less expressed. The formation of microbial biomass was highest at 5°C. The subsequent decrease of soil microbial biomass was only partly reflected by net N mineralization suggesting the formation of microbial residues as a preliminary N sink. The control of the N release from legume seed meals seems to be dominated by the N-immobilizing effects of polyphenols at lower temperatures and of C-rich polymers (hemicelluloses) at higher temperatures.     

Amino acid, carbohydrate, and fat composition of soybean meals prepared at 55 commercial U.S. soybean processing plants

To quantify variation in U.S. soybean meals (SBM), samples were collected from 55 U.S. soybean (SB) processing plants located in seven of the geographic SB maturity zones at three time points. These samples were analyzed for crude and acid-hydrolyzed fat, oligosaccharide, and amino acid concentrations. Acid-hydrolyzed fat concentrations were poorly correlated (r = 0.28) to crude fat concentrations and were higher for SBM prepared in the southern zones (V-VII) as compared with the northern zones (I and II). Raffinose and verbascose concentrations were lowest (P < 0.05) for SBM prepared in northern maturity zones, while stachyose concentrations were highest for SBM prepared in central maturity zones (III and IV). Total essential, total nonessential, and total amino acid concentrations were lowest for SBM prepared in northern zones. There was variation in oligosaccharide and amino acid concentrations over time, probably due to variation in composition of SB arriving at the plants within maturity zone.     

利用多媒体技术提高植物病理学实践教学质量

随着高等教育教学改革向纵深发展,计算机辅助教学作为一种新的教学方式走进课堂,充分发挥多媒体技术优势对提高实践教学效果有重要作用。在植物病理学实践教学中应用多媒体技术,不仅可以弥补传统实验教学中的各种缺陷,提高实验效果;还可建立一种新的教学系统-实验教学自导系统,吸引学生利用课余时间进行开放实验,增进实验兴趣,提高动手能力和创新素质。文章还分析了我校植物病理学实践教学利用多媒体技术面临的问题与解决办法。     

优化BP神经网络提高高光谱检测调理鸡肉菌落总数精度

针对调理鸡肉菌落总数在贮藏期间易受到外界因素影响,提出了一种优化反向传播(back propagation,BP)神经网络的调理鸡肉菌落总数预测方法。以贮藏在4℃条件下的调理鸡肉为研究对象,采集其表面400~1 000 nm高光谱信息共计419个波段作为全波段,并利用竞争性自适应重加权(competitive adaptive reweighted sampling,CARS)算法筛选出34个特征波段,分别以全波段和特征波段对应的光谱值作为BP神经网络输入,采用鸟群算法(bird swarm algorithm,BSA)和免疫算法(immune algorithm,IA)优化BP神经网络的初始权重和阈值,建立调理鸡肉菌落总数的BP、BSA-BP、IA-BP、BSA-IA-BP预测模型。试验结果表明:经过CARS筛选特征波长的BSA-IA-BP模型预测效果最佳,预测集相关系数RP、均方根误差、剩余预测偏差分别为0.93、0.31lg(CFU/g)、2.68,且模型稳定性最好。该研究为基于BP神经网络实现调理鸡肉菌落总数快速无损检测提供了算法支撑和理论基础。     

Improving virgin olive oil quality by means of innovative extracting biotechnologies

Three major virgin olive oil varieties (Dritta, Leccino, and Coratina) extracted by a modern centrifugation system aided with a new plant enzyme preparation (having prevalently pectolytic activity) were characterized. These oils showed a clearly enhanced quality standard, owing to higher levels of some important minor components (phenolics, volatiles, tocopherols, carotenes, and chlorophylls) and to frequently lower concentrations of oxidized triglycerides and diglycerides. The oils were therefore characterized by lower susceptibility to oxidation and longer shelf life, and their flavor, aroma, and color features appeared to be significantly improved. The saponifiable fraction was practically not affected as the enzymatic effects involved only the membranes of the oil droplets, where the nonglyceridic compounds are essentially located.     

