垂直径向通风系统在大型房式仓中的应用效果

采用垂直径向通风系统对大型房式仓密闭散装粮通风27h．降温幅度15．9℃（平均粮温），同时水分下降了0．5％。通过测试与计算．该通风系统的单位能耗（0．03kW·h／℃·t），单位通风时间（0．0013h／℃·t）、单位降温速率（0．59C／h）均优于《通风规程》中规定的指标。该通风降温系统具有：能耗低、降温速度快、均匀的特点。     

轴流风机通风降温试验

在现有通风系统的基础上，六个风道内各安装一台活动式可拆卸轴流风机，冬季启动风机进行通风，取得了良好的通风降温效果，达到了通风降温目的，且通风均匀，能耗低，减轻了操作劳动强度。并且拆卸方便，不影响风道密闭隔热。     

冬季利用轴流风机对高大平房仓储粮降温保水试验

选择冬季低温时机，利用轴流风机对平房仓通风降温，使粮堆较长时间处于低温或准低温状态，达到降温保水，节能降耗，绿色储粮的目的。     

黄淮海棉区棉麦两熟光能流与物质流研究 Ⅲ 麦棉共生期复合群体作物层温度分布与总积温

田间试验于１９９４／１９９５、１９９５／１９９６年采用满播小麦、一熟棉花和麦棉两熟不同配置方式４种处理研究了共生期麦棉复合群体作物层温度分布和总积温。结果表明，不同熟制、麦棉复合群体不同配置方式作物层温度垂直和水平方向廓线不同。与一熟棉花相比，共生期５２ｄ不同群体近地面作物层日平均温度２ａ显著低，依次是：满播小麦低７．２和４．６℃ｄ－１、３—１式麦带低５．６和４．１℃ｄ－１、４—２式麦带低５．５和３．４℃ｄ－１、３—１式棉带低２．９和２．９℃ｄ－１，４—２式棉带南行低２．８和２．４℃ｄ－１、４—２式棉带北行低２．６和１．６℃ｄ－１；共生期５２ｄ近地面作物层≥１５℃积温亏缺顺序是：满播小麦群体（－３７２．９和－２４１．２℃·ｄ）＞３—１式配置（－２３１．５和－１８４．６℃·ｄ）＞４—２式配置（－１８９．２和－１２８．７℃·ｄ）。不同复合群体温度日较差大小的顺序是：一熟地（２０．６℃ｄ－１）＞４—２式北行（１９．６℃ｄ－１）＞４—２式南行（１９．１℃ｄ－１）＞３—１式（１７．９℃ｄ－１）。共生期间温度日较差达到２０℃，有利于棉花培育早壮苗，唯４－２式棉带北行棉花趋于一熟棉花。本研究揭示出麦棉复合群体的低热量胁迫     

地下槽通风降温效果试验

该试验主要是对新建２１ｍ大跨度的高堆粮仓，借助地下槽配备小功率轴流风机，利用冬季低冷天气，进行通风降温，目的在于验证其通风效果。结果表明：降温效果明显，使用方便，节省费用，宜推广应用。     

离心风机与轴流风机缓速通风降温的对比试验

陕西省储备粮咸阳直属库地处北方亚热带气候区，冬季气温较低，适合低温通风的时期只有12月到来年的1月，这两个月平均气温3℃左右，大气平均湿度52%。根据本地情况和我库经验，我们认为采用机械通风使粮温（平均）降至4～8℃后就不能再降温，因为当外温与粮温温差小于5～6℃时，降温能耗增大且不能达到理想通风效果，因此，我库因地制宜，采用离心式风机（5．5kw）适时通风，虽能快速降温，但能耗、劳动强度增大，通风后粮食水分易发生转移。为克服以上问题，我库从2003年开始应用现有平房仓配置的小功率轴流风机进行低压缓速通风降温试验，通风时先打开通风口，利用侧墙体的4台轴流风机采用吸出式通风；通过两种不同方式的试验，我们发现两种通风方法虽都能达到预期的目的，但是相比之下小功率轴流风机缓速通风优点突出。现将试验情况总结如下。     

高大平房仓不同功率风机降温通风对比试验

用3种不同功率的风机对高大平房仓进行压入式降温通风对比试验，将各试验的降温情况、通风效率、水分变化、通风均匀性及能耗情况进行比较。结果表明，用7．5kW的离心风机通风具有降温效果明显、水分损耗低、降温均匀及耗电低的优势，适合于北方的粮库进行降温通风储粮。     

高大平房仓轴流风机通风降温试验

选择冬季低温时机，利用小功率、低风压轴流风机对高大平房仓新入仓的粮食进行吸出式和压入式轴流风机低温缓速通风降温工作，并对两种通风方式进行效果评价。结果袁明，压入式轴流风机低温缓速通风降温，不仅具有降温均匀、操作简便、耗能低、效益高等特点，且能保持来年低温储粮率，能明显减少粮食水分损失，达到绿色储粮，保质增效的目的。     

富氮低氧气调储粮膜下通风降温方法探索

富氮低氧气调储粮已经成为现代绿色储粮的发展方向,日益成熟的充氮气调储粮技术为储藏粮食带来显著的经济效益和社会效益。但是,充氮气调储粮需要用薄膜密封粮面,冬季降温通风时又需要揭开薄膜,而揭开薄膜通风会造成人力物力不必要的浪费,为了解决不揭开薄膜就能通风这个难题,本试验对充氮气调储粮仓房在冬季时如何在不揭膜的条件下对粮堆进行降温通风进行了探索。通过探索得到了充氮气调储粮仓房冬季不揭膜降温通风的方法,解决了充氮仓房冬季不揭膜进行降温通风的难题。     