非浸泡复合酶法预处理改善糙米碾米性能

在糙米碾米过程中普遍存在碎米较多及碾米能耗高的问题,为改善糙米碾米品质,提出以纤维素酶和木聚糖酶的复合酶溶液处理替代常规水加湿方法的酶法预处理工艺。以贮藏期糙米(含水率15%以下)为原料,采用二次正交旋转中心组合设计试验,研究复合酶溶液处理工艺中复合酶配比、酶质量浓度、加液量及酶处理时间对碾米后整精米率和碾米能耗的影响规律,建立了各因素对整精米率和碾米能耗影响的数学模型。结果表明:构建的整精米率、碾米能耗与复合酶配比、酶质量浓度、加液量及酶处理时间之间的回归方程极显著(P0.01),得到优化参数组合为纤维素酶和木聚糖酶质量比1.3∶1 g/g、复合酶溶液质量浓度65 mg/m L、加液量1.25%,酶处理时间102 min,该条件下整精米率为80.07%、碾米能耗为90.72 k J/kg。复合酶溶液处理后整精米率较加湿调质处理提高约3.98%,节约能耗约13.06%;较纤维素单一酶溶液加湿处理后整精米率提高约0.98%,节约能耗约5.48%。并通过微观结构分析证实了糙米皮层粗纤维的局部破损是其碾米性能改善的主要原因。研究结果可为实际生产条件下的酶法糙米预处理工艺提供参考。     

藏嵩草绿汁发酵液提高苜蓿青贮发酵品质

为探讨不同海拔藏嵩草绿汁发酵液(previous fermented juice,PFJ)对青贮饲料发酵品质和营养价值的影响,以苜蓿为青贮原料,分别添加4种不同海拔的藏嵩草PFJ及添加等量蒸馏水为对照制作苜蓿青贮,每个处理4次重复,青贮60d后分别测定其发酵品质和营养成分。结果表明,藏嵩草附着及PFJ中乳酸菌数随着海拔升高显著增加(P<0.05);与对照组相比,添加4种PFJ均能显著降低袋装苜蓿青贮的pH值、乙酸和丁酸含量(P<0.05),并且随着海拔升高呈降低趋势;添加4种PFJ均显著增加了苜蓿青贮的干物质(dry matter,DM)和可溶性糖(water soluble carbohydrate,WSC)含量(P<0.05),海拔越高,藏嵩草绿汁发酵液对苜蓿青贮过程中蛋白降解的抑制作用越强,青贮饲料中非蛋白氮(non-protein nitrogen,NPN)的含量越低(P<0.05)。综合试验结果,添加藏嵩草绿汁发酵液可以明显改善苜蓿青贮的发酵品质,抑制青贮过程中蛋白的降解,且藏嵩草生长的海拔越高其绿汁发酵液制作的苜蓿青贮饲料品质越好。该研究结果为进一步开发利用高寒地区牧草附着乳酸菌种质资源及研制开发青贮饲料乳酸菌制剂提供了参考。     

Improving nutritional quality of maize proteins by expressing sense and antisense zein genes

The predominant proteins in maize grain are a family of alcohol-soluble prolamin storage proteins called zeins. They account for >50% of total seed proteins but are deficient in several essential amino acids. As a result, the corn grain is considered to be nutritionally poor for monogastric animals with respect to key essential amino acids, most notably lysine, tryptophan, and methionine. Thus, corn mutants with reduced levels of zeins, such as opaque-2 (o2), have been demonstrated to possess grain with improved nutritional quality characteristics. The o2 mutant has a superior amino acid composition and has been used through conventional breeding to develop Quality Protein Maize (QPM) for human and animal consumption in developing countries. With the understanding of molecular genetics of zeins and progress in biotechnology, an alternative approach to zein reduction is explored here. Through the targeted reduction of the 19-kDa alpha-zeins, increased levels of lysine, tryptophan, and methionine have been engineered in grain of transgenic hybrids. Currently, the agronomic properties and nutritional values of these transgenic lines are being evaluated.     

中短波红外联合气体射流干燥提高茯苓品质

为探索茯苓的干燥特性,改善茯苓干燥品质,该文将中短波红外联合气体射流干燥技术应用于茯苓块的干燥。利用Dincer模型拟合茯苓块干燥曲线,结合滞后因子、干燥系数分析干燥过程,并估算其水分有效扩散系数。给出Dincer模型的具体应用方法,求出并分析不同干燥条件下的毕渥数、水分有效扩散系数、传质系数。测定干燥后茯苓块的破碎率,及茯苓块浸出物的质量分数。对比分析Fick第二定律、Weibull函数、Dincer模型的优缺点。结果表明:1)与气体射流干燥相比,中短波红外联合气体射流干燥可缩短干燥时间,降低破碎率约18%,提高浸出物质量分数约1%;联合干燥过程亦为降速干燥;试验参数范围内,提高温度、风速均可提高干燥速率;2)滞后因子范围为1.0136~1.0202,且温度、风速越高,干燥速度越快,干燥系数越大;3)联合干燥技术的的毕渥数为0.0826~0.0982,小于0.1,表明干燥过程与边界的对流换热热阻有关。传质系数的范围为1.0319×10-6~1.8003×10-6 m/s。4)基于Fick第二定律、Weibull分布函数、Dincer模型计算的水分有效扩散系数变化趋势一致,均随温度、风速的升高而增加。Fick第二定律不要求干燥曲线呈"指数"形式,但仅适用于降速干燥。Weibull分布函数不考虑边界的对流换热热阻。Weibull分布函数、Dincer模型均可应用于非降速干燥,但二者的缺陷是干燥曲线需呈"指数式"拟合。综上所述,中短波红外联合气体射流干燥技术可提高茯苓品质,借助于Weibull函数、Dincer模型可从不同角度更全面地解读干燥过程。研究结果可为Dincer模型在茯苓生产加工过程中联合干燥技术的应用提供参考。     

Improving quality of sugarcane-growing soils by organic amendments under subtropical climatic conditions of India

A field trial was conducted on an inceptisol to assess the effect of different bio-manures on sugarcane yield, cane quality, and changes in soil physico-chemical and microbial properties in plant–ratoon system. Seven treatments, viz. control, vermicompost, farmyard manure (FYM), biogas slurry, sulphitation pressmud cake (SPMC), green manuring with intercropped Sesbania, and recommended dose of NPK (150:60:60 kg ha⁻¹), were randomized within a block and replicated three times. Improvement in bulk density and infiltration rates was recorded after the addition of various bio-manures. The highest organic C was recorded in the vermicompost (0.54%) and pressmud (0.50%) treatments. The highest increase in soil microbial biomass C (185.5%) and soil microbial biomass N (220.2%) over its initial value was recorded with the addition of FYM. Dry matter production in plant, as well as ratoon crop, was significantly higher by bio-manure application over the control. Plant N uptake was highest in the pressmud treatment (227.7 kg ha⁻¹), whereas P and K uptake were highest (41.4 and 226.50 kg ha⁻¹) in vermicompost treatment. The highest number of millable canes (95.6 and 101.0 thousand ha⁻¹) in plant and ratoon crop were obtained with the addition of pressmud. The highest yield (76.7 t ha⁻¹) was recorded in planted cane with vermicompost application, whereas ratoon yield was highest (78.16 t ha⁻¹) with pressmud application. In both planted and ratoon crop, organic amendments produced yields statistically similar to those with recommended NPK (76.1 and 78.1 t ha⁻¹ for plant and ratoon cane).     

Improving quality of composted biowaste to enhance disease suppressiveness of compost-amended, peat-based potting mixes

Biowaste can be converted into compost by composting or by a combination of anaerobic digestion and composting. Currently, waste management systems are primarily focused on the increase of the turnover rate of waste streams whereas optimisation of product quality receives less attention. This results in low quality composts that can only be sold on bulk markets at low prices. A new market for quality compost could be potting mixes for horticultural container-grown crops to partially replace non-renewable peat and increase the disease suppressiveness of potting mixes. We report here on the effect of wetsieving biowaste prior to composting on compost quality and on disease suppressiveness against the plant pathogen Pythium ultimum of peat mixes amended with this compost. The increased organic matter and decreased salt content of the compost allow for significantly higher substitution rates of peat by compost. In this study up to 60% v/v compost peat replacement did not affect cucumber growth. However, disease suppressiveness of the potting mixes strongly increased from 31 to 94% when the compost amendment rate was increased from 20 to 60%. It was shown that general disease suppression for P. ultimum can only be effective when the basal respiration rate is sufficiently high to support microbial activity. In addition, organic matter of the compost should reach a sufficient stability level to turn from disease conducive to disease suppressive. Increasing the compost addition from 20 to 60% did not significantly affect plant yield, yield variation were due to differences in nutrient levels. It can be concluded that compost from wetsieved biowaste has high potential to replace peat in growing media for the professional market.     

适宜添加剂预处理提高罗非鱼片冻融-热泵干燥品质

为了获得添加剂预处理对罗非鱼片冻融-热泵干燥品质的综合影响,并为真空冷冻干燥提供常压低温干燥的替代比较,以罗非鱼片为试验材料,选取海藻糖、山梨醇和麦芽糊精3种添加剂,进行了不同质量分数的添加剂浸渍预处理对罗非鱼片冻融结合热泵干燥过程影响的系列试验,获得了干燥曲线,品质指标变化规律和试验条件下的最佳工艺条件,并与热风干燥,热泵干燥和真空冷冻干燥所得样品性能进行了对比试验。结果表明:合适的预处理添加剂及其质量分数能对冻融结合热泵干燥方式产生有利的促进作用,能取得提高干燥速度和改善干燥品质的双重效果,且以质量分数为15%的海藻糖溶液浸渍处理获得的效果较佳,在较佳工艺下获得的罗非鱼片的干燥品质综合评分比热风干燥和常规热泵干燥分别提高了40.18%和33.57%,相比于不经添加剂预处理的对照组有25.41%的提高,与真空冷冻干燥比仅低了4.39%,但其常压干燥条件比真空冷冻干燥的真空条件有较大程度的改善,研究结果能为水产品的常压低温干燥提供参考。     