华南地区冬季印度谷螟的危害现状及生物防治

南方粮仓在冬季进行通风降温降水（特别是自然通风）时，往往发现少数几个粮仓的局部粮面有鳞翅目幼虫。经检查这种幼虫一般为印度谷螟幼虫。经过多年的观察总结分析，发现其在冬季华南地区粮仓有如下活动规律：     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Pollen and pollination experiments. III. The viability of apple and pear pollen as affected by irradiation and storage

Summary Apple and pear pollen was irradiated with doses of 0, 50, 100, 250 and 500 krad (gamma rays) and stored at 4°C and 0–10% r.h. From the in-vitro germination percentages an average LD 50 dose of about 220 krad was estimated. For both irradiated and untreated pollen a close and corresponding lineair relationship existed between germination percentage and pollen tube growth.Irradiated pollen was much more sensitive to dry storage conditions than untreated pollen, resulting in less germination and more bursting. Apparently, irradiation caused the pollen cell membrane to lose its flexibility faster than normal. Rehydration of dry-stored, irradiated pollen in water-saturated air restored germination percentages up to their initial levels. The importance of this procedure in germination trials is stressed.     

Optimization of Extraction Technology and Determination of Content of Total Phenols of Leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms

[Objectives] To determine the optimum extraction technology for total phenols of leaves in Acanthopanax giraldii Harms.[Methods]The single factor test and ortho...     

Cytoplasmic male sterility,resistance to gall mite and mildew,and season of leafing out in black currants

Summary Cytoplasmic male sterility (cms) is described in the F₁ hybrids Ribes × carrierei (R. glutinosum albidum × R. nigrum) and R. sanguineum × R. nigrum. In backcrosses to R. nigrum, progenies with R. glutinosum cytoplasm were either all male sterile, or segregated for full male fertility (F) and complete (S) and partial (I) male sterility. Ratios of F:I+S suggested that two linked genes controlled cms, F plants being dominant for one (Rf ₁) and recessive for the other (Rf ₂).Segregation for cms in relation to three linded genes, Ce (resistance to the gall mite, Cecidophyopsis ribes), Sph ₃(resistance to American gooseberry mildew, Sphaerotheca mors-uvae) and Lf ₁(one of two dominant additive genes controlling early season leafing out) indicated that Rf ₁and Rf ₂were in this linkage group. The gene order and approximate crossover values appeared to be: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXafv3ySLgzGmvETj2BSbqef0uAJj3BZ9Mz0bYu% H52CGmvzYLMzaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqr1ngBPrgifHhDYfgasa% acOqpw0xe9v8qqaqFD0xXdHaVhbbf9v8qqaqFr0xc9pk0xbba9q8Wq% Ffea0-yr0RYxir-Jbba9q8aq0-yq-He9q8qqQ8frFve9Fve9Ff0dme% aabaqaciGacaGaamqadaabaeaafaaakeaacaWGdbGaamyzamaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGWaGaaiOlaiaacgdacaGG0aGaaiiiaiaacc% caaaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaamOuaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaaccdacaGGUaGaaiOmaiaacs% dacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaaaacaWGsbGaamOzaSGa% aGOmaOWaaWaaaeaacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccaaaGaamitaiaadAgaliaaigdakmaamaaa% baGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacc% cacaGGGaGaaiiiaiaacccacaGGGaaaaiaadofacaWGWbGaamiAaSGa% aG4maaaa!6E4D!\[Ce\underline { 0.14 } Rf1\underline { 0.24 } Rf2\underline { } Lf1\underline { } Sph3\]. Crossover values of 0.36 for Ce-Lf ₁, and 0.15 for Lf ₁-Sph ₃were estimated from the relative mean differences in season of leafing out between seedlings dominant and recessive for Ce and Sph ₃.It is suggested that competitive disadvantage of lf ₁-carrying gametes and/or zygotes at low temperatures may be implicated in the almost invariable deficit of plants dominant for the closely linked mildew resistance allele Sph ₃. Poor performance of lf ₁- (and possibly lf ₂-) carrying gametes and young zygotes during periods of low temperature at flowering might also account for the liability of some late season cultivars and selections to premature fruit drop (running off).     

Screening techniques and sources of resistance to parasitic angiosperms

Parasitic angiosperms cause great losses in many important crops under different climatic conditions and soil types. The most widespread and important parasitic angiosperms belong to the genera Orobanche, Striga, and Cuscuta. The most important economical hosts belong to the Poaceae, Asteraceae, Solanaceae, Cucurbitaceae, and Fabaceae. Although some resistant cultivars have been identified in several crops, great gaps exist in our knowledge of the parasites and the genetic basis of the resistance, as well as the availability of in vitro screening techniques. Screening techniques are based on reactions of the host root or foliage. In vitro or greenhouse screening methods based on the reaction of root and/or foliar tissues are usually superior to field screenings and can be used with many species. To utilize them in plant breeding, it is necessary to demonstrate a strong correlation between in vitro and field data. The correlation should be calculated for every environment in which selection is practiced. Using biochemical analysis as a screening technique has had limited success. The reason seems to be the complex host-parasite interactions which lead to germination, rhizotropism, infection, and growth of the parasite. Germination results from chemicals produced by the host. Resistance is only available in a small group of crops. Resistance has been found in cultivated, primitive and wild forms, depending on the specific host-parasite system. An additional problem is the existence of pathotypes in the parasites. Inheritance of host resistance is usually polygenic and its transfer is slow and tedious. Molecular techniques have yet to be used to locate resistance to parasitic angiosperms. While intensifying the search for genes that control resistance to specific parasitic angiosperms, the best strategy to screen for resistance is to improve the already existing in vitro or greenhouse screening techniques.