Influence of calcium, magnesium, or potassium ions on the formation and stability of emulsions prepared using highly hydrolyzed whey proteins

Oil-in-water emulsions (4 wt % soy oil) containing 4 wt % whey protein hydrolysate (WPH) (27% degree of hydrolysis) and different levels of calcium, magnesium, or potassium chloride were prepared in a two-stage homogenizer. Other emulsions containing 4 wt % WPH but including 0.35 wt % hydroxylated lecithin and different levels of the above minerals were similarly prepared. The formation and stability of these emulsions were determined by measuring oil droplet size distributions using laser light scattering and by confocal scanning laser microscopy and a gravity creaming test. Both lecithin-free and lecithin-containing emulsions showed no change in droplet size distributions with increasing concentration of potassium in the range 0-37.5 mM. In contrast, the diameter of emulsion droplets increased with increasing calcium or magnesium concentration >12.5 mM. Emulsions containing hydroxylated lecithin were more sensitive to the addition of calcium or magnesium than the lecithin-free emulsions. Storage of emulsions at 20 degrees C for 24 h further increased the diameter of droplets and resulted in extensive creaming in emulsions containing >25 mM calcium or magnesium. It appears that both flocculation and coalescence processes were involved in the destabilization of emulsions induced by the addition of divalent cations.     

适宜施氮钾水平提高滴灌秋茶的产量及品质

2018年5月至10月在山东省日照市开展田间试验,研究滴灌条件下不同施氮(纯N)水平(0 kg/hm~2,N0;45 kg/hm~2,N1;75 kg/hm~2,N2;105 kg/hm~2,N3)和施钾(K2O)水平(0 kg/hm~2,K0;27 kg/hm~2,K1;54 kg/hm~2,K2;81 kg/hm~2,K3)对秋季茶叶产量及品质的影响。结果表明:在不同氮水平的对比中,施氮量为75 kg/hm~2(N2K2)时取得最高鲜叶产量及茶多酚、儿茶素、水浸出物含量;施氮量105 kg/hm~2(N3K2)时氨基酸、咖啡碱含量高于其他处理,且酚氨比最小。在不同钾水平的对比中,施钾量81 kg/hm~2(N2K3)时取得最高鲜叶产量且叶绿素、咖啡碱含量最高;施钾量54 kg/hm~2(N2K2)时氨基酸、茶多酚、儿茶素、水浸出物含量最高;施钾量为27 kg/hm~2(N2K1)时酚氨比最小。综合分析所有施肥处理的产量与品质,施氮量105 kg/hm~2、施钾量54 kg/hm~2(N3K2)时表现最优。     

调质大米半干法磨粉制备鲜米粉及其品质测定

为考察半干法磨粉对鲜米粉品质的影响,该研究选用旋风磨和布勒磨对调质后含水率为28%和30%的大米进行磨粉,分析大米粉的白度、凝胶特性及糊化特性,对加工鲜米粉的质构特性、蒸煮特性和感官品质进行了分析。结果显示:调质大米可以减小磨粉仪器机械力和热能对大米粉品质的破坏,其中调质大米经布勒磨粉碎后的白度显著高于湿磨粉白度(P0.05);旋风磨含水率为30%调质粉的凝胶硬度最大为3.45 N/cm2,与湿磨粉的无显著差异(P0.05);2种调质粉相比于湿磨粉其崩解值较小,其中布勒磨含水率为30%调质粉回生程度较低,与湿磨粉无显著差异(P0.05)。对于鲜米粉的品质,筛选得到的旋风磨含水率为30%鲜米粉的硬度为35.10 N/cm2,弹性为0.97,较湿磨米粉更柔软弹滑,感官评价总分和蒸煮特性与湿磨米粉无显著差异。以上结果表明,含水率为30%的大米经旋风磨粉碎后能够制得与湿法磨浆相媲美的鲜米粉,可为解决湿磨法废水量大、产品得率低等问题提供参考